初级中学英语音标发音规则

_
一、元音和辅音
英语共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。 辅音和元音在英语中的作用，
就相当于汉语中的声母和韵母。记录英语音素的符号叫做音标。

元音：元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语
中有20个元音.
（A）单元音
a. 前元音： i: , i , e , ?
b. 中元音： ?: , ?
c. 后元音：
?:
,
?
, u , u: ,
ɑ:
, Λ
(B) 双元音 （8个）：
a. 合口双元音： ei , ?u , ai , au , ?i
b. 集中双元音： i ? , ε? , u?

_
B. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英
语中有28个辅音.
辅音的分类：
按其发音的方法分，有：
a.爆破音 p , b , t／, d , k , ɡ
b.摩擦音 f ， v ，θ， ? ， s ， z
c.破擦音 t∫， d? ，tr，dr，ts，dz
d.鼻音 m , n , ?
e.旁流音（舌侧音） l
巧记48个国际音标
单元音共十二，四二六前中后。双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。辅音共计二十
八，八对一清又 七浊，四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发
音特点应掌握。
单元音
i: ----Ee
i:
[i:]
舌抵下齿，双唇扁平作微笑状，发“一”之长音。 此音是长元音，一定注意把音发足。

Bb

bi:

、Cc

si:

、Dd
di:
、
Ggd?i:、Ttti:、Vvvi:
[i:]
是字母e、 ea、 ee、 ie、 ei在单词中的发音

(1) e we me he she be fever meter evening
(2) ea eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean
(3) ee three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
(4) ie piece

_
(5) ei receive ceiling
[i] -----big big
舌抵下齿，双唇扁平分开，牙床近于全舌，发短促之“一”音, 发此音要短促而
轻快。
[i]是字母e、i、y在单词中的发音，
(1) e begin English pretty cinema decide delicious
(2) i sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
(3)y boy city very sorry many twenty happy dictionary
[e] --egg eg
舌近硬鄂，舌尖顶下齿，牙床半开半合，作微笑状。
Ff〔ef〕、Mm〔em〕、Nn〔en〕、Ss〔es〕
[e]是字母e、ea、a在单词中的发音
(1)e bed red let get leg pen elephant desk better
(2)ea
(3)a many any
? ---bag b?g
[?] 双唇扁平，舌前微升，舌尖抵住下龈，牙床开，软鄂升起，唇自然开放。
是字母a在闭音节或重读闭音节中的发音。
bad am and at sad hand happy hat map mad black back glad flag
man
?: --bird b?:d
[?: ]舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之长音。 是字母er、ir、or
head bread pleasure

_
或ur在单词中的发音
(1) er her term
(2) ir girl bird first third thirty shirt skirt birthday
(3) or work word world
(4) ur nurse turn hurt Thursday
[ ?]--today t?'dei
[?] 舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之短音。 是字母a、o、u、
e、or、er、ur 或ar在单词中的发音
(1)a about above along America around banana Canada china
(2)o together tomorrow today police
(3)u autumn
(4)or doctor actor work homework housework vistor mirror
forget
(5)er father mother brother sister ruler water dinner driver farmer
(6)ur surprise Saturday
(8)ar dollar
[?:] ---all [?:l]
双唇界于开闭、圆唇之间，牙床半开渐至全开，舌尖卷上再过渡为卷后。 是字
母o、al、ar、or、oar、our或oor在单词中的发音
(1)o story off
(2)al small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
(3)ar warm quarter

_
(4)au August autumn daughter
(5)or for short sport more horse
(6)oar board blackboard cardboard
(7)our four your
(8)oor door floor
[?] ---box b?ks
双唇稍微向外突出圆形，舌后升起，舌尖不触下齿，发“奥”音 是字母a、o在
单词中的发音
（1）([w])a want wash watch what
（2）o hot lot not on sorry
[u:]---do[du:]
双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发 “屋”之长音。
Uu〔ju:〕
Ww〔`d?blju:〕

是字母o、u、oo或ou在单词中的发音
（1）o do to who two
（2）u blue glue June
（3）oo food room pool boot school too zoo
（4）ou soup group through
[u] ---putput
双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发短促之“屋”音。
是字母u、oo或ou在单词中的发音
(1)o woman wolf

_
(2)oo book look good foot wood
(3)oul could would should
(4)u put sugar full push pull
[ɑ:]---armɑ:m Rr
〔α:〕

双唇张而不圆，牙床大开，舌后微升，舌尖向后升缩微离下齿，发阿之长音。
(1)a fast class last glass plant
(2)ar car farm card far garden party park
[
?
] --- cup [k
?
p]
Ww〔`d?blju:〕

双唇平放，牙床半开，舌尖抵住下龈，舌后微微升起，发短促之“阿”音 是字
母o或u在单词中的发音
(1)o come none love other son mother
(2)oo blood flood
(3)ou touch country enough young
(4)u bus sun but cut up us run
双元音
[ei]
---
Aa〔ei〕

舌类顶下齿，牙床半开半合，双唇扁平，由发“哀”平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。
Hh〔ei?〕、Jj〔d?ei〕、Kk〔kei〕

是字母a在开音节中的读音。
⑴a name cake game face late gate plane April
⑵ai rain train wait
⑶ay day may okay play today say way

_
⑷ea great break
⑸ei(gh) eight eighteen eighty
⑹ey they grey

[ai] --eye [ai]
Yy〔wai〕

将口张开略圆，舌后升起，舌尖向后收缩，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音。
是字母i或y在单词中的读音:
(1)i bike fine find die nine light night high
(2)y my try fly eye
[
?i
]---oil [
?i
l]
双唇外突成圆形，发“奥”音逐渐过渡为双唇扁平分开，发“一”之短音。 是
字母oy和oi在单词中的读音
(1)oy boy toy joy
(2)oi soil voice choice point
[au] --out [aut]
将口张开略圆，渐渐合拢，双唇成圆形，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“屋”音。
是字母ou和ow在单词中的发音
(
1)ou out about house blouse loud
⑵ow how now cow town

[
?u
]--old [?uld]
Oo〔?u〕
口半开半合，舌后微升，过渡成双唇成圆形，发“欧”之长音。 是字母o、oa和ow在单词
中的发音
(1)o go no nose home open

_
(2)oa goat boat coat
(3)ow show know yellow window owner snow

[i?]---ear [i?]
双唇张开岈床由窄至半开舌抵下齿逐渐过渡至上卷，从“一”音过渡到“厄”音。
是字母ear、ere、ea、eer在单词中的读音
(1)ea real idea
(2)ear ear hear dear near clear
(3)eer deer cheer beer
(4)ere here
[
??
]--air[
??
]
双唇张开后略圆，牙床张开相当宽，舌尖卷上渐至卷后。 是字母air、are、ear、
ere在单词中的读音
⑴air air hair chair fair
⑵are care hare parent
⑶ear pear wear bear
⑷ere there where
[u?]--hour
双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，发“屋”之长音，然后 从“屋”音
过渡到“厄”音。 是字母our、oor、ure、eer在单词中的读
⑴ure sure
⑵oor poor
⑶our tour

_

_
元音
i: fee feed feet tea sea seek
? fit did dick pig pill pity
e bed better beg bell best said
? lab lack bag back banner flag
ɑ:
?
?:
?
u:
u
?:
?
e?
a?
??
??
e?
u?
?u
au
辅音
car card bar bath far father
bus sum supper run rush rubber
door four form saw sought sorter
song sock sorry long loss dog
two tool soon blue school goose
good book stood fool cook put
sir serve surface stir turn were
again above arrive reader editor
pay pain pace say save rain
why wide eye ice lie line
joy join boy point coin choice
beer fear hear here real theatre
air care dare bear there dairy
tour tourist poor sure during
low load hoe home hope know
now mouse loud mouth allow

_
p park pig path lamp sleep cap
b bed lab book bit best job
t tea tell meet hat spite waiter
d desk date dice and find red
k key kiss keep cake ink week
g gate game get egg ago leg
f fat fast feel first leaf wife
v very vast verb believe have brave
s see seek son snow bus less
z zoo zero zeal lays size eyes
θ think thank thing cloth breath
? this that then breathe with bathe
? sheep share shave push crash
? measure pleasure treasure occasion
t? chair cheap rich reach catch
d? jeep joke Jane large orange
tr tree trip try train trade translate
dr dress dry drive drop dream draw
ts treats streets waits gets meets
dz words birds kinds aids leads
h head heart how high hand
r rose rice read river rain pretty

_
m make much month member same
n nice north name need soon
? ink think thank angry thing sing
j yard yes yet year your yellow
w word would world wake window
? let life lake bell silk fool









音节
音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.
音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.
开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e 如:kite cake name bike make take
home plane shine
2) 辅音+元音 如:he hi go no do be tree three hello

_
闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音 :sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head
2) 元音+辅音 如: it is of in on up out ant
A chicken is in the kitchen. A horse is in the house.
A mouse is in the cat’s mouth.
A sheep eats some beef and drinks some green tea
1
元音:
1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie
three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean
piece receive ceiling
2)
发音字母 i y e
sit ture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
myth many twenty happy dictionary
defect decide delicious
3) [?]
发音字母 a
bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man
4) [e]
字母组合 ea e a
head bread pleasure

_
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes
many any
5) [ε:]
字母组合ir ur ear er or
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
term her nerd serve
work worm work world
6) [ε]
字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious pleasure
familiar collar dollar
together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control
around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china
men listen
famulus Saturday
7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a
car farm card arm garden
fast class last glass plant aunt calm

_

8) [:]
发音字母 u o ou oo
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
trouble rough flourish
blood flood
9) []
字母组合 al or au our ar
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
10) []
发音字母 o a
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash watch
11) [u:]
字母组合 oo o u
food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
shoe do two

_
true truth blue full prude
12)
字母组合 oo ou u o
look good foot book wood
should could
put full bull pull push
woman wolf
13) [ei]
发音字母 a ay ea ai ey
name cake late gate plane April
play say may way
great break
rain paint plain
they grey
14) [ai] 发音字母 i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye

15) [au]
字母组合 ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse
flower down now cow how town

_
16) [εu]
发音字母 o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost
know low below grow blow show flow
boat coat goal
17) []
字母组合oy oi
boy toy joy
oil soil voice choice
18) [iε]
字母组合 eer ear
beer deer
ear near
here fierce idea
19) []
字母组合ear air ere
pear bear
chair air fair
there where
care
20) [uε]
字母组合our ower

_
hour tour
flower shower
2 容易混淆的元音
[A] [e]
bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said
[i：] [ei]
real rail greet great mean main read raid
[e] [ai]
bet bite red write said side head hide
[aU] [R：]

house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn
[aU] [Q]
found fond down done gown gone town ton
[A][Q]
fan fun tan tun san son tank tun
3
辅音
1) pen pear play pig pour pull push
2) book big boot bike bread break
3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city
4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary

_
5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k)
card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c)
fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x)
school schedule schema (字母组合ch)
6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language
7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb
8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean
9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junk
sing king morning evening
10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black
world cold could goal soul
11) [r] read red right run room write
12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife
cough laugh rough physic photo phone
13) [v] very evening even every voice vest
of
14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s)
license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c)
piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce)
15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap
close nose hose suppose pause those whose
16) [W] think thank three thirty tooth mouth

_
17) [T] that this those these though
18) [F] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash
nation attention station
social special
sure
19) [V] pleasure
20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who
21) [w] when what where window wind wood
22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow
23) [tF] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach
24) [dV] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge
joy enjoy join July June junk
25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk
26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink
27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts
28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods

1． 字母q总是与u在一起，读做kw, 此处u不作元音.
2． 字母c在字母e, y, i前读做s (cent, city, cycle), 其他字母前读做k(cut,
cap, cop).
3． 字母e, i, y之前的字母g可以读做j(page, giant, gym), 其中字母e, i之

_
前的g也可以不读做j(get, girl, give); 其它字母之前的g读做g(gate, go,
gust).
4． 元音a, e, o, u在音节结尾(开音节)一般读做字母音(长音a, e, o, u), 有助于
学生正确划分并拼读元音字母+辅音字母+元音字母的不熟悉单词(re port…
rather than rep ort).
5． 字母i和y经常读做i(big, gym), 但是也可读做I(silent, my, type).
6． 一个英语单词用字母y而不是i的结尾(my, by).
7． 有五种情况末尾的字母e不发音.(如me, she, 和 he的短单词末尾的字母e
读做e, 较长的单词末尾的e不发音)
尾字母e不发音应该被认为是”having a job” (承担一项工作)
7.1 bake gene timetype code cute 使他前面的元音字母发字母音..
7.2 love give blue true 使我们不要以一个v和一个u结束一个单词.
7.3 chance bodice charge allege 使g和c读软音j和s.
7.4 lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle 避免一个音节没有一个元音字母.
7.5 are nurse raise bye ewe owe cause 这一条被Spalding女士叫做无工作
尾字母e; Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e, 并说前四条之外的不发音尾字母e
都叫做老工作尾字母e.
7.5.1 使一个不是复数形式的单词不要以s结尾(dense而不是dens, purse不是
purs, false 不是 fals).
7.5.2 加长短的主意词(main-idea), 如awe, ewe, rye
7.5.3 区分同音异形词的含义. 如orore forfore.
7.5.4 中英语和外来语中(那里的尾字母e是要发音的)留下来的, 现在不发音. 如

_
treatise giraffe
8.有五种字母组合发er的音, 记住下面的句子.
Her nurse first works early. 这个句子是按英语用法中的降序排列的.
另外,or在w后业可以发er的音. 还要记住有些词尾的ar和or也发er的音.
如dollar, doctor.
9. 1-1-1规则: 单音节单词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始
的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化.(如hop---hop
ped). 但是词尾是x除外, 因为它由两个音ks.
10. 2-1-1规则: 双音节词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的
词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化(be gin--- be gin +
ning). 第二个音节不重读的不能双写末尾辅音字母(en ter, prof it, bud get).
11. 去e规则, 以不发音的e结尾的单词在添加以元音开始的词尾变化是需要去
掉末尾不发音的e.(come---- coming)
12. 是ie还是ei? 一般情况下, 应该是ie, 但是1) c之后用ei; 2)发字母a的音
时, 用ei(neighbor, weigh, vein). 还有下面的例外情形Neither foreign
sovereign seized counterfeit forfeited leisure. Plus: either weird protein
heifer:
13. 音素sh用在一个基本词的开头或是结尾(she, dish), 还用在一个音节的结尾
(fin ish), 但绝对不会在后一个音节的开头, 除非是以ship结尾(wor ship,
friend ship).
14. 音素si, ti, ci最常用在一个基本词的第二及以后的开头, 发音sh. 常常可以
通过考察词根和根词来确定发sh时用什么样的音素.比如

_
infect to in fec tious collect to col lec tion potent to po ten tial
music to mu si cian space to spa cious finance to fi nan cial
soci (companion) to so cial ancien (old) to an cient
cruc (cross) to cru cial speci (kind) to spe cial
15. 音素si在前一个音节以s结尾时(ses sion)发sh, 一个基本词经过词尾变化
后只有一个s(tense---tension), 其中的音素si发sh.
discuss to dis cus sion compress to com pres sion admis to ad mis sion
16. 音素si可以发zh, 如vi sion, di vi sion, oc ca sion, ex plo sion.
17. 只有一个元音的单音节词,常常双写词尾的l, s, f. 比如will, off, miss. 有时
双音节词也用到这条规则, 如re cess
18. 词尾为长音a时, 常用ay在词尾而不是a. (bay, day, decay)
19. 元音i和o后面有两个辅音时,常发长音. (find, old)
20. s从不在x后, 音素x包含一个s音, ks.
21. 去L规则1: all单独出现有两个l, 但在前缀中只有一个l.(al most, al so, al
though).
22. 去L规则2: till和full单独出现有两个l, 作后缀只有一个l. (un til, plen ti
ful).
23. 音素dge只用在单元音后面,而且这个元音发短音(badge, edge, bridge,
lodge, budge).
24. Y变I规则: 进行词尾变化时, 词尾是一个辅音字母+y, 要变y为i. 下列两种
情况驻外(1)加-ing, (2)变后会引起音节分裂.
citycit ies beautybeau ti ful playplayer funnyfun ni est

_
multiplymul ti ply ing relyre li able crycried denydenied
25. 音素ck只用在单元音后, 而且这个元音发短音(back, neck, lick, rock,
duck).
26. 字母开头的z永远发z, 不会发s.
27. 音素ed有三个音, 基本词以t和d音结尾, ed发ed(divide ---divided,
heat---heated); 基本词以浊辅音结尾的, ed发d( lived), 以清辅音结尾的发
t(stopped)
28. 单词常常(always)在双辅音间分音节[但要注意不要把辅音字母组合分开(如
ma the ma tic)], 重读音节的辅音才发音, 非重读音节的辅音不发音lit tle.