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第一章 写作与翻译
一.综述.
时间分配:
3m-5m 审题+列提纲
6m-30m 完成写作
字数120-150(150词最佳)
量化:全文15句左右,每句10词左右
第一段 3-4句
第二段 6-8句
第三段 3-4句
评分制度:
内容(content)
语言(language)
1.词汇(words)
ⅰ.拼写错误(spelling mistakes);
ⅱ.丰富文章的谓语动词.
2.语句(sentence)
ⅰ.语法问题
(①主谓一致问题②时态问题③语态问题);
ⅱ.丰富句型句式;
ⅲ.中式英文.
3.段落(passage)
ⅰ.文章分为三段;
ⅱ.每段第一句必须是该段的主题句.
高分文章的特点:
1.文章分三段;
2.主题句位于段首(将提纲翻译为相应英文);
3.闪光点(谚语);
4.条理清晰(文章中出现表顺序的单词).
高分作文的要素:
1.结构清晰:
①文章框架要合理(三段);
②文章结构要完整(总-分-总);
③文章主题不偏离(每段有段落主题句);
④各段详略要得当(3-4,6-8,3-4).
2.语言丰富(句型句式多变化,词汇尽量不重复.);
3.内容充实;
4.出现亮点(“潜词造句要地道,开头结尾破常规.适当运用修辞法,恰当运用警言句.”).
提高写作能力的方法:
扩充内容;丰富语言;固定结构.
加长文章的方法:
不断地添加废话—定语.
四级考试作文的结构要求:
1. 引言段：表明文章话题，吸引读者兴趣，暗示正文内容；
2. 正文段：⑴第一部分：段落主题句；
⑵第二部分：三组支持论点的论据；
⑶第三部分：本段的总结句；
3.
结论段：⑴总结的写法：简单的重复 ； ⑵评论的写法：本人的观点。
四级协作构思文章:
?确保文章内容正确
?确保文章内容充实
1.专家证言法（expert testimony）；
2.统计数据法（statistics）；
3.举例法（example）；
4.个人经历（personal experience）；
5.逻辑推理（logic
and reasoning）；
6.常识法（known facts）；
7.类比法（analogy）。
四级写作过程:
前写作阶段(1.解决文章内容问题;2.解决文章结构问题).
第一步:读懂考题,划出考题要点;
第二步:依据要点,打开思路;
第三步:筛选出最佳写作思路.
写作阶段(解决文章语言问题).
成功语言体现的五个方面:
⑴长短,句错落有致;
⑵倒装,强调句适当穿插;
⑶主动,被动合理利用;
⑷比较结构巧妙使用;
⑸句与句间衔接紧密.
选词的适切性: ⑴考虑读者和作者之间的关系;⑵选词的正确程度.
二.书信类及图表类作文总结
书信类作文
格式(五部分)
1.开头(Heading):地址(address);
(邮编位于市与省之间); 日期(date).
2.称谓(Salutation): eq.
Dear Brook,
3.正文(Body):首段第一句交代清楚写信目的.
4.结束语(Complementary Close): ①Yours
sincerely;②Yours faithfully.
5.署名(Signature):
<注意>用文章提供的名称(绝不能出现类似真实姓名)
常用句型:
①Thank you
for your letter of...
②It is a pleasure for me
invite you on behalf of...to accept...
③Thanks
so much for your letter, which arrived...
④I
am writing to you with reference to...
⑤I am
writing to you in connection with...
⑥I would
be grateful if you couldwould...
⑦I would like
to know some information on...
⑧It will be
appreciated if you cancould...
⑨I would like
to know if you cancould...
⑩I look forward to
hearing from you.
图表类作文
1.表述图表变化：①最小的一部分;②最大的一部分;③图表变化趋势,规律
2.分析变化原因:
⑴上升(increase)
①smallleastslightmodest increase缓慢↑;
②bigdramaticconsiderablesignificantmassive
increase快速↑;
③top, summit, peak
grow,
raise, rise+ leap(跳跃式), leak(漏液气), get out(消息泄露);
peak(顶部)→n. reach the ～ of sth.; v. ～ at sth.
⑵下降(decrease)
①decrease 缓慢快速↓
②bottom(底部) reach the ～ of sth. 跌至谷底 (～ up
干杯,强调喝光);
reduce, descend (decline),
drop(撤诉;发邮件), fall.
常用句式:
①图象描述:The chart
describes that...
It can be seen from the
diagram that...
As is shown in the graph...
如图所示...
The graph shows that...
图表显示...
As can be seen from the table...
从表中可以看出...
②整体趋势变化类型:
The general trend is
that...
There is an overall increasedecrease
in the total number of sth.(文章中心)
③比例描述法:sth.+ v.+ 所占比例
eq.
...stand outtake up(占据) 45% of total number of...
In 1985, the number remained the same.
1985年,这个数字保持不变.
The increase of...in the
city has reached to 20%.
...在这个城市的增长已经达到20%.
④All these data clearly prove the fact that...
所有这些数据明显证明...这一事实.
用于开头的常用句型：
ly,
the problem of… has aroused people`s concern.
ys,…has become a problem we have to face.
is commonly belived that…It is a common belief
that…
people insist that…
5.A lot of
people seem to think that…
the development of
science and technology, more and more people
believe
that…
用于结尾的常用句型:
what has
been discussedmentioned above, we may conclude
that…
what has been discussed above, we may
reasonably arrive at the conclusion
that…
all the reasonsconsideration above, it is
evidentclearobvious that…
ore, it is not
difficult to drewcome to the conclusion that…
is high time that something was done about…
is clear, therefore, that…
into account all
these factors, we may reach the conclusion that…
the reasonsconsiderationI have just
outlineddiscussedpresented, I
strongly
recommend that…
in all, what really matters
is, in fact, to…
is essential that effective
measure be taken to…
all these factors into
consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion
that…
into account all these factors, we
may reasonably come to the conclusion
that…
ore,we`d better come to the conclusion that…
is no doubt that… has its drawbacks as well
as merits.
is high that we put an end to the
(tend).
is time to take the advice of… and to
put special emphasis on the improvement
of…
in all, we cannot live without….But at the
same time we must try to find
out new
ways.
三．四级作文常用句式:
be 结构；
2.否定结构：
⑴need和have的否定；
⑵部分否定与全部否定；
⑶双重否定；
⑷否定转移；
⑸具有否定意义的短语：by no means,
in no way, in no wise, on no account;
⑹常用于否定句的词组：at all, by many means, in any way,
in the least;
⑺含否定词组但不含否定意义：can`t help doing
sth. 情不自禁; can`t…but… 只能…;
不含否定词组但含否定意义：fail, free, lack.
3.比较结构：
⑴同级比较：as…as…, the same as…, the identical
with…;
⑵比较级；
⑶固定句型：①越…越…;
②句子主要成分 +
比较级 + and + 比较级；
③句子主要成分 + the + 比较级 + of the
two;
④句子成分 + more than + …；
⑷选择比较：more…than… 与其…不如…。
4.因果结构：
⑴原因类：because = considering that = seeing that
因为；
⑵结果类：not that…but that… 与其…不如…;
so
that 前有“，”表“所以”；
前无“，”表“目的”；
⑶动词短语：①前因后果：“导致” lead to, contribute to;
有顺序性；
②前果后因：“归因于” credit to, attribute to;
有顺序性；
③混合因果： be bounded up with, be
associated with 无顺序性；
5.目的结构：
“为了”：so
that, in order that, in order to, so as to, with
the perpose of;
6.条件结构：procide…that…,
given…that…, in the event that…;
7.并列结构：两动作同步发生用and,
不同步发生用or, but
also(不但…而且…), as well as(也,除…之外)；
句型结构：
⑴It+ be+名词形容词+(for+名词代词)+动词不定式 对…来说，做…是有必要的;
⑵It+be+形容词+of+名词代词+动词不定式；
⑶强调句：It+be+被强调部分+that;
9. 简单句与符合句的转换；
⑴简单句的基本结构：①主+谓；②主+系+表；③主+谓+宾；
④主+谓+直宾+间宾；⑤主+谓+宾+宾补；
⑵简单句→复合句：添加定语；
10.主动句与被动句之间的转换：
<注意> vi.无被动；
不可分的动词短语无被动.
四.写作模版
模版一(主题为X)
Nowadays, there exists an
increasingly serious socialeconomicenvironmental
problem.(X has increasingly become a common
concern of the public).(X has caused
substantial impact on the society and our
daily life,) According to a survey, some
people are in favor of the idea of doing X.
They point out the fact that 支持X
的第一个原因. They
also argue that 支持X的另一个原因.
However, other
people stand on a different ground. They consider
it is harmful
to do X. They firmly point out
that反对X的第一个理由. An example can give the
details
of this argument: 一个例子.
There is some truth
in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X
overweigh
the disadvantages. In addition to
the above-mentioned negative effects it might
bring about, but I am sure that they will be
settled by scientists in the future.
(A
dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent
X from bringing us more people
will have the
ability to dispose of these problems.)
模版二
At present, there is no denying the
fact that (主题) plays an increasingly
important
part in our daily life. Like everything else, we
are all aware that
people`s views towards the
advantages and disadvantages of (主题句) vary
greatly.
Some believe that (观点1), while others
argue that (观点2). As for me, I agree to
the
formerlater idea because its advantages outweigh
its disadvantages.
There are dozen of
reasons behind my belief. Generally speaking, the
advantages
can be listed as follows. First of
all, (支持论点的第一个理由). The second reason
that can
be seen by every person is that (支持论点的第二个理由).
From the above, we can easily see that (主题句) is
beneficial to (总结理由). Still
more measures
should be taken to solve the problems. People
should be further
educated to recognize the
importance of the problems and use more reasonble
methods
to cope with the in this way can we
have a better and wonderful future.
模版三(图表类文章专用)
It is obvious in the
graphictable that the ratenumberamount of Y has
undergone
dramatic changes. It has gone
upgrownfallendropped considerably in recent years
(as X varies).
At the point of X1, Y
reaches its peak value of … (多少). What is the
reason for
this change? Mainly there are …(多少)
rensons behind the situation reflected in
the
graphictable. First of all, …(第一个原因). More
importantly, …(第二个原因).
Most important of all,
…(第三个原因).
From the above discussions, we
have enough reason to predictwhatwill happen in
the near future. The trend described in the
continue for quite
a long time (if necessary
measures are not taken 括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化
趋势).
精美范文（Travelling）
People who
like travelling have their reasons. They maintain
that travelling can
help them expand their
scope of knowledge, especially geographical and
historical
learning. They go on to point out
that touring provides more chance for them to
enjoy
food and try on close, which otherwise
would be impossible.
Those who dislike
travelling have their reasons, too. They would
argue that
travelling means a considerable
amount of money and energy. For example, traffic
and accommodation calls for money and walking
while seeing sights often tires you.
In
practice, travelling does more good than harm. If
your finance and health permit,
you might as
well do some travelling from time to time. It will
at least enable you
to get familiar with
people and things that you may well grow to like
and love.