蒙眬和朦胧的区别-束胸是什么意思
考试作文开头和结尾的方法与句型荟萃
段落的组织手段有按时间
、空间、结构、逻辑、过程的次序进行表达的顺序手法，
也有运用举例、比较和对照、下定义、归纳、因
果、推理、驳论等的表达手法。
不管运用何种手法，段落必须服从表达主题的需要，通过摆事实、讲道理
、举例
子和提供有关数据信息的方法，透彻阐述，清晰地向读者展现你所叙述的一件事、
一个人
，解释的一个现象或一个道理，讲解的一个过程，或表达的一种看法或信
念等。如：
①导入Ladies and gentlemen，①I’m very glad
to②主题句welcome you a
ll to our factory.②First of
all，I③事实wish to say a few words abou
t our
factory.③It④举例was set up in October，1986.④We spent
onlyfo
urteen months in finishing building our
factory.⑤事实⑤There are fiv
e workshops in our
factory and 1 250 workers here，most of whom are
y
oung⑥事实举例people.⑥More than 400 workers have
had some college ed
ucation and more than 800
workers have⑦事实had middle school
educati
on.⑦Our factory⑧事实mainly produces
fertilizers（肥料）．⑧In the p
ast few years our
factory has advanced rapidly.⑨⑨事实Now we have
ra
ised our output of fertilizers to more than
400 thousand tons a year.
⑩The totaloutput
value of our factory added up to
100⑩结尾句million
yuan last year.
Thats all.
Thank you.
本段的工厂介绍用了具体的材料作事实，详细的数据举例，避免了空洞的形容词
和大量的个人观点和感情流露。这种以事实（数据、时间、结果等）为组织段落
写作的手段使听
者很容易就可以清楚了解事和人。
段落的组织手段常用以下几种方法：
3-4-1
例证法
例证法是通过用主题句对该段落的中心思想进行总的阐述，然后通过用典型、生
动、有
说服力的客观事实来支持主题句的观点，使其得到完美充分表达的一种段
落展开方式。
【例5】One main reason for war is a difference in
ideology. For examp
le, nations have engaged in
struggle over the merits of communist and
capitalist systems of government. They frequently
aid other countrie
s in wars in order to topple
governments that do not agree with their
principles.
【点评】这段文章第一句为主题句，即战争的一个主要原因是
意识形态的不同。
然后通过For example这个最常用的例证过渡词引出了一个例子，即许多国
家对
共产主义与资本主义政治制度的观点不同，资本主义国家往往会支持那些旨在推
翻共产主义
国家的战争，反之亦然。
3-4-2 因果法
因果法主要是用来探索事物间因果关系的一种
段落发展方式。作者通过客观、正
确的推理，分析事物发生的原因及产生的结果来阐述主题句、展开段落
，使段落
合乎逻辑，使主题句的支配思想令人信服。
【例6】Cigarette
smoke contains nicotine(因), several cancer
produing
or irritating substances and carbon
monoxide gas. (结果1) Damage to
the lining of
the bronchial tubes is much more common among
cigarette
smokers than non-smokers, even when
there is no obvious disease. Som
e of these
changes are considered to be pre-cancerous. (结果2)
Lung f
unction is generally reduced among
cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoki
ng is a
greater hazard than other factors --- such as
community air p
ollution --- in the causation
of cancer and chronic bronchitis. (先因
后果,一因多果)
【点评】该段运用了 “原因
→多结果→点明主题”的推理顺序,对吸烟
危害性的阐述颇具说服力。
3-4-3比较对照法
比较对照法有两种方式，一种是对人物或事物采取逐点比较或对照的方法；另外
一种是对人物或
事物采取集中比较或对照的方法。在实际英语写作中，我们常常
又可将两种方式结合在一起交叉使用，因
此比较对照法有了三种形式。
A．先描述甲方，再描述乙方。
【例7】My
hometown is different from what is used to be juse
a few ye
ars ago. (甲方1) In the past my hometown
was a small quiet place. (甲
方2) The streets
were for the most part narrow and winding. (甲方3)
The houses were small and shabby. (乙方1) Now,
there are broad strees
which are lined with
fine shady trees and bordered with large,
impos
ing buildings (乙方2) Many more are still
in construction, (乙方3) Y
ou can also find
crowds of people here and there. (乙方4) My
hometown
has become noisy but active and
prosperous.
【点评】本段通过对照的手法阐述了主题思想: 我的家乡今天与过去相比发
生了
巨大的变化.首先集中表述了家乡的昔日(甲方),然后集中描述了家乡的今天(乙
方).
B. 甲乙双方同时描述,逐点分析。
【例8】Jane and
Karen have many things in common. (甲乙双方) To
begin
with, both girls have the same
background. (甲方) Jane was born and
raise in
the West, (乙方) and so was Karen (甲乙双方) Next, both
girl
s are interested in the same kind of
subjects in school (甲方) Jane l
ikes French,
history and English. (乙方) In the same way, Karen
likes
Spanish, history and English. (甲乙双方)
Furrthermore both girls wan
t to be teachers.
(甲方) Jane plans to become an elementary school
te
ahcer, (乙方) But Karen wants to be high
school teacher. As you can s
ee, the two girls
are almost like twins.
【点评】本段通过比较的手法同时逐点分析了JANE
和KAREN的相同之处。层次
分明，思路清晰。
C．比较对照同时使用。
【例9】I have two good friends. They are quite
different in character
and yet have something
in common. (对照) One of them is a jolly fell
ow
and fond of company, and the other is a quiet and
rather unsociabl
e sort of shap. (对照) The jolly
one likes all kinds of games. He is
a clever,
but be doesn’t care much for books. The other one,
however,
likes being alone and loves reading.
He never plays games. (比较) In
spite of all
these differences they are both so really kind and
symp
athetic, so honest and straightforward, so
loyal and true. (比较) The
y are both fine and
usnselfish fellows. I like them both.
【点评】本段同时
使用了比较和对照。即对照写出了两个朋友的不同点，又用比
较法写出了他们的相同点。
【例9】 Smoking is very popular among people．Some
of the smokers bel
ieve that smoking can ease
their nerves hardened with socialpressure.
Others are after its stimulating effects．But they
sel-dom think of
the effects it might have on
other people's health，especially when t
hey
smoke in public places such as cinemas，waiting
rooms，buses and
trains。Smoking is harmful to
health?It contributes a lot to lung can
cer，of
which many people have died in the past few
years．And it ist
he cause of many other
diseases．In fact，not only smokersthemselves
suffer from these smoking-related diseases，but
alsonon-smokers who i
nvoluntarily inhale the
tobacco-polluted air。
【点评】本段写出了一般人对吸烟的正反看法，并以吸烟有害健康的事实与之对
照。
3-4-4 定义法
定义法是指扩展段落时，解释词、短语或给各种事物和概
念下定义，以解释和阐
明某个概念的本质特征，说明段落的中心思想，从而达到作者陈述论证或反驳某<
br>一观点的目的。
【例10】What then, is generation gap?
Generation gap refers to the di
stance and
contradiction between the old and the young. It’s
a commo
n phenomenon that exists everywheere in
the world and influendes both
the old and they
young. Generally speaking, generation gap resuls
in
different enderstanding and appreciation of
the great and oxnstant c
hanges of the world,
different reaction to new things, and different
attitudes to traditonal principles and belief.
【点评】本段采用定义法，从不同角度阐释说明了主题句中的概念generation
ga
p。段中先对这个词组进行概括性的解释，然后又表明了它的广泛存在以及导
致的结果，清楚地阐明了概
念，充分地表达了内涵。
3-4-5 归类法
归类法是指按照人物、事物的不同特点，性能
进行分别归类而展开段落的写作方
法。在归类时要注意描写事物的不同类别。不能把类别不同的事物交错
、混杂在
一起。
【例10】 Speeding is now the most
common motoring offence in Britain。
Offences
for speeding fall into two classes：exceeding
the！imiton re
stricted road， exceeding on any
road．A restricted road isone where
the street
lamps are 200 yards apart，or more。
【点评】本段将超速者分为两类，对两类超速者的特点分别加以描述，使段落清
晰流畅。
【例11】There are three kinds of book owners. The
first has all the s
tandard sets and best
sellers unread, untouched. (This deluded
indivi
dual owns woodpush and link, not books.
) The secondhas a great many
books-a few of
them read through, most ofthem dipped into, but
all of
them as clean and shiny as the daythey
were bought. (This person wou
ld probably like
to makebooks his own, but is restrained by a false
r
espect for their physical appearance. ) The
third has a few books or
many -everyone of
them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and
loosened
bycontinual use, marked and scribbled
in front to back. (This manown
s books. )
【
点评】本段运用归类法把三种不同藏书者的形态栩栩如生地展现出来，条理非
常清楚，有很强的连贯性。
3-4-5 综合法
事实上，在具体的写作中，常常采取对
上述几种方法的综合使用来展开段落，说
明段落的中心思想。这种段落展开方式称为综合法。
【例12】Our eyes give us information all the
time. But our brains dec
ide what is important
to us. For example, if you walk down a crowded
steet, you will see many faces. But if you see
someone you know, you
will notice him
emmediately.
【点评】本段分别使用了例证法、比较对照法和因果法等3中方法展开段落
，谈论我们眼见
信息在大脑中的过滤和反射。