考研数学二国家线-metagame
英语被动语态总结与练习
一、被动语态的构成形式
1.
被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由“be+过去分词”
构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时
态的被动语态形式为:
1)
amisare +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 Visitors are requested
not to touch the exhibits.
2) has have
been done 现在完成时
All the preparations for the
task have been completed, and we're ready to
start.
3) amis are being done 现在进行时 A
new cinema is being built here.
4)
waswere done 一般过去时 I was given ten minutes to
decide whether I should reject the offer.
5)
had been done 过去完成时 By the end of last year,
another new gymnasium had been completed in
Beijing.
6) waswere being done 过去进行时 A
meeting was being held when I was there.
7)
shallwill be done 一般将来时 Hundreds of jobs will be
lost if the factory closes.
8)
shouldwould be done 过去将来时 The news would be sent
to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shallwill have been done 将来完成时(少用) The
project will have been completed before July.
10) shouldwould have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)
He told me that his new clothes would have
been made very soon.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)
带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
The baby should
be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2)
有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a
present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a
present by his mother for his birthday.
3)
当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch,
notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主
动结构中
不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
Someone saw a
stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was
seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当
于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作
一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 The meeting is to be put
off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing
形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 I don't like
being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 My
bike was stolen last night.
2.
借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 I was given ten minutes to
decide whether I should accept the offer.
3.
为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the
bus and was immediately recognized by people.
(一个主语就够了)
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect,
report, say, suppose,
think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分
词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to
do sth.”。有:
It is said that… 据说……It is
reported that…据报道……It is believed that…大家相信……It is
hoped that…大家希望……
It is well known
that…众所周知……It is thought that…大家认为……It is
suggested that…据建议……
It is said that the
boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is
said to have passed the national exam. )
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1. 英语中有很多动词如brea
k,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash
等,当它们被用作不及
物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较:The door won't
lock. (指门本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked. (指不会有人来锁门,
指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.
表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place,
break out, come out, come about, come true, run
out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do
the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3.
系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste,
book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动
形式表示被动意义。 Your reason
sounds reasonable.
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1.
在need,want,require,
bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The
house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而wort
hy后面跟动词不定式的被动
形式。
The picture-book is
well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very
worthy to be read.)
3.
动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,
不定
式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things
to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)
试比较:
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a
letter to be posted? (
此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执
行者。)
4.
在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这<
br>时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,diff
icult,important,impossible,pleasant,
interestin
g等。 例This problem is difficult to work out
.(可看作to work out省略了for me).
5. 在too…
to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book
is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6.
在there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式
作定语,
重点在物。 例There is no time to lose(to be
lost).(用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁
lost time不明确。)
7. 在be to
do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,
blame,
let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 Who is to blame
for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on,
under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之
义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用
冠词。
1.
“under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有:under control(受控制),
under treatment(在治疗中), under
repair(在修理中),
under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中)。
The building is under construction( is being
constructed).
2.
“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有:beyond belief
(令人难以置信), beyond one’s
reach(鞭长莫及),beyond
one’s control(无法控制),beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。
The rumour is beyond belief(=can’t be
believed).
3. “above+名词”结构,
表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。
His honest
character is above all praise.=His honest
character cannot be praised enough.
4.
“for+名 词”结构,表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如:for sale(出售), for
rent(出租)等。
That house is for sale. (= That
house is to be sold).
5. “in+名词”结构
,表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有:in print(在印刷中),in
sight(在视野范围内),等。
The book is not yet in
print.(=is not yet printed)
( )1.The Olympic
Games ___________every four years.
A
are held B were held C.are holding
D.will ho1d
( )2. In the art show,a lot of
enjoyment _ _to foreign friends by the
Chinese paintings.
A. is giving B is
given C will give D has given
(
)3. Today Chinese is becoming more and more
popular. It _________in. many schools around the
world.
A. teaches B. is teaching
C. has taught D. is taught
( )4. Ba
Jin, one of the greatest writers in China,
________as
A. is regarded B. has regarded
C. is regarding D. regards
( )5. Usually
computers _________to search the Internet.
A. use B.
are using C. are used D. used
(
)6. --Do you often clean your classroom?
--Yes. Our classroom __________every day.
A.
clean B. cleans C. is cleaned
( )7.一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake
smelt terrible?
一Yes.In fact,it
____.That's all because of the people and the
factories around.
A. polluted B was
polluted C has polluted D.was po11ute
( )8. --Our environment is getting worse than
before.
--You're right. But
thanks to Earth Day_______, people have done more
and more useful things to protect(保护)the earth
since Earth Day.
A. is started
B. was started C. has started
( )9.
---I feel very happy that I ____to be the host.
---Congratulations!
A. choose B. am
chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen
(
)10. Many trees and flowers ______ in our school
last year,and they made our school a beautiful
garden.
A.plant B.planted C.have
planted D.were planted
( ) famous
paintings __________in the hall next week.
A. will show B. were shown C. is
shown D. will be shown
( )12. A talk
on developments in science and technology in
the school hall next week .
A. given
B. will be given C. has been given D. gives
( )13.---Great changes have taken place in
this city.
---Right. Many modern tall
buildings have been ______ these days.
A.
turned up B. put up C. shown up D.
fixed up
( )-year-olds should not
to drive in China.
A. allow B. be
allow C. allowed D. be allowed
( )15. —Do you often clean your classroom?
—Yes, our classroom ______ every day.
A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned D.
Cleaned
课后练习
( )1.—Susan, why are you
still here? They are all ready to start.
–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet.
A.
don’t tell B. didn’t tell C.
haven’t told D. wasn’t told
( )2.Many
old houses around our school ____ next year and a
large green area will appear.
A. pull down
B. will be pulled down C. will pull down D. are
pulled down
( )3.--- My watch ______.
--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found.
A. is lost B. is broken C.
has found D. has stopped
( )4.---Did
you go to Sam’s weekend party?
---No,
I___________.
A. am not invited B. wasn’t
invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite
( )5.-- How often ______ your school sports
meeting ______?
-- Once a year.
A. does;
hold B. was; hold C. is; held
D. did; hold
( )6.On May 30th, , one bowl in
the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of
30.36 million Hong Kong dollars.
A. sell
B. sold C. is sold D. was
sold
( )7.The
A. has been regarded
B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards
( )8.—Those eggs of different colors are very
beautiful.
—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou.
A. painted B. were painting C. were
painted D. had painted
( )9.---Don’t
litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign::
“Rubbish into the dustbin.”
---Sorry.
A, has throw B, was
throw C, must throw D , must be
thrown
( )10.The 29th 0lympic Games __in
Beijing in 2008.
A.will hold B will be
held C.hold
( )11. The girl was often
heard happily in her room.
A. sing
B. to sing C. singing D. sings
( )12.
It is reported that more new teaching buildings
_________ in our school in the next term.
A.
will be built B. was built C. has built
D. will build
( )13. It is reported that more
new teaching buildings _________ in our school in
the next term.
A. will be built B. was
built C. has built D. will build
(
)14. The sick boy _________ to hospital by the
police yesterday.
A. is taken B. was
taken C. takes D. took
( )15.
--It’s difficult for the village children to cross
the river for school.
--I think a bridge
_________ over the river.
A. was built B.
is being built C. has been built D. should be
built
( )16. --David, turn off the
TV________ no one is watching it.
--But it
________ off already! The music is from the radio.
A. so that, has been turned B.
when, has turned
C. if, has been turned
D. because, has turned
( )17. Usually John
to school in his father’s beautiful car.
A.
has taken B. is taking C. is taken
D. has been taken
( )18. Don’t put off
today’s work for tomorrow. I mean, today’s work
_________ today.
A. may do B. must do
C. may be done D. must be done
( )19.--
Look, what an old palace! It looks so great!
--Yeah, it ________ nearly 800 years ago.
A. was building B. was built C. has built D.
is built
( )20. Don’t discuss the problems
with your partner unless you _________ to do so.
A. ask B. are asked C. will
ask D. will be asked
把下列句子改写成被动语态
make machines in that factory.
__________________________________
body
likes this song.
__________________________________
doesn't
show the stamps to me.
__________________________________
don't
grow rice in the west of Japan.
_____________________________
often helps
Tom when Tom is in trouble.
_______________________________
the workers
build many buildings?
__________________________________
Kate
sometimes break glasses?
__________________________________
you
always send a letter to Mr Hu?
__________________________________
does the
teacher often tell the boys to do?
_________________________
many desks do they
buy every term? __________________________________
将下列句子变为被动语态,每空一词
1. We can finish the work
in two days.→ The work __________ _________
__________ in two days.
2. They produce silk
in Suzhou. → Silk _________ ________ in Suzhou.
3. The children will sing an English song. →
An English song ________ __________ ________ by
the children.
4. You needn't do it now. →It
________ __________ _________ by you now.
5. Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week. →A
New Year Card ________ ________ ________ her by
me last week.
6. Peole use metal for making
machines. → Metal ________ _________ for making
machines.
7. He made me do that for him. →I
________ _________ _________ that for him.
8.I have given this book to the library. →
This book _______ _________ ________ to the
library.
they build a bridge here a year
ago? →________ a bridge ________ here by them a
year ago?
'll put on an English play in our
school. → An English play ________ _______
_______ on in our school.
and more
farmers buy colour TV sets. →Colour TV sets
________ ______ ______ more and more farmers.
brother often mends his watch. → His watch
_________ _________ _________ by my brother.
must water the flowers every day. →The
flowers must ________ ________ (by us) every day.
use knives for cutting things. → Knives
________ _______ for cutting things.
made
the farmers work for a long time. →The farmers
________ _______ _______ ______ for a long time.
he break the window yesterday? →_________ the
window _______ _______ ________ yesterday?
have sold out the light green dresses. → The
light green dresses ________ _______ ______ out.
clean the classroom every day. →The classroom
_________ ________ every day.
19. You must
not plant trees in very dry earth. → Trees ______
______ _______ ______ in very dry earth.
can dig a hole in the earth. →A Hole _________
_________ __________ in the earth.
用动词的正确语态填空
1. The students ____________
often ____________(tell) to take care of their
desks and chairs.
2. That play
_______________(put) on again sometime next month.
3. The old man is ill. He ______________ (must
send) to the hospital.
4. Vegetables, eggs
and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop.
5.
---What __________ a knife ____________ (make) of?
---It _______________(make) of metal and
wood.
6. A Piano concert _____________(give)
here last Friday.
7. ____________ the
magazine ____________(can take) out of the
library?
8. The room _____________ (clean) by
me every day.
9. The stars _____________ (can
see) in the daytime.
10. Some flowers
__________(water) by Li Ming already.
11.
These kinds of machines __________(make) in Japan.
12. Apples _________ ________(grow) in this
farm.
13. Russian ___________
_______________ (learn)as the second language by
some students in China.
14. Planes, cars and
trains _____________ ____________ (use) by
business people for travelling.
15. The
cinema ______________ ____________ (build) in
1985.
16. The bike ___________ ____________
___________ ____________ (must not put) here.
17. A beautiful horse ____________
____________ ___________ (draw) by John next day.
18. This kind of machine _______________
_____________(can made) by uncle Wang.
19.
Mr. Green ____________ ____________ (open) two
new school.
20. The PLA ____________
____________ (found) on August 1st,1927.
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