被动语态八注意 初中英语语法系列

被动语态八注意 初中英语语法系列
1．我们知道，主动语态变为被动语态时，通常将 主动语态
中的宾语变为被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语变为由介词
by引导的宾语；谓语动词 变为被动语态“be +过去分词”形
式，例如：
Everyone likes the interesting film. (主动语态) →
The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被动语态
They used knives to cut things. (主动语态) →
Knives are used to cut things. (被动语态)
但是，并非所有由“be +过去分词 ”构成的形式就是被动
语态。有时过去分词已经变为形容词，表示一种状态。试比
较：
My brother is very interested in English. 我哥哥对
英语非常感兴趣。（状态）
My brother was interested by what I told him. 我告
诉他的话让我哥哥非常感兴趣。（动态）
2．在被动语态中谓语动词一定是及物动词，也就是说必须
跟宾语的动词。如：
We can make metals into different shapes. (主动语态)
→
Metals can be made into different shapes. (被动语态)
在主动语态中make是及物动词，其动作的承受者即宾语是

metals。
但是，并非所有的及物动词都有被动语态。比如，表示静
态的动词（have、belong to）、宾语是反身代词或相互代词
等。例如：
He has a nice house. 他有一所漂亮的房子。
We must help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
3．主动语态中的主语在变为被动语态时通常变为由介词by
的引出的宾语。如：
They have already cut down the trees. →
The trees have already been cut down by them. 那些树
木已经被他们砍光。
如果谓语动词是know，在变为被动语态时，原来的主语变
为由to引出的宾语。如：
May people know him very well. → He is well known to
many people. 很多人都非常了解他。
注意：我们之所以用被动语态是 因为我们不清楚动作的执
行者、或没有必要指出动词的执行者等。因此很多被动语态
没有由by 引出的宾语。如：
People may lose their lives and homes or they may be
injured badly in a fire. 在大火中人们可能失去性命和
家园，要不就是严重烧伤。
It is used for protecting the fireman from smoke.

它用来保护消防人员以避免吸进烟雾。
4．在主动语态变为被动语态时，时态一般应保持一致。如：
We will build more factories in my hometown. →
More factories will be built in my hometown.我们家乡
将要建起更多的工厂。
为此，我们必须记住以下某些时态的被动结构：
do（es）→ isamare done did → waswere done
havehas done → havehas been done will do → will
be done
be doing → be being done
5．某些动词可以跟双宾语如give、pass、 bring、write；
buy、make等，在变为被动语态时如果直接宾语变为被动语
态 中的主语，则间接宾语通常由介词to、for引出。例如：
(1) My sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday. →
I was given a nice watch by my sister for my birthday.(间
接宾语做主语）
A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday.
（直接宾语做主语）
我过生日时收到了姐姐的一块手表。
(2)They bought us many books yesterday. →
We were bought many books by them yesterday.
Many books were bought for us by them yesterday.

6．某些动词make、 hear、see、watch等在主动语态中，
其宾语补足语要求用不带to的不定式。但在变为被动 语态
时通常省略的不定式符号to必须恢复。如：
He made us clean the classroom after school. → We were
made to clean the classroom after school. 我们被迫在
放学后打扫教室。
I saw him come into the room. → He was seen to come
into the room. 人们看见他进了屋子。
7．在主动语态中如果谓语动词是含有介词或副词的短语动
词，变为 被动语态时不能丢掉该介词或副词。如：
They must take good care of the children. → The
children must be taken good care of. 孩子们必须小心
照看。
8．英语中某些动词如sell、l ock、draw、start等在否定
句、进行时或用在某些形容词、副词前可以表示被动意义。如：
This kind of books sells well. 这种书畅销。
The door won’t lock. 门锁锁不上。


被动语态的讲解

一、汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来< br>表示被动，而英语用：助动词 be 及物动词的过去分词构成。
二、被动语态的形式
1 常用时态的被动语态的构成：被动语态的基本形式为助
动词 be 及物动词的过去分词，即 be done。 被动语态的
时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在 be 的变化上，其形式与
系动词 be 的变化形式完全一样。以 give 为例，列表如下：
一般现在时： am is are given 一般过去时： was were
given 一般将来时： shall will be given 过去进行时：
was were being given 现在进行时： am is are being
given 过去完成时： had been given 现在完成时： have
has been given 将来完成时： shall will have been given
过去将来时： should would be given 现在完成进行时：
havehas been being done 含情态动词的被动语态：情态
动词＋be done 〔注〕被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来
进行时。 2）被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加 not
构成。Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校
不教俄语。 3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主
语之前句尾加问号构成。 Were many trees planted on the
hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？
三、被动语态使用范围 谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没
必要。 动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。1. Some

stamps were stolen last week. 2. The PRC was founded
on October 1 1949.
四、主动语态与被动语态的转换
1．主语谓语宾语 主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语
变，原主变宾 by 后见，时态人称 be 关键。注意：把 主动
语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持
一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主 语保持一致。 We have
bought a new computer. A new computer ______ been bought
2．主语谓语间接宾语（sb.）直接宾语（sth.） My uncle gave
me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on
my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday.注
意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：
bring give hand lend offer pass pay promise sell show
take teach tell 等。 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用
介词 for 如：build buy cook cut choose do fetch find
fix get keep make orderpaint play sing 等。注意：有
些既不用 to 也不用 for 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 He
asked me a question. A question was asked of me. People
all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall
is known to people all over the world. 不用 by 短语
3．. 主语谓语宾语宾语补足语带复合宾语宾语 宾补的动
词改为被动语态时， 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，

而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We always keep the
classroom clean. →The classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions. →We were told
to follow her instructions. 在注意： see watch hear
notice listen to look at make feel 等动词后作宾语补
足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带 to，
这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不
存在省略 to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.注意：带有复
合宾语的句子，如果 宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将
宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people
called them love apples. 误：Love apples were called
them. 正：They were called love apples
五、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一，感官系动词一
般用主动形式表示被 动意义，如：feel，look seem taste
sound remain 等。 — Do you like the material — Yes
it feels very soft. 误：It is felt very soft. The food
tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. The
pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded
beautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词 leave enter reach suit
have benefit lack own 等。如： He entered the room and

got his book. 误：The room was entered and his book was
got. She had her hand burned. 误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise happen succeed
remain lie 等。 When we got to the top of the mountain
the sun had already risen. 误：The sun had already been
risen. After the earthquake few houses remained. 误：
After the earthquake few houses were remained.第四，
一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place break
out belong to lose heart consist of add up to 等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：The fire
was broke out in the capital building.第五，宾语是反
身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing 形式及抽象
名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself
English. 误：Myself was taught English. We love each
other. 误：Each other is loved.第六、有些动词既是及
物又是不及物，当它们和 well badly easily 等副词连用
时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示
被动，这时不用被动语态 ，常见的有：write read clean sell
wash cook 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好
洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 The
pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。对比： The books
sell well. 主动句 The books were sold out. 被动句 The

meat didn’t cook well. 主动句 The meat was cooked for
a long time over low heat. 被动句
六、特殊句式在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语
中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说?? It is said
that ? 据报导?? It is reported that ? 据推测??
It is supposed that ? 希望?? It is hoped that ? 众
所周知?? It is well known that ? 普遍认为?? It is
generally considered that ? 有人建议?? It is
suggested that ? 1 It is reported that it is going to
rain tomorrow. 2 It is well known that Thomas Edison
invented the electric lamp.










被动语态讲解

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
如：
Many people speak English．（主动语态）
English is spoken by many people．（被动语态）
1．被动语态的构成
由于不及物动词不能带宾语，故无被动语 态，只有及物动词
或相当于及物动词的动词短语才有被动语态，其基本构成方
式是“助动词be ＋过去分词”。
注意：“be＋过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态，有些动词
（如 be，feel，look，seem等）后面的过去分词已转化为形
容词，用作表语表示状态。如：
My bike is broken．（我的自行车坏了。）
The door is open．（门开了。）
2．主动语态改被动语态的方法
1）将主动语态改为被动语态应注 意以下三个方面：①将主
动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；②将主动语态的谓语动
词改为“b e＋过去分词”结构；③将主动语态的主语改为介词
by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略） 。
2）含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两
种情况：①把间接宾语改为被动 语态的主语，直接宾语仍保
留原位；②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾

< br>语前要加介词to或 for。如：
He gave the boy an apple．→The boy was given an apple．（或
An apple was given to the boy．）
Her father bought her a present．→She was bought a present by
her father．（或A present was bought for her by her father．）
3）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被
动语态时不定式前要加to。如：
They watched the children sing that morning．→The children
were watched to sing that morning．
4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态
的宾 语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。
如：
We call him Xiao Wang．→He is called Xiao Wang．
He cut his hair short．→His hair was cut short．
They told him to help me．→He was told to help me．
5）短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其
完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如：
We must take good care of the young trees．→The young trees
must be taken good care of．
6） 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作
为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面；也 可采用另一
种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know，say，

be lieve，find，think，report等。如：
People believe that he is ill．→It is believed that he is ill．（或：
He is believed to be ill．）
3．被动语态改为主动语态的方法：
被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语（或 按
题意要求确定主语），按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的
时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改 为主动语态。注意在主动
语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，此
时要把被 动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语
态的宾语。如：
History is made by the people．?The people make history．
4．不能用于被动语态的情况
1）某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且
常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have，fit，suit，hold
（容纳），cos t， suffer，last（持续）等不能用于被动语态。
如：
They have a nice car．他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。
My shoes don't fit me．我的鞋不合适。
My brain can't hold so much information at one time．我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。
How much ／What does it cost？这值多少钱？
Our holiday lasts 10days．我们的假期有十天。
This food will last（them）（for）3days．这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天。
2）不是所有带介词 的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被动态，若不构成
成语动词则无被动态。试比较：
They arrived at a decision．?A decision was arrived at．他们作出了决定。
They arrived at the station．他们到达车站。（不说：The station was arrived at．）

He looked into the question．?The question was looked into．他调查了这个问题。
3）动词leave（离开），enter（进入），join（参加）不可用于被动语态。如：
The car left the road and hit a tree．车子离开了道路，撞上了树。
4）某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态
有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，
record等。如：
His new novel is selling well．他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well．这布很耐洗。
This material won't wear．这种材料不耐穿。His play won't act．他的戏剧不会上演。
The window won't shut．这窗关不上。The door won't open．这门打不开。
The door won't lock．这门锁不上。This poem reads well．这首诗读来很好。
5）feel，look，appear，sound，taste，s mell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词
作表语，不可用于被动语态。如：
Tell me if you feel cold．你要是感到冷就告诉我。
You're looking very unhappy—what's the matter？你看来很不高兴———怎么回事儿？
The soup tastes wonderful．这汤味道好极了。
Those roses smell beautiful．那些玫瑰好闻极了。
She appears to be friendly．她看上去很友好。
6）宾语是不定式或动词的- ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。如：
Peter hoped to meet her．彼得希望遇见她。
Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter．史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。
7）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。如：
She can dress herself．她可以自己穿衣服。
We could hardly see each other in the fog．在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。
8）宾语是同源宾语时，不可用于被动语态。如：
They live a happy life．他们过着幸福的生活。
The girl dreamed a sweet dream ．那女孩做了个甜美的梦。
9）宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时，不可用于被动语态。如：
The old man broke his（＝the old man's）legs．那老人把自己的腿弄断了。
The girl shook her（＝the girl's）head．那女孩摇了摇头。
5．某些动词的主动形式表被动含义
英语中有很多动词如act，break，catch，cut，clean，drive，draw， let，lock，open，sell，
read，write，wash，wear等，当它们被用 作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用
来表达被动含义。另外，像 owe，beat，co ok，bake，print，build，make等，有时可以用主
动形式表达被动含义。如：
This kind of radio doesn't sell well．这种收音机不太畅销。
The shop opens at eight o'clock．这个商店八点开门。
The pipe does not draw well．这烟斗不太通畅。
These plays act wonderfully．这些剧演得好。
Kate's book reads like an interesting novel．凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。
注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如：
The door won't lock．门锁不上。（指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked．门不会被锁上。（指不会有人来锁门）
His novels sell easily．他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好）
His novels are sold easily．他的小说容易销售。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大）

6．某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义
1）在need，want，requ ire，deserve和bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，
其含义相当于动词不 定式的被动形式。如：
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
My clothes need washing（to be washed）．我的衣服需要洗了。
2）形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动 含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy
后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如：
The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture- book is very worthy to be read．）这本画
册很值得一读。
Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worth helping．（＝Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worthy to be
helped．）像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。
This plan is not worth considering．（＝This plan is not worthy to be considered．）这个计划不值
得考虑。
3）某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义
a．当nice，easy，fit，hard， difficult，important，impossible，pleasant， interesti ng等形容
词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动< br>形式表达被动含义。如：
Japanese is not difficult to learn．日语并不难学。（指日语被学）
The water is unfit to drink．这水不适合喝。（指水被喝）
The piece of music is pleasant to hear．这首音乐听起来很悦耳。（指音乐被听）
This book is easy to read．这本书读起来很容易。（指书被读）
b．当动词不定式在名词后面 作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式
表示被动含义。如：
I have a lot of work to do today．我今天有很多工作要做。（work to do指被做的工作）
He has three children to look after．他有三个孩子要照看。（children to look after指孩子被照看）
注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，其含义有所区别。如：
I have some clothes to be washed．我有些要洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗）
c．在there be．．．句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含
义没有什么区别。如：
There is a lot of homework to do（to be done）．有很多家庭作业要做。
There are some clothes to wash（to be washed）．有些衣服要洗。
4）由介词for，on，above，under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。如：
His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon．＝His paintings will be shown tomorrow
afternoon．他的油画作品明天下午展出。
5）表示感官意义的连系动词如smel l，feel，taste，look，sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。
如：
How nice the music sounds！这音乐听起来多悦耳！
Good medicine tastes bitter．良药苦口。
Our school looks more beautiful than before．我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了。