世界银行关于中国快速城市化的两篇评论(英文素材,带中文翻译)资料

China’s Rapid Urbanization: Benefits, Challenges & Strategies




其他文种: Fran?ais, ???????, Chinese, Espa?ol



Resources


website




China Urbanizes book


World Bank research:
East Asia's Economic
Prospects


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Urbanization in China on an unprecedented scale
Strategies for managing China’s cities
The demands and strains of bigger cities
Urbanization in China on an unprecedented scale

June 19, 2008— While China’s urbanization began almost 4,000 years ago—in fact, Neolithic
villages had begun to appear in river valleys a thousand years before that—the country is now
urbanizing on an unprecedented scale.
By the end of the 1940s, China had 69 cities. In 2007, it had 670 cities, almost ten times as many.
Increasing urbanization is the result of migration from villages, as well as natural increase, leading to
the expansion of small towns which have been reclassified as cities.
Of these cities, 89 have a population of over a million, dwarfing the numbers in other large countries
such as the United States with 37 of this size and India with 32.
In a rapidly urbanizing world, China is expected to play an important role, chiefly because of its size
and the speed at which it is changing. In 1980, China’s urban population was 191 million. By 2007, it
was 594 million, excluding migrants.
About half of China’s population now lives in cities. As policymakers meet at the World Cities Summit
in June, China’s phenomenal urbanization will be a likely focus, both in terms of coping strategies
and the benefits and challenges the country has experienced.
“As more people move to urban areas, not just in China, but elsewhere in Asia and Africa, the focus
of development activities must be twofold,” said Justin Lin, World Bank Chief Economist, “Rural

development which remains critical in agriculture-based economies; and rapid urban industrial
development which is and will be the principal source of growth for the national economy.”
Back to top

Strategies that have helped manage Chinese urbanization

According to Shahid Yusuf, a Senior Adviser in the World Bank’s Development Research
Group, and co-editor (with Tony Saich of Harvard University) of a new book, China
Urbanizes, China’s urbanization process is succeeding.

Crowding, but few slums. A cornerstone of
China’s urbanization strategy has been the
hukou, or household registration system to
control migration and to try to channel migrants
to small or medium-sized cities.

“One of China’s greatest successes in its rapid
urbanization has been that it has managed to
contain the process to the extent that there are

crowded living conditions but very few slums,”
said Yusuf. “This is an important achievement
for a developing country.”

Increasingly, however, larger cities are relaxing
what it portends for migrants’ access to urban services.

Low urban poverty and unemployment. With the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, urban
poverty has been contained. It is estimated at between 4 and 6 percent of the population. Urban
unemployment is also low, in the 3 to 4 percent range.
Decentralization. Another key element of China’s successful urbanization is the devolution of public
services and many administrative functions to city governments. In 2005, Chinese citizens’ degree of
satisfaction with local governments rose to 72 percent—considerably higher than in many other
countries, including the United States.
Containment of urban sprawl. China has also been frugal about its use of land space for urban
development—cities now occupy about 4.4 percent of the total land area.
“On the negative side, the income gap between villages and cities is very wide,” said Tony Saich,
“Urban air and water pollution is a serious problem, and services to migrants as well as safety nets
for the poor and elderly have yet to be adequately tackled.”
While urbanizing on an unprecedented scale,
China has managed to contain migration from
the villages or channel it to small or
medium-sized cities.

the hukou rules, and there is an ongoing debate about the future role of this system and

Back to top

The demands and strains of bigger cities

While China has coped more effectively than many countries with the demands of urbanization, a
number of issues need to be tackled urgently.
Jobs and infrastructure. Between now and 2025, it’s likely that another 200 to 250 million people
will migrate to China’s cities, adding to an existing mobile population of about 155 million. Providing
jobs and infrastructure for this anticipated inflow of people poses major challenges. Rapid economic
growth will remain critical, with further deepening of the capital markets needed to help finance
urbanization.
Energy. Urban residents use 3.6 times as much
energy as rural residents; suggesting that energy
use is far from its peak. Also, energy intensity
(consumption of energy per unit of GDP) is 7 times
that of Japan and 3.5 times that of the United States.

Motorization. While the government has identified
motor vehicles as an important subsector, the
country needs to weigh the pros and cons of further
motorization, which leads to urban sprawl, higher
energy consumption, and pollution.

Land for agriculture. Urban sprawl also needs to be
contained because it will be important to have
enough arable land in China for agriculture, given
high commodity prices and rising consumption.
Water. China suffers from water scarcity, with just over 2,100 cubic meters of water available per
person—one-third of the world average. The situation is more precarious in the northern part of the
country, where climate change may worsen arid conditions.
Climate change. Climate change will affect heavily populated low-lying areas. There are likely to be
major infrastructure requirements to protect these areas from sea-level rise and flooding.
“Cities are expensive to retrofit and modify once they are built,” concluded Yusuf. “China and other
rapidly urbanizing countries must factor in resource scarcities right away and use available
technologies strategically.”

Important lessons for rapidly urbanizing
countries can be drawn not from the United
States, which urbanized when oil was cheap, but
from Germany, Japan and Korea, where the
automotive industry thrives but cities have
remained relatively compact.

中国的快速城市化：收益、挑战与战略




Available in: Fran?ais, ???????, English, Espa?ol



资源：








《中国城市化》图书网站
世界银行研究：
东亚经济展望


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中国史无前例的大规模城市化
管理中国城市的战略
较大型城市的需求与压力
中国史无前例的大规模城市化

2008年6月19日— 尽管中国大约在4000年 前就已经开始出现城市化――事实上，在那之前1000
多年前新石器时代的村落就开始在河谷里出现― ―但中国目前的城市化规模是史无前例的。
1940年代末，中国有69个城市。2007年，中国有 670个城市，增加了近10倍。城市化增加是人口
从农村向城市流动的结果，也是人口自然增长的结果 ，导致小城镇不断扩大，重新划分归类为城市。
在这些城市中有89个城市人口超过100万，使其他 大国相形见绌，美国同等规模的城市只有37个，
印度为32个。
在一个快速城市化的世界上 ，中国预期将发挥重要作用，主要原因是中国的变化规模与速度。1980年，
中国的城市人口为1.9 1亿，到2007年增加到5.94亿，还不包括迁移人口。
现在中国人口约一半生活在城市。当世界 各国政策制定者出席6月份的世界城市峰会时，中国举世瞩
目的的城市化是大家关注的焦点，包括应对战 略和收益与挑战。
世界银行首席经济学家林毅夫说：“随着越来越多的人移居到城市，不仅在中国，而 且也发生在亚非地
区其他国家，发展活动的重点必须是双重的。农村发展在农业为主的经济体中仍然十分 重要；而快速
的城市工业化发展成为并将继续成为国民经济的主要增长源。”
向上

帮助中国管理城市化的战略

世界银行发展研究部高级顾问、新出版的 《中国城市化》的作者之一（另一位作者是哈佛
大学的托尼.赛奇）沙希德.尤素福说，中国的城市化进 程正在取得成功。

拥挤但基本没有贫民窟。中国城市化战略的一个
基石是户口制度， 用户口来控制人口流动，并设
法把流动人口引导到中小城市。

尤素福说：“中国快 速城市化最大的成功之一就是
它设法对这个过程加以抑制，从而尽管居住条件
拥挤，但贫民窟极 少。这是一个发展中国家的一
项重要成就。”


不过，大城市日益放松户口 规定，围绕户口制度
未来的作用及其对流动人口享受市政服务的影响
一直在展开辩论。

在史无前例的大规模城市化的同时，中国设法抑制了农
村人口向城市流动，或者将其引导到中小 城市。

城市贫困率和失业率低。由于中国经济的快速增长，城市贫困现象得到遏制。据估计贫 困人
口仅占城市人口4～6％。城市失业率也很低，只有3～4％。

分散化管理。中 国城市化获得成功的另一个关键要素是把公共服务和许多行政管理职能下放
到城市一级政府。2005年 ，中国公民对地方政府的满意度提高到72％――比许多其他国家，
包括美国都高很多。
抑制城市无计划扩张。中国对于城市发展的土地空间利用也很节俭――现在城市仅占土地总
面积的4 .4％。

托尼.赛奇说：“从负面来看，城乡收入差距非常大。城市的空气和水污染是一个严 重问题，
对流动人口的服务以及针对贫困和老年人口的社会安全网尚未得到妥善解决。”

向上

较大型城市的需求与压力

中国比许多其他国家更有效地应对城市化的各种需求的同时，还有一些问题迫切需要解决。
就 业和基础设施。从现在到2025年，在现有的大约1.55亿流动人口的基础上，中国可能还会有2～
2.5亿人口迁移到城市。为预期的人口流入提供就业和基础设施构成了严峻的挑战。快速经济增长仍然
十分重要，同时进一步深化资本市场也是有助于城市化融资的必要条件。

能源：城市居 民的能源使用量是农村居民的3.6倍；
说明能源使用量还远远没有达到高峰。此外，中国的
能 源密集度（GDP单位能耗）是日本的七倍，美国的
3.5倍。

机动化。虽然政府 把汽车视为一项重要产业，但国家
需要权衡推进机动化的利弊，机动化导致城市无计划
扩张、能 耗增加和环境污染。


农业用地。对城市无计划扩张也需要加以遏制，因为
世界上一些经历了快速城市化的国家可以提供重要的借
大宗商品价格居高不下，消费不断增加，中国需 要保
鉴。美国实现城市化时油价比较低，因此不适合借鉴。
留足够的农业耕地，这一点很重要。
水。中国存在水资源匮乏问题，人均水资源量只有
2100多立方米――只有世界平均水平的三 分之一。在北方地区形势更为危急，气候变化可能导致干旱
情况进一步加恶化。
气候变化。气 候变化将会对人口稠密的低洼地区产生影响。要保护这些地区不受海平面上升和洪涝影
响很可能需要大量 的基础设施建设。
尤素福说：“城市一旦建设起来，要更新改造是很昂贵的。中国和其他快速城市化的 国家必须立即考虑
到资源稀缺的因素，战略地利用现有技术。”
但德国、日本和韩国实现城市 化时汽车工业已在蓬勃发
展，但城市保持相对紧凑，有可以借鉴的经验。

Urban Development




Available in: русский, Fran?ais, 中文





AT A GLANCE:

? More than half of the world’s population lives in urban
areas.

Today’s global urban population of about 3.3 billion is
projected to reach 5 billion by 2030.

? The locus of this demographic transformation has shifted to
the developing world where 90 percent of urban growth is
taking place. Over the next 20 years the urban populations
of Africa and South Asia are projected to double.

? Today, more than 70 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions are attributed to cities. Yet urbanization, if
properly managed, can help address the climate change
agenda through the design of denser, more compact,
energy- efficient cities.

? With most of the world’s GDP generated in cities, the
economic future of most developing countries will hinge
on

the productivity of their urban populations.



-- Related Links --


Urban Development


Topic Expert:
Abha Joshi-Ghani

Related topicexpert:
Disaster Risk
Reduction | Saroj Kumar
Jha

? Urbanization is also credited with helping over 25 countries to
reduce their poverty over the past decade.



The benefit of agglomeration economies is attracting national- level attention.

With more
than half of global GDP generated in cities, the economic future of most developing countries will be
determined by the productivity of these burgeoning urban populations. As the World Development
Report 2009 pointed out, urbanization is necessary for growth but is not sufficient to ensure it.

Patterns of urban concentration have become important parts of this process, with countries
benefiting from agglomeration economies to achieve increasing levels of productivity. The benefits of
agglomeration have been well-documented in East Asia where cities have been a major part of rapid
economic growth in countries such as China, Japan, Korea, or Malaysia. The case of China is the
most revealing: 50 percent of GDP is generated in coastal areas representing only 20 percent of the
territory. Many of the Bank’s client countries have cities that wish to emulate China’s experience
and local economic development approaches are in high demand.

Poverty is increasingly urbanizing. The economic opportunities offered by cities have triggered

significant in-migration from rural areas. Consequently, across all regions where the Bank is
engaged (with the exception of the Europe and Central Asia Region), the share of urban poverty is
increasing.



More than a billion people live today in urban slums in developing countries, and this figure is
growing. The persistence of informal settlements in peri-urban areas in places like Cairo, cities in
Brazil, and several growing cities in Africa, poses a special challenge given the ambiguous status of
recent migrants to cities. Inner-city slums have been identified as the nexus of vulnerability in urban
areas with characteristics including income poverty, poor housing, inadequate infrastructure and
services, crime and violence, evictions, and, increasingly, man-made and natural disasters. With
the anticipated influx of more rural migrants and natural urban growth, cities will need to be prepared
to absorb the expected demographic growth and avoid further expansion of informal settlements and
urban slums.



World Bank financing for urban development has reached unprecedented levels.

In
response to rapid urbanization, many countries have sought increasing support for financing urban
infrastructure investments. The Bank’s urban portfolio has therefore expanded considerably;
approvals in 2010 amounted to 9.5% of overall IBRDIDA lending. Investment financing is being
provided for basic services, housing, infrastructure, slum upgrading, municipal governance,
environmental improvements and adaptation, and local economic development including cultural
heritage. The current active portfolio includes 380 IBRDIDA operations in over 90 countries
amounting to $$19.4 billion in lending commitments.

The Bank’s new Urban Strategy. The new strategy – Systems of Cities: Harnessing the Potential
of Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation, launched in November 2009, is designed around
a “system of cities” approach. Where larger cities often host firms driving innovation and service
sector industries characterized by “urbanization economies”, medium-size cities offer advantages to
manufacturing firms, characterized by “localization economies”. Smaller cities and towns offer
markets for rural production and commerce among small businesses, often helping facilitate the
rural-urban transition.

The strategy promotes “wholesaling” approaches to reach the growing populations in secondary
cities, more responsive financing instruments, and new knowledge products to strengthen capacity
at the local level. It also promotes sustainable urban development by linking cities to the climate
change and energy efficiency agendas.



World Bank response to urbanization. More developing countries are seeking the Bank’s
assistance in managing the urbanization process. Countries like Vietnam face an average increase
of one million new urban residents per year who need to be absorbed in three urban centers. In
response, the Bank is developing an “Urbanization Review”, which establishes a framework and
methodology for analyzing the current and future prospects for urbanization. The objective is to
inform policy responses and necessary trade-offs regarding location and types of infrastructure for
connecting across cities as well as global markets. The Urbanization Review is being piloted in
Vietnam, Indonesia, Colombia, China, and India. The Cities Alliance and SECO (the Swiss State
Secretariat for Economic Affairs) are supporting the development of the Urbanization Review toolkit

and pilot studies.



This new tool, launched with the urban strategy, will review the changing demand for basic services
and infrastructure across a portfolio of cities. The diagnostics will focus on three areas: (a)
institutions regulating land markets and delivering basic infrastructure services; (b) infrastructure for
improving connectivity among and within cities; and (c) interventions to offset the costs of
government and market failures. The review will consider the impact of urbanization on the urban
poor and help developing countries and cities better position themselves to manage the urbanization
process within a “system of cities” approach.



Climate change and cities.

An estimated 360 million urban residents live in coastal areas,
increasing their vulnerability to climate change-induced storm surges and rising sea levels. Cities
account for about two- thirds of global energy use. Energy efficiency can offer practical solutions to
budget- constrained cities in meeting their energy needs without sacrificing their development
priorities. The Bank’s new ECO2 Cities Program aims to help cities in developing countries achieve
greater ecological and economic sustainability by linking environmental health, energy efficiency and
livability concerns into the way cities plan for the future. At the recent World Urban Forum in Rio de
Janeiro, the Bank as part of a joint work program with the Cities Alliance, UNEP, and UN- HABITAT
launched a new international standard for measuring city greenhouse gas emissions. Building on
experience with cities and climate change planning, the World Bank is working with key cities,
particularly in East Asia and Latin America, to implement ‘smart growth’ programs that minimize
GHG emissions while maximizing economic development.

Reducing Risk for the Urban Poor.

A new Task Force of Mayors established at the COP15
Copenhagen Round Table for Mayors and supported by the Bank’s Urban Development and Local
Government Unit, Cities Alliance, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and the
World Bank Institute will focus on developing climate resilient responses to protect the urban poor
and vulnerable groups. The Task Force will take stock of existing knowledge and research, identify
and record best practice, and endeavor to mobilize increased investments in support of cities
adopting climate resilient approaches.

The Task Force will present its first report during the C40 meetings in May 2011. The Bank is also
developing with external partners, such as UNEP and UN-HABITAT, an Urban Risk Assessment
(URA) methodology that will help cities identify vulnerable areas, typically urban slums and assess
resilience to the impacts of climate change. A draft Risk Assessment is now being circulated for
review by key partners; early piloting is expected in 2011. The URA will be an important tool for
prioritizing and monitoring adaptation investments in cities, which are particularly vulnerable to rapid
and slow onset disasters.

Historic city regeneration and cultural heritage conservation. The Bank integrates historic city
regeneration and cultural heritage conservation in its development strategies, inherent elements of
its economic growth and poverty reduction assistance to developing countries. Regenerating
historic urban areas and conserving their cultural heritage is an asset-based approach to local
economic development, endorsed by the new Urban Strategy, which contributes to cities
competitiveness and sustainability.

The Bank's Urban Development and Local Government Unit manages a grant facility to support
operations with a dual objective: one is to leverage the historic city (i) as a service hub for internal
users (local communities living in the historic city and in the modern neighborhoods around it), and
(ii) as a sustainable destination for external users (people from other cities, other regions, or other
countries). The other objective is to invest in the cultural heritage of historic cities, where poor and
marginal communities live, to bring profound change in their self-reliance and energies which can
then be supplemented by assisting them in finding innovative ways to improve their livelihoods.
Bank-financed projects demonstrate that regenerating historic cities and conserving their cultural
heritage have strengthened national and local economies, provided incentives for job creation
(SMEs and small businesses located in historic cities), improved the urban environment, enhanced
the quality of public spaces, and supported public- private partnerships.

城市发展




其他文种:
русский
,
Fran?ais
,
English



概要


有史以来 ，全世界第一次有超过一半的人口居住在城市地区。
目前大约为33亿的城市人口预计将在2030年达 到50亿。
? 这种人口变化的地点已经转移到发展中国家，那里是90%的城
市增长的来源 地。今后20年内，非州和南亚地区的城市人口预
计将翻一番。
? 目前，估计有70%的温 室气体（GHG）排放与城市有关。城市
化，如果能适当控制的话，可以通过设计更密集、更紧凑、更< br>有能源效率的城市，推动气候变化议程。
?
?
由于全球的GDP有一半以 上是城市生产的，大多数发展中国家
的经济未来将取决于其城市人口的生产率。


?


-- 相关链接 --


城市化还在过去十年中帮助超过25个国家减轻了贫困。
城市发展

城市战略

凝聚经济的效益引起了国家的重视。由于全球GDP有一半以上是城市生产的，大多数发展中国家的经济未来将取决于其城市不断增长的人口
现增长。



的生产率。正如《2009年世界发展报告》所指出的那样，城市化是增长所必需的，但并不 足以保证实
城市的集中模式已经成为城市化过程中的一个重要组成部份 — 受益于凝聚经济的国家提高 了生产率
水平。凝聚经济的好处在东亚地区得到了很好的印证，在诸如中国、日本、韩国、或马来西亚等 国家，
城市为快速的经济增长作出了重要的贡献。中国的例子最有说服力，其仅占全国面积20%的沿海 城市
生产了50%的GDP。世界银行的许多客户国家都有希望仿效中国经验的城市，对地方经济发展做 法有
很大的需求。

贫困日益成为城市问题。城 市提供的经济机会带来了大量来自农村地区的移民。因此，在所有世行参
与的地区（除了东欧和中欧地区 ），城市贫困人口的比例不断增长。



发展中国家目前有超过10亿人 口生活在城市贫民区，而这个数字还在不断增长。由于近期移民的不确
定的身份，在像开罗、巴西、以及 若干不断扩大的非州城市等地区的城乡交界处顽固存在的非正式居
民区，使城市面临特殊的挑战。市中心 的贫民区被确定为城市地区的脆弱核心，具有收入贫困、住房
破旧、基础设施和服务不足、犯罪和暴力、 逐出、以及越来越多的人为和自然灾害等特征。由于预计
的移民流的扩大和城市的自然增长，城市必须做 好准备，以吸收预计的人口增长和避免非正式居民区
和城市贫民区的进一步扩展。



世行为城市发展提供的融资达到了前所未有的水平。为了应对快速的城市化，许多国家都努力 增加城
市基础设施投资所需要的融资支持。因此，世行的城市投资贷款显著增加，其占世行全部贷款的比 例
在过去五年中达到了前所未有的8%的水平。投资融资援助了住房、基础设施、贫民区改造、市政治理 、
环境治理、以及社会服务。目前正在实施的贷款包括在60多个国家进行的超过155项业务，贷款承 诺
总额达到了103亿美元。



世行的新的城市战略。世行上一 个城市战略，即《转轨中的城市》，已经发表了近十年的时间了。近期
的发展，包括快速的城市化、气候 变化、全球金融危机、价格和能源供应动荡、越来越多的权力下放、
以及在城市对经济增长的重要性方面 日益提高的认识，都是重新考察城市议程和采用新的方法以便在
下个十年中促进城市发展的有力理由。在 与更多的捐助伙伴、全球都市和城市协会（都市联盟以及都
市和地方政府联盟）、国家政府、以及城市的 合作中，世界银行被请求帮助制定这个正在形成的议程。



新的战略，即 《城市系统：控制潜在的城市化以实现增长和减轻贫困》，预计将于2009年秋季发表，
是围绕“城市 系统”方法设计的。虽然较大的城市一般拥有推动创新和服务业发展的、具有“城市化
经济”特点的企业 ，但中等城市则拥有以“地方经济”为特点的制造业企业所需要的优势。小的城镇
为小型企业提供农村生 产和商业市场，一般可以促进农村向城市的转变。



这个战略促进使用综 合性的方法来帮助次级城市中不断增长的人口、反应更灵敏的金融工具、以及新
的知识产品来提高地方能 力。它还通过将城市与气候变化和能源效率议程相结合，推动可持续的城市
发展。


世行对城市化作出的反应。更多的发展中国家希望得到世行的援助，以控制城市化进程。像越南那样的国家每年平均增加100万新的城市居民，后者必须被吸收进三个中心城市。因此，世行正在与经济
合作与发展组织（OECD）以及其它伙伴共同编制《城市化考察》，以便为分析目前的和未来的城市化
前景（包括对策）制定框架和方法。



这项新的工具是与城市战略同时 启动的，并将在明年进行试验。它将考察人口趋势以及运输、供水和
其它基础设施应对要求，住房需求， 以及土地市场条件。它将考虑城市化对城市贫困人口的影响，和
帮助发展中国家和城市更好地做好准备， 以便通过“城市系统”方法应对城市化进程。


气候变化和能源效率高的城市。估计 有3.6亿城市人口居住在沿海地区，这使他们面临更大的风险，
如气候变化引起的风暴和海平面的上升 。城市大约占全部能源使用的三分之二。提高能源效率可以为
面临预算制约的城市提供现实的解决方案， 在不牺牲其发展重点的前提下满足其能源需求。世行的新
的“ECO2城市方案”的目的是通过将环境卫 生、能源效率、以及宜居关切与城市的未来规划相结合，

帮助发展中国家的城市改善生态 和经济的可持续性。