汽车automobile 英文作文

An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle
used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine
or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight
people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed
principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
[3]

The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail
systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but
also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive
cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and
intercity railroad systems.
[4]

It was estimated in 2010 that the number of automobiles had risen to
over 1 billion vehicles, with 500 million reached in 1986.
[5]
The
numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.
[6]

Transportation is a major contributor to air pollution in most
industrialised nations. According to the American Surface
Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Americans are
breathing unhealthy air. Their study showed air quality in dozens of
metropolitan areas has worsened over the last decade.
[35]
In the
United States the average passenger car emits 11,450 pounds (5,190
kg) of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide annually, along with
smaller amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen.
[36]

Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by automobiles via
habitat destruction and pollution. Over the lifetime of the average
automobile the
meters (540,000 sq ft) based on primary production correlations.
[37]

Animals are also killed every year on roads by automobiles, referred
to as Roadkill.
Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting has led to traffic
congestion. Brussels is considered Europe's most congested city.
[38]

Fuel taxes may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient,
hence less polluting, car designs (e.g. hybrid vehicles) and the
development of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes may provide a
strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more
fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive. On average, today's automobiles
are about 75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps
reduce energy use and pollution.
[39]
In the United States Congress,
federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been debated
regularly, passenger car standards have not risen above the 27.5
miles per US gallon (8.55 L100 km; 33.0 mpg
-imp
) standard set in
1985. Light truck standards have changed more frequently, and were
set at 22.2 miles per US gallon (10.6 L100 km; 26.7 mpg
-imp
) in
2007.
[40]

Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been
abundantly pushed by automobile growth; the 1985–2003 oil glut
even fuelled the sales of low economy vehicles in OECD countries.
The BRIC countries might also kick in, as China briefly was the first
automobile market in December 2009.
[41]

Residents of low- density, residential-only sprawling communities are
also more likely to die in car collisions
[original research?]
which kill 1.2
million people worldwide each year, and injure about forty times this
number.
[28]
Sprawl is more broadly a factor in inactivity and obesity,
which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.
[42]