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Car Design Glossary
Airdam:
A foil or aerodynamic device, often positioned
under the front bumper.
A-pillar: The first
set of structural roof supports at either side of
the windshield. The next
set of pillars,
behind the front doors, is called B-pillars, and
those behind the rear doors
are called
C-pillars. Some limousines and station wagons have
D-pillars.
Alloy wheel: A wheel cast from
alloys of aluminum or magnesium, usually in one
piece.
(See also “Disc wheel” and “Wire
wheel.”)
Applied (fender or trim): Fastened
onto or stamped into the surface of the body.
Armature: The wooden, metal or hard-foam
supporting structure under a clay model.
Attitude: When a vehicle has a noticeable
demeanor and is said to be aggressive, playful,
intimidating etc. Can also describe the
vehicles overall relationship to the ground.
Axes: In locating points on a car body,
designers and draftsmen use the conventional
three 3D reference lines: longitudinal,
vertical and cross-car. These lines or axes are
labeled X-Y-Z. (See also “Zero point.”)
Backlight: The rear window opposite the
windshield.
Badge engineering: The practice of
applying different nameplates to cars with
identical
or very similar sheetmetal.
Bakeoff: A showdown between design proposals,
usually held in the form of a show with
clay
models from rival studios or designers.
“Banana”: The opening between the top of the
steering-wheel rim and the hub through
which
the driver can see the instrument panel.
Bead
or beading: A formed, often ornamental molding,
usually pliable, sometimes fitted
as a sealer
(“welting”) between two exterior body panels; e.g.
between fenders and body.
May also be rigid as
in “fender beading”. Flexible beading is sometimes
used to trim car
upholstery.
Bellypan: A
partial or full surface, usually of sheetmetal,
affixed to the underside of a car
body. The
bellypan acts as an aerodynamic aid.
Beltline:
The horizontal area of the body along the door
just below the side-window glass.
Bezel: A
shaped, usually ornamental, often bright edging
around a functional body
component, e.g.
lights, gauges, emblems, medallions, etc.
Black metal: The structural, supporting inner
sheetmetal of a body usually painted black.
Blind quarter: A wide sail panel, q.v.
Bling: When certain details of a vehicle such
as the grill, wheels, trim, moldings, badges
and other ornamentation are finished with
particular flare with the use of in chrome or any
bright scintillating finish. The scale of the
details in question must typically be outsized to
increase notability. When a vehicles details
are deliberately designed to catch attention
and suggest wealth and status.
Boattail:
The rear of a carboy shaped like the upside-down
prow of a boat.
Body in white: The finished
but unmounted and unpainted body. It’s called “in
the white”
because the original protective
undercoat was white or light yellow.
Body
sweeps: (See “Sweeps.”)
Bone line: A hard,
raised longitudinal peak in the sheetmetal,
usually along the side of the
car body;
more massive than a character line (q.v.).
Boot: (See “Top boot.”).
Box, one-, two-,
three-: Body morphology is often described in
terms of one-box, two-box
and three-box. A
one-box body usually refers to a van, whose body
looks like one big box.
A station wagon or
something like the VW Rabbit qualifies as a two-
box body, the hood
being one box and the cabin
the second. And a three-box body is usually a
conventional
sedan or coupe: hood, cabin and
trunk. Also called “one-, two- and three-shape.”
B-pillar: (See “A-pillar.”)
Bridge: An
upside-down-U-shaped device that rides on side
rails over a clay model. It’s
used to take
reference points and make accurate measurements of
the model.
Brow: A raised or protruding area
above or around an arch, like a headlamp or wheel
well.
Buck: (See “Seating buck.”)
Bumper:
A protective bar or area protruding from the
extreme front or rear of a car body.
Bumper
pan: Sheetmetal that extends downward from the
bumper. (Sometimes called
“modesty panel” or
“modesty skirt.”)
Bustleback: A car body with
an attached luggage compartment.
Bulkhead: A
large, reinforced, crossbracing sheetmetal panel,
typically behind the rear
seat of a car body.
Cast (to): To form metal or plastic by pouring
the molten substance into a mold and letting
it solidify. (See also “Die-casting.”)
Catalogue custom: A coachbuilt custom body
displayed in and sold through an
automaker’s
dealer catalogue. (See also “Series custom.”)
Catwalk: The area between the front fender and
hood. The word was commonly used for
cars of
the late 1930’s and early 1940’s, when catwalks
extended from the front bumper to
the door
cuts.
Centerline: A hypothetical line drawn
longitudinally through the center of a developing
car
body, also known as the X axis.
Chamfer: The juncture of two angled or beveled
flat surfaces.
Channel (to): To lower a car
body by cutting out the floor and dropping the
body down
over the frame rails.
Character
line: A raised or indented, creased or peaked line
on a smooth surface that
adds stronger-than-
normal interest to the car’s aesthetics.
“Cheat” (to): To exaggerate a design feature
in a sketch or model in order to improve the
car’s appearance or proportions, such as
stretching the wheelbase and lowering the
height of the body.
CHMSL: Center high-
mounted stop light (pronounced Chimsel).
Chop
(to): To lower the top or greenhouse of a car body
by cutting out a few inches
horizontally and
re-welding the pillars and panels.
Coefficient
of drag (Cd): A numerical value representing
aerodynamic efficiency. The
lower the value,
the more efficient the shape.
Coordinate
measuring machine: (See “Scanner.”)
Couple
distance: The distance between the front- and
rear-seat H-points (q.v.); a critical
interior
packaging dimension.
Coved: Recessed.
Cowl: The surfaced and structural body
component at the front of the passenger
compartment between the engine hood and the
main body back to the windshield. Cowls
vary
tremendously in detail and construction, but the
typical cowl is made up of the firewall
and
extends back to meet the instrument panel.
C-pillar: (See “A-pillar.”)
Crown: A domed
area of the hood, fenders or roof. Also a subtle
rise or convexity in a
surface to make it look
straight or flat instead of sunken.
Custom
(body): A special or coachbuilt automobile body
uniquely designed and
fabricated, as opposed
to mass-produced bodies. (See also “Catalogue
custom” and
“Series custom.”)
Cutline: The
line around an openable body panel; e.g. doors,
hood and decklid.
“Dash” (in body
engineering): In some car companies, the “dash
line” is an all-important
measuring marker
from which body-length dimensions are taken.
During design, the
actual “dash” (firewall) is
extensively altered to accommodate intrusion by
the
transmission, ducting, controls, etc., so
it rarely coincides with the theoretical “dash”
and
should never by confused with “Instrument
panel,” q.v.
Dashboard: In very early cars, an
upright wooden or metal panel at the front of the
body.
This was a holdover from days when the
dashboard literally shielded the carriage from the
horse and road splash. In more modern cars,
the word “dashboard” is sometimes used
interchangeably with the more correct term,
“instrument panel,” q.v.
Dash-to-axle: The
distance from the “dash” line or point to the
front-axle centerline in side
view. This is a
crucial dimension in creating interchangeable body
programs.
Daylight opening (or DLO): The
perimeter of any car window, including the
windshield
and backlight.
Deck: The upper
surface of the luggage compartment.
Deck (to):
To clear the decklid of ornamentation.
Decklid: The lid of the luggage compartment.
Diecast (to): (See “Cast.”)
Diecasting: A
part formed by pouring a molten metal alloy, often
bronze or zinc, into a
mold.
Die model:
The master model, traditionally hand carved from
mahogany that served as
the final, correct
guide for making sheetmetal stamping dies.
Di-
Noc: A registered trade name by 3M for a thin,
highly flexible, stretchable, paintable
plastic film used to cover clay models to give
them color and gloss. Di-Noc can be painted
after adding an elasticizer. Painted, it’s
usually soaked in a hot-water solution to make it
pliable. The name Di-Noc also refers to an
ornamental film used in the a930’s through the
early 1950’s to bond woodgrain and other
ornamental patterns to garnish moldings,
instrument panels, station-wagon exteriors,
etc.
Disc wheel: A steel wheel whose center is
stamped on one piece. (See also “Artillery
wheel” and “Wire wheel.”)
DLO: Daylight
opening, q.v. side window area.
Dogleg: An
angled bend, often at the trailing edge of a
window; also where the rear door
curves around
the rear wheelhouse of a four-door body style.
D-pillar: (See “A-pillar”.)
Draw
depth: The depth to which a stamping press can
push or fold a metal sheet or panel.
Drip
molding: The molding-like, U-shaped trough or
gutter at the lower edge of the roof
that
catches rainwater and carries it away from the
windows and doors.
Dutchman: On a sedan or
coupe, the sheetmetal surface or panel between the
backlight
and the top edge of the decklid.
Eggcrate: A geometric, crosshatch pattern of
squares or rectangles, usually used in
reference to grille texture.
Elevation: As
seen in front, rear or side views. A side
elevation, for example, is a side
view. (The
plan or top view is not defined as an elevation.)
Envelope body: A car body whose sides have no
visual or actual side-surface
interruptions or
breaks.
Escutcheon: An ornamental, protective
plate or surround, like the bright, raised area
around a keyhole.
Extrusion: A part, like
a molding, formed by forcing or extruding the
material through a
shaped orifice.
“Eye
envelope”: The oval area on an instrument-panel
drawing that theoretically shows
the range of
human vision. The idea is to keep controls and
gauges within the eye
envelope.
Facelift:
Design changes that make a familiar style or
ornament look fresh and different.
Fascia: The
instrument panel (q.v.); usually British; also a
flexible material that covers a
bumper.
Fast: A word used to describe the angle or
tilt of a windshield or backlight. The “faster”
the
glass, the more nearly horizontal it is.
Its “fastness” is measured between zero degrees
(horizontal) and 90? (vertical); i.e. a 57?
windshield is faster than one standing more
upright at 80?.
Fastback: A body shape in
which the roof slopes downward at the rear and
blends into
the deck or luggage compartment
with no notch or visual break.
“Fease out”
(to): To determine the feasibility or
manufacturability of a design. This is
usually
an engineering function.
Fender: The panel or
area over the wheel that constrains road splash at
speed. (See also
“pontoon fender” and
“Suitcase fender.”)
Fender beading: (See
“Beading.”)
Fender crown: (See “Crown.”)
Fender skirt: A panel or covering, usually of
sheetmetal, that covers a wheel arch (q.v.) or
fender opening.
Fender valance: (See
“Valance.”)
Fillet (to): A concave,
transitional surface that fills, mates or blends
two intersecting
surfaces.
Firewall: The
vertical wooden or sheetmetal panel that separates
the engine
compartment from the passenger
compartment.
Five-axis (milling machine): A
milling machine that can be programmed not only to
follow the conventional X-Y-Z axes but which
also keeps the milling head perpendicular
(normal) to the surface at all times.
These additional two “axes” are programmed into
the
computer as front-to-rear and side-to side
instructions. (The concept of five actual axes is
misleading; there are still only three.)
Flag: The triangular area of a car’s front
door, just above the beltline and behind the
A-pillar, to which the outside rearview mirror
is often attached. The flag also shortens the
front-door glass, allowing it to lower
completely into the door.
Flange: A collar,
rim or other body component that adds strength or
provides a means of
attaching another part.
Fome-Cor: A trade name for a material used in
the designing of interior bucks and
mockups.
Fome-Cor typically consists of a 18 to _ inch
sheet of Styrofoam sandwiched
between two
layers of heavy, white paper.
Frame-integral:
Another term for “unitized body,” q.v.
Garnish
molding (or garnish rail): Trim moldings on doors,
usually to ornament interior
window frames.
Gesture: When a vehicle has implied motion in
its styling lines and shapes.
Greenhouse: That
part of the car body above the beltline that
includes the roof, pillars
and glass.
Grille: A perforated panel or area usually
ornamented. (See also “Radiator grille.”)
Ground clearance: The distance from the lowest
point on the chassis, excluding wheels,
to a
level road surface.
Gutter: (See “drip
molding.”)
Halo car: An automobile intended to
stimulate interest in or lend prestige to an
automobile
line. Example: The viper is a halo
car for Dodge.
Hard points: Specific
locations, usually called out on a full-sized body
draft, of points that
have to be adhered to
when designing surfaces. Hard points include axle
centerlines,
seats, pedal locations, roof and
sill heights, luggage-compartment dimensions, etc.
Hardtop or hardtop convertible: A body style
that lacks B-pillars so that, although the
roof is rigid (usually steel), it has the
configuration of a convertible.
Header: The
horizontal beam or structural member above the
windshield.
Headliner or headlining: The inner
trim lining of a car roof usually made from cloth
and
suspended by stiff, hidden wires. Late-
model headliners are often molded from foam or
cardboard and faced with fabric.
Highlight: Light that bounces noticeably off a
peak or line or convex surface.
Hinge pillar:
A body pillar to which door hinges are attached.
Hood: The openable covering over the engine
compartment in a front-engined car,
usually
made of sheetmetal and hinged at the front, rear
or sides.
H-point: The point, usually called
out on a full-sized, side-view body draft, where
the
driver’s hip socket rests near the
junction of the front-seat cushion and the
seatback.
Instrument panel (also “i.p.”): The
board or metal panel ahead of the front seat that
houses the gauges, controls and glove
compartments. (See also “Dash” and “Dashboard.”)
Kick panel: The protective interior panel
ahead of the front door.
Line drawing: An
outline sketch without shading or color.
Lip
molding (also “wheel-lip molding”): Ornamental
bright trim that outlines and
visually
reinforces a fender wheel cut.
Louver:
A slit or narrow opening to let air, light or
water in or out. Some louvers are hinged
and
adjustable.
Mathematical (or “math”) model: A
computer model, based on an X-Y-Z coordinate
system, of a surface or surfaces. (See
“Scanner.”)
Metalflake paint: Paint that has
tiny flakes, usually of bright aluminum, suspended
in the
liquid.
Mockup: A representation,
usually of the final shape of a styled or
engineered body. Can
be made of wood,
fiberglass, metal or any combination.
Molding:
An applied, raised strip, sometimes to cover a
joint between body panels or in
later cars
pressed in for ornamentation.
Monochromatic:
Of a single color.
Monocoque: A type of body
construction in which the skins are stressed to
form part of
the supporting structure.
Motif: A repeated pattern or theme.
Mule:
A prototype car, usually built with new
mechanicals under an old, cobbled body.
Muscular: when a design mimics human and
animal forms. The designs surfaces are
handled
in a way that has muscle-like definition.
Noble: When a vehicle overall aesthetic and
proportions commands attention, suggest
financial success and social distinction.
Notchback: A body style in which a relatively
upright backlight joins a more horizontal
rear
deck, the join forming a notch.
Offsets: A
numerical system of locating points (q.v.) along
X-Y-Z axes (q.v.) on a 3D body
surface.
Ogee: Any S-shaped curve.
One-off: A one-
of-a-kind car, body style or body type.
Organic: when surfaces are made to blend
together seamlessly. Forms that appear to
have
grown biologically.
Oscar: The name given by
car designers to the 90th-percentile human form
that
determines standard interior and seating
dimensions. Oscar can take the form either of an
articulated plastic mannequin or a line-
defined drawing in the CAD computer.
Overcrown
(to): To raise above the surrounding crowned
surface.
Overhang: The amount of bodychassis
structure, including bumpers, as seen in side
view ahead of the front axle centerline and
behind the rear axle centerline.
“Package”
(the): A drawing or series of specifications that
tell where a car’s “hard points”
(q.v.) are:
locations of axles, running gear, seats,
instrument panel, roof height, door sills,
etc. The package is often determined by
engineering, and the design staff has to make
surface details conform to the parameters
called for.
Peak: A sharp ridge stamped into a
body surface, usually directed upward (See
“Windsplit.”)
Pillar: An upright, usually
structural body member that separates doors or
windows.
Pinstripe: A narrow applied or
painted stripe, usually in a bright, contrasting
color.
Plan view: As seen from the top.
Platform: The engineering bases for a car. The
word is used both for the theoretical car
during its planning stages and for the
finished car as built.
Platform-team
concept: The idea of developing a new car or car
line by a
multi-disciplinary product team.
Instead of having each discipline (design,
engineering,
marketing, manufacturing,
advertising, etc.) work separately and
sequentially, the platform
team comes together
at the beginning and sees the car through from
concept to
showroom. The idea has long been
used in Japan. Among the advantages: greater speed
of development, better communications, and
fewer procedural mistakes.
Points: Specific
surface locations on an automobile body’s X-Y-Z
axes, designated
numerically. (See “Hard
points.”)
Point taker: (See “Scanner.”)
Pontoon fenders: Rounded, tapered, teardrop-
shaped fenders popular during the 1930’s.
Prismacolor: A trade name for colored pencils
commonly used by auto designers.
Prototype: In
automobile design, a realistic, sometimes running
full-sized,
three-dimensional representation
of an entire car, usually made of wood,
fiberglass, metal
or a combination.
Proveout model: A model made to confirm that a
drawing or numerical model appears as
expected.
Pull cup: A handle or area of
the door inner trim panel, often recessed into the
armrest,
used to pull the door shut.
Quarter panel: That part of a car bodyside
comprising the rear fender from the rear door
opening back.
Quarter window: A small,
usually movable glass pane next to a larger window
that allows
the directing of air into or out
of the cabin. Technically, the quarter window is
in or behind
the rear door, but the terms is
also used to refer to the front ventipane (q.v.)
R&D: Research and development.
Radiator
grille: The protective, often ornamented area or
structure ahead of the engine
radiator,
usually at the front center of the body.
Radiator shell: An ornamental, conforming case
that ensheaths the radiator. It’s often
plated
and has some form of grille or mesh over the
front.
Rake (windshield or glass): (See
“Fast.”)
Ramp angle: The angle of a driveway
or ramp that can affect body overhang (q.v.).
Overhang that’s too long or too low will
scrape a sharply angled ramp when the car
passes over it.
Rendering: A drawing or
illustration that includes shading and detail.
Restrike: A term used in metalstamping. After
a body part like a hood or fender has been
pressed, a restrike—an additional stamping
action—can change the original part so that it
looks different or fits a different car.
Reveal: (See “Window reveal.”)
Reveal
molding: The molding or trim surrounding or
incorporated into a window reveal.
Rocker
(also “rocker panel”): The longitudinal sill along
the bottom of the body, beneath
the doors. On
cars with runningboards, the rocker area covered
the chassis frame. On
more modern cars, it
finishes the area below the doors.
Rocker
molding: Ornamental trim fastened to the rocker
panel.
Sail panel: The solid areas at the rear
of the greenhouse that cover the C- or D-pillars
and
join the rear side windows to the
backlight.
Scanner: An electronic
machine that can take and record precise
measurements of
three-dimensional surfaces.
Typically, a scanner has an articulated arm with a
probe at
the end that either physically
touches the surface or “scans” it with a laser
probe. The
scanner, by assigning digitized
numbers based on an X-Y-Z coordinate system and a
zero
point, forms a point-by-point
mathematical model of the surface. (Also called
“point taker”
and “coordinate measuring
machine.”)
Scoop: An open-fronted area of the
body designed to let in air.
Seating buck: An
accurate representation of the interior of a car,
including seats, pedals,
instruments, steering
wheel, doors and floor. Some seating bucks are
created to evaluate
style; others can be used
to prove out ergonomics, comfort, door openings,
etc.
Section (to): To lower a car body by
cutting a horizontal strip out of the sheetmetal
all the
way around and then rewelding the
remated surfaces.
Section (in diagram form):
representation of a body or part of a body as if
it were cut and
viewed at 90?.
Series
custom: Custom bodies made up in small batches,
usually ranging from five to 25.
Also called
“semi custom.”
Sightlines: Theoretical lines
from the driver’s eyes to objects inside the car
(instruments
and controls) and also beyond or
outside the car windows.
Sill: The
longitudinal body rail below in the door openings
and above the rocker (q.v.).
Speed streaks:
Pressed-in body moldings that represent trails of
water swept back by the
rush of wind at speed.
Spinner: The ornamental, usually raised or
projecting center of a wheel, wheel covering
or radiator grille.
Spline: A gently
curved or arched surface. The word also refers to
a long metal or wooden
strip used to form a
curve or arch.
Spoiler: A low wing, usually
fixed to the top rear surface of the decklid. Its
function on race
cars is to reduce aerodynamic
lift. In most production cars, the spoiler is
ornamental.
Subframe: A chassis structure
bolted or welded to the front or rear underside of
a unitized
body (q.v.) that carries the engine
andor suspension.
Suitcase fender: A fender
with a basically rectangular shape, although
usually rounded
along the leading edge. The
suitcase fender was popular in the late 1930’s.
Surface plate: A large, precisely machined
steel or granite plate that forms the base for
making accurate dimensional body measurements.
Swage: A raised molding or windsplit (q.v.)
used to stiffen a large panel of sheetmetal.
Sweeps: Long templates, usually made of wood,
metal or plastic, used for laying in
different
curvatures or radii to a full-sized drawing or
clay model. Standard sweeps are
numbered 1
through 100. Each sweep number represents a
18-inch rise in a 60-inch arc.
(Example: a #8
sweep has an 88 or one-inch rise.) So-called
“favorite sweeps” are also
designated A
through U. All sweeps are based on a chordal
length of five feet.
Sweepspear: A typically
horizontal body ornamentation, usually with a
kickup, often
consisting of a bright, applied
molding but sometimes also having a contrasting
paint color
outlined by and contained inside
bright trim.
“Sweeten” (to): In design, to
smooth and improve the aesthetic flow of a surface
or line.
Tape drawing: Full-sized
“drawings” of side and end car-body elevations
made with long,
thin strips of flexible
adhesive tape. The tape—usually in rolls, black
and about 18 inch
wide—can be repositioned, so
it’s handier than drawing with pencil or pen.
Template: A hard, cut-out representation of a
body surface at a certain section. Taken
vertically, templates are made on one side of
a clay model to accurately reproduce
sections
either on the other side of the model or in a
drawing.
Tension: A purposefully imperfect
design feature. A conflicting set of themes
combined to
generate interest and controversy.
When two surfaces meet in an unexpected way, or a
detail is deliberately exaggerated the
resultant aesthetic is some times at odds with the
rest of the theme.
Theme: A loose design
idea, usually in sketch or model form, that
captures the essence of
a project goal; that
inspires and points toward further development.
Through fender: A front fender that flows back
onto the door and sometimes beyond it,
often
to blend into or touch the applied (q.v.) rear
fender.
Top boot: A covering over the lowered
convertible top. Can be flexible (canvas or vinyl)
or
rigid (fiberglass or metal).
Tread: The
distance, center to center, between both front or
both rear tires (or wheels) of
a car. Also
called “track.”
Trim buck: Same as a “seating
buck” (q.v.) but trimmed in fabric.
Tumblehome: The inward tilt or angle of the
roof from the beltline up as seen in front or
rear view.
Turn-under: The inward
curvature of a car body below roughly mid door as
seen in front
or rear view.
Unitized body:
A type of construction in which the frame and body
form a single unit; also
called “frame-
integral”. (See “Monocoque.”)
Valance: A
front-fender extension hanging down behind the
wheel, intended to hide the
undersurface and
chassis.
Vee or vee angle: An angle shaped
like the letter V.
Ventipane or vent pane: The
small, hinged, front window behind the A-pillar
that allows
air to be directed into the
passenger compartment. (See also “Quarter
window.”)
Wheel arch: The fender cutout to the
outside of each wheel.
Wheelbase: The distance
between the front and rear axle centerlines.
Wheelcover: An ornamental, protective metal
disc that covers an entire wheel, as
opposed
to a hubcap which covers only the center.
Wheelhouse: The bottom surface of a fender or
the sheetmetal or plastic pan inside a
fender.
Window regulator: The door mechanism that
raises and lowers the glass.
Window reveal: An
enframed window area in the door, usually recessed
and often
stepped, surrounding the side glass.
(See also “Reveal” and “Reveal molding.”)
Windshield rake or angle: (See “Fast.”)
Windsplit: A raised crease that runs
longitudinally along a body surface, typically in
the
center of the hood, decklid or fender top.
A windsplit is lower than a fin.
Windwing:
Same as “quarter window,” q.v.
Wire wheel: A
wheel with multiple, interlaced wire spokes and a
steel rim. (See also “Alloy
wheel” and
“Disc wheel.”)
Working drawings: The
mechanical drawings used to complete the body
engineering
drafts.
Wraparound: A window
or molding or surface that stretches partially
around the body
surface.
Zero line
(horizontal): A locating line at the top of the
chassis frame as seen in side view.
Also
called “waterline” and “datum line.”
Zero line
(vertical): A locating line established at the
front of the dashboard.
Zero point: A point
that serves to locate all other parts and surfaces
of the body. The zero
point is often at the
very center of the theoretical front axle, but it
can also be ahead of the
car to prevent minus
numbers.
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