雏形-会计资格证报名入口
Introduction of
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Abstract:
As the environmental pollution
and energy crises are getting more and more
remarkable, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
have taken on an accelerated pace in the
world. In this paper, we will see the types of
HEV, and introduce some famous HEVs in
China
and all around the world.
Key words:
HEV, automobile, Classification, development.
In 1997, Toyota Motor
Corporation released the hybrid electric
vehicle(HEV) in the
world, which was named
Firstly, what is a hybrid electric vehicle?
Broadly speaking, a hybrid electric vehicle has
two power sources at least, no matter fossil
fuel, nuclear energy, solar energy or electric
energy and so on, but in real life, most
hybrid cars use the traditional internal
combustion
engine and electric motor as a
power source.
Why hybrid electric
vehicle feel valued by many countries recent
years? As we know
that, oil is not in
resources,a lot of information indicate that if
mining speed remain at
current level, proved
oil reserves could merely use fifty to sixty
years, so, energy supply
becomes a tough
question. And also by the reason of more and more
serious
environmental pollution, hybrid
electric vehicles have to be pushed onto the stage
of
history.
And what is the advantage
of hybrid electric vehicles when compared to blade
electric
vehicles(BEV) or conventional
vehicles? The characteristic of the electric motor
is, when
compared to internal combustion
engine, more quiet, efficiency and cleaner, in the
same
time, speed-torque control features is
more flexible. When at low rotate speed, electric
motor has a constant torque, when at high
rotate speed, it has a constant power. Hybrid
electric vehicles combine electric drive with
traditional internal combustion engine drive,
give full play to the advantages of both.
Meanwhile, it can effect a permanent cure to the
problem of blade electric vehicles(BEV)'s weak
dynamic performance and short cruising
distance. In summary, as a appropriate
transitional product, hybrid electric vehicle is a
good choice in this time that energy crises
are getting more and more remarkable and the
development of new energy automobile is still
in a primary.
Compare to conventional
vehicle, HEV can save fuel for the following
reasons.
(1)HEV can store part of the
vehicle’s kinetic energy in battery while braking
or
downslope in which otherwise is burnt in
the brake drums in the form of heat in
conventional vehicle.
(2)The ICE in an HEV
can be designed with a smaller displacement
without compromising
the performance of
vehicle.[1]
(3)HEV can make ICE operate at
maximum efficiency point or optimal operating line
by
regulating the output power of battery to
satisfy the required power of vehicle.
(4)HEV
is a multiple energy system; the main issue of HEV
is how to optimize the power
flow to obtain
best fuel economy or low emission at lower cost,
which is often referred to
as the energy
management (EM) problem. The issue will be
discussed in next section in
detail.[2]
Classification
Hybrid electric
vehicles can be classified according to the way in
which power is
supplied to the drivetrain. So,
it has three types.
The first one is called
the series hybrid, picture 1.1[3] shows the simple
structure of this
type. Series hybrid is the
simplest of three types. The mechanical energy
made by internal
combustion engine
transformmed into electricity through generator,
then one part of the
electricity is used to
propel the wheels through electric motor and
transmission, and the
other part of the
electricity is used to recharge the storage
battery, when the vehicle is
accelerating or
on other working condition, this part can be used.
They also usually have a
larger battery pack
than parallel hybrids, making them more expensive.
Once the batteries
are low, the small
combustion engine can generate power at its
optimum settings at all
times, making them
more efficient in extensive city driving. Compared
to conventional
internal combustion engine
vehicle, it is a electrombile with a assistant
engine, in order to
increase the trip distance
of a vehicle. There is no clutch in the mechanical
connection
device of engine and electric
motor, so it has Some flexibility. Although the
transmission
structure is simple, it still
need three drive parts,engine, generator and
electric motor. If in
consideration of large
climbing gradient and frequent acceleration, the
maximum power
should be supplied, the three
drive parts need higher quality. This type of
structure is
widely used on urban buses,
rarely used on saloon cars. [4]
The
second one is called the parallel hybrid, picture
1.2[3] shows the simple structure of
this
type. What this type different from the series
hybrid is that it propels the vehicle by two
independent drive system of engine and
electric motor. Engine and electric motor usually
drive wheels through different clutches, it
can adapts three different work pattern:single
engine drive, single electric drive and hybrid
drive, this system is suitable for a wide
variety of driving conditions, especially for
complex road. On the contrary, it is a engine
with a electric motor, in order to reduce
emissions and fuel consumption. When the power
provided by engine exceed what the vehicle
need or on regenerative braking, electric
motor working at a stage of a generator,
charge the excess energy into the storage battery.
Compared to the series hybrid, the patten of
parallel hybrid only need two drive part of
engine and electric motor, in addition, before
the storage battery is discharged, its power
requirement of engine and electric is
lower.[4]
The third
one is called the power-split hybrids, picture
1.3[3] shows the simple structure
of this
type. This type combines the features of the
parallel hybrid and the series hybrid.
Compared to the series hybrid, it has added
the transmission line of power machinery;
When
compared to the parallel hybrid, it has added the
transmitting way of electric energy.
Thus,
power-split hybrids have the benefits of a
combination of series and parallel
characteristics But on the other hand, it also
causes the shortage of structural complexity
and high cost.[4]
According to the
motor output power accounted for the percentage of
total output power
in the whole system, hybrid
systems can be divided into the following four
categories, it
also can be described as the
degree of hybridization.
The first one is
called the micro hybrid. In this hybrid electric
system, a belt-alternator
starter generator is
mounted at the start motor of conventional
internal combustion
electric motor controls
the start and shutoff of the engine in the same
time,
thus, it has cancelled idling working
condition and cut down the fuel consumption and
exhaust emission. From the strict sense, micro
hybrid is not really a hybrid electric system,
because its electric motor by no means
provides the vehicle a continuous power.
The second one is the light hybrid. This
hybrid system adopts a integrated starter
generator(ISG),in comparison with the previous
one, it can start or stop the engine by a
dynamo, it also can achieve some other
functions, for instant, when at the operation
condition of decelerating or braking, it can
absorb a portion of the energy, and when
driving the vehicle, engine operates at a
constant speed, the energy produced by engine
can be divided to driving the wheels or to
charge the battery reasonably. The mixedness
degree of this system usually below twenty
percents. General Motors Corporation's hybrid
electric pickup trucks use this the hybrid
system.
The third one is namely the
mild hybrid. It also has a integrated starter
generator, whilst
what different from the
light hybrid system is that it adopts a high
tension dynamo. In
addition, when vehicle is
accelerating or at high load condition, the
electric motor gives a
assist to the engine to
propel the vehicle, in order to make up the lack
of power of the
engine, consequently improving
the property of the vehicle. The mixedness of this
system
is considerable high, reaching a value
of 30% about, the mature technologies make it
widely used. As compared to full hybrids, mild
hybrids have smaller batteries and a
smaller,
weaker motorgenerator, which allows manufacturers
to reduce cost and weight.
Honda's early
hybrids including the first generation Insight
used this design,[26]
leveraging their
reputation for design of small, efficient gasoline
engines; their system is
dubbed Integrated
Motor Assist (IMA). Starting with the 2006 Civic
Hybrid, the IMA system
now can propel the
vehicle solely on electric power during medium
speed cruising.[5][6]
The last one is called
the full hybrid, sometimes also called a strong
hybrid, is a vehicle
that can run on just the
engine, just the batteries, or a combination of
both. This system
adopts a high tension
electric motor from 272 to 650V. Compared to the
mild hybrid
system, the mixedness even reach
at a value of 50%. Ford's hybrid system, Toyota's
Hybrid Synergy Drive and General
MotorsChrysler's Two-Mode Hybridtechnologies are
full hybrid systems. Ford's hybrid system,
Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive and General
MotorsChrysler's Two-Mode Hybridtechnologies
are full hybrid systems.[26] The Toyota
Prius,
Ford Escape Hybrid, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are
examples of full hybrids, as these
cars can be
moved forward on battery power alone.A large,
high-capacity battery pack is
needed for
battery-only operation. These vehicles have a
split power path allowing greater
flexibility
in the drivetrain by interconverting mechanical
and electrical power, at some cost
in
complexity. The full hybrid system will gradually
become the main development
direction with the
technology developing.[5][6]
A new type HEV
is called plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV),
also known as a plug-in
hybrid, is a hybrid
electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that
can be restored to full
charge by connecting a
plug to an external electric powersource. A PHEV
shares the
characteristics of both a
conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an
electric motor and
an internal combustion
engine; and of an all-electric vehicle, also
having a plug to connect
to the electrical
grid. PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range
as compared to
conventional gasoline-electric
hybrids, and also eliminate the
with all-
electric vehicles, because the combustion engine
works as a backup when the
batteries are
depleted.[6][7][8]
Development in the world
In HEV's domain, Japan, Germany and America
are the main countries, they grasp
many
technologies of hybrid, and they also own many
famous HEV products.[9][10]
Buick Regal
EcoHybrid made by General Motors Corporation, it
adopts the BSG hybrid
pattern, fuel
consumption per hundred kilometers has lifted from
9.8 to 8.3 liters
BMW X5 HEV is the first
vehicle that adopts BMW ActiveHybrid system, its
hybrid
pattern is ISG with AT.[11]
Civic
Hybrid made by Honda Motor Corporation adopts a
hybrid pattern of ISG with CVT,
it is a new
generation.
Some other hybrid electric
vehicles such as S400 BlueHybrid made by Daimler-
Benz
Motors Company, Cadillac Escalade,
Chevrolet Volt etc, are some outstanding hybrid
electric vehicles.
Around the world,
Japan is one of the few countries in the fastest
rate of development of
electric vehicle
technology, especially in terms of the development
of hybrid vehicles,
Japan is a world leader.
Only two Japanese car companies have the capacity
of bulk sales
of hybrid vehicles in the world.
Recent years, China has put a high value to
the research and development of hybrid
electric vehicle, colleges, scientific
research institutions and companies have be
encouraged by government to exploit the way of
HEV developing. under such
circumstances,
significant developments have been made on HEV.
Changan Jiexun HEV is the first mild hybrid
motorcycle type with independent research
in
China, and it is mass produced, thereout, Changan
Motor Corporation has set up the
China's first
production line of HEV by totally independent
research and development.
Benteng B70
made by First Auto Work is another HEV, it has two
electric motor, and is
the type of full
hybrid. However the manufacturing costs is even
triple to the same vehicle
type of internal
combustion engine.
Some other hybrid
electric vehicles such as Rongwei 750 HEV made by
Shanghai
Motor Corporation, A3ISG and A5BSG
made by Chery Automobile Co, EQ7200 HEV
made
by Dongfeng Motor Corporation, F6DM made by BYD
Motor Corporation etc, also
playing a role in
a China's HEV market.
Particularly worth
mentioning is the BYD Motor Corporation, its
much more advanced than other companies's. At
the Beijing Auto Show in 2012, BYD
Motor
Corporation launched their brand new HEV vehicle
type which is namely
with the 0-100kmh sprint
completed in 5.9s seconds it stunned many car
enthusiasts.
Qing adopts BYD's second
generation two-mode hybrid, and it is a parallel
hybrid, it came
into existence marked that
China's hybrid technologies has reached at a new
stage. Just
also at the Beijing Auto Show in
2014 a few days ago, BYD gave us anther surprise,
BYD
Tang appeared, it's a SUV, the 0-100kmh
sprint completed in 4.9s seconds stunned us
once again. However, comprehensively, hybrid
technologies in China is mainly focus on
light
and mild hybrid, lags behind developed countries.
summary
HEVs have many advantages
,however, PEV is not widely used currently.
Expensive
price keeps people from it. But we
can believe that with the technology developing,
the
cost of HEV will be much lower, and the
reliability will be more better by that moment,
HEVs will become mainstream of automobile
market, and be loved by people.
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[3]http:iHybrid_vehicle_drivetrain
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[5]Sam Abuelsamid (2009-04-03). is a mild
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2010-03-22.
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[8] Friedman, Thomas (2008). Hot, Flat, and
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[9]Huang K D,Tzeng S C. Development of a
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[10] Donald K, James
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