秋葵绿47种英语谓语类型

2020年11月25日发(作者：沈尹默)
A. 各种不及物动词

下面列出了代表某些词的所写形式：
S=Subject（主语）
O=Object（宾语）
C=Complement（补语）
IO=Indirect Object（间接宾语）
DO=Direct Object（直接宾语）
IV=Intransitive Verb（不及物动词）
TV=Transitive Verb（及物动词）
DV=Dative Verb（双宾动词）
LV=Linking Verb（系动词）
FV=Factitive Verb（宾补动词）
I=Infinitive（不定式）
G=Gerund（动名词）
PrP=Present Participle（现在分词）
PaP=Past Participle（过去分词）
N=Noun or Pronoun（名词或代词）
R=Reflexive Pronoun（反身代词）
A=Adjective（形容词）
P=Preposition（介词）
AP=Adverb of Place, or Adverbial Particle, as in, out, up, away（地点副词或副词性小品词）
W-CL=Interrogative-Clause，（疑问词引起的从句，由whether, what, which, who, whom, whose,
where, when, why, how引起）
That-Cl=Noun-Clause（that引起的名词从句）
Inn.=innumerable=hundreds or thousands（无数，成百上千）
“.”表示它前后的词构成短语，如IV.P, LV.A.P, TV.N.P, , 它们包含2个或3个词。


1. S + IV (John laughed.)
不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数；
They smiled.
John died.
Mary walked slowly.
Fire burns.
I dreamed last night.
He wept bitterly.
You must dress for dinner.
That depends.
It does not pay.

通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可< br>以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：
A tractor can cut, push, pull, dig, lift, pump, carry and spray.
The blind do not see.
We must eat.
I will change (my dress).
The knife cuts well.
I will consider.
If time permits.
He can read.
Don’t trouble (yourself).
The stain shows (itself).
They married (each other).

有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却不是及物动词：
The thermometer rose (or felt) two degrees.
He waited ten minutes.
The wedding lasted three days.
I walked five miles.

2. S + IV. AP (John moved in.)
无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词， 与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并
不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（ Adverbial Particle）。
a. Don’t answer back (=answer rudely) when a superior speaks to you.
He backs away (=draws back) from her because he has made her angry.
Don’t worry, I will never back out (=fail to fulfil a promise).
In order to survive, we must band together (=unite).
He barged in (=interrupted rudely) while we were talking.
The storm will soon blow over (=pass away without injurious effect).
The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew up (=exploded).
He blows up (=loses his temper) at every small incident.
Quick! The soup is boiling over (=over-flowing the side of a pan).
Brace up (=take courage) if you really want to get married.
Many prisoners broke away (=suddenly escaped).
Our car suddenly broke down (=started suddenly and violently) on Sixth Street.
Tears burst forth (=suddenly appeared).
b. She colors up (=blushes) if we mention her love.
An accident like this comes about (=happens) very day.
My wife and I come together (=are reconciled) after ten years of quarrel.
The seeds have come up (=shot up above the ground).
When we were talking, a young man came up (=approached).
Three days after the quarrel, I cooled down (=became calm).
She was shocked at the bill, but she had to cough up (=pay, perhaps unwillingly).
Hardly a week had he learned computer science when he cracked up (=suffered a mental
breakdown).
An error may creep in (=steal in unnoticed).
This old empire crumbled away (=disintegrated gradually) because of misrule.
I should not take much sugar, but I cannot cut down (=lessen)
c. All members of my family dine out (=eat away from home) every Sunday.
They drink liquor every day and cannot do without (=dispense with it).
We dress up (=put on formal clothes) for a banquet.
I will drop by (=call casually) when I am free.
The production of rice dropped off (=decreased) last year.
He dropped out (=left school before finishing his course) at fifteen.
The well has dried up (=become dry).
The road is rough, we should ease down (=lessen speed).
Let us ease down (=work less, make less effort).
His reputation faded out (=gradually disappeared) after his death.
The country fell apart (=fell to pieces) because of civil war.
I never fall back (=retreat) before difficulties.
Our country falls behind (=drops behind) in science and technology.
Let us fall to (=begin to eat or to work).
d. We were unable to get by (=pass) because the road was blocked.
She got down (=dismounted) from her horse.
The train got in.
We got off (=started a journey).
How are you getting on?
I get up at six in the morning.
At last I have to give in (=yield).
Rice is going down (=becoming cheaper).
A rumour went forth (=became public).
The gun went off (=exploded) suddenly.
Our work went on (=continued).
The candle has gone out (=ceased to burn).
I won’t hold back (=keep behind) if every one goes forward.
Since I have started, I can’t leave off (=stop).
Look in (=pay a short visit) as you pass.
While all are busy, don’t look on (=be a mere spectator).
Look out (=take precaution), here comes a truck!
I moved in (=moved into a house) after he moved out.
All trouble will pass away (=cease to exist).
She passed away (=died) a month ago.
e. The clock ran down (=stopped running, because the battery had exhausted itself).
She ran on (=talked incessantly).
Supplies have run out (=become exhausted).
Bad weather set in (=began).
We set out (=set off) on February 16.
He settled down (=established himself) at a small village.
I don’t want to listen any more, so shut up! Some stood aside (or apart, aloof) while we were
quarrelling.
Some stood back (=retreated), some stood out (=refused to yield).
The proposal will stand over (=be postponed) till next Friday.
At the bad news I stepped back from surprise.
The tyrant should step down (=resign).
Many volunteers stepped forward (=offered help).
My brothers quarreled, but my father never stepped in (=interfered).
He stowed away (=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride).
The band struck up (=began to play).
He summed up (=summarized) after a debate.
The son tagged behind (or along) (=followed closely) wherever his mom went.
Before I think ahead (anticipate), I think back (=recall).
Our business is just ticking over (=getting on in a routine way).
We touched down (=landed after a flight) at 6 p.m.
Many workers walked out (=refused to work).

3. S + IVp
约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连
用：
a. This play acts excellently.
The figures will not add up.
The bread bakes well.
The door blew open.
The candle blew out.
This bottle does not break.
The dust won’t brush off the hat.
The luggage carries easily.
David’s raincoat caught on the nail.
Some of the documents don’t seem to check with the facts.
This cannot compare (favorably) with that.
Some of the sentences won’t construe.
Potatoes will cook slowly.
Every minute counts.
These people mostly count for nothing.
The potatoes cropped well last year, but I think will crop badly this year.
This light wood cuts like butter.
The pineapple doesn’t cut easily.
This piece of cloth will cut up into two suits.
Instinct derives from ancestors.
Mike digests easily.
The wine drinks well.
The tooth draws easily.
The frog eats like chicken.
b. This dress fastens down the back.
The toilet does not flush.
The eggs hatch out easily.
This rice won’t grind fine.
Water heats readily.
This cloth irons easily.
This house lets well.
The door will not lock.
These books pack easily.
My watch pawns for two dollars.
These potatoes peel easily.
She photographs (takes) well.
The land ploughs hard.
The film does not print well.
This story reads ill (or well).
The photo reproduces well.
c. His house rents at $$ 800 a month.
This poem does not rhyme.
A shame does not rub off.
This plastic scratches easily.
The play screen badly (=is unfit for filming).
The books sell well.
This door won’t shut.
This cigarette smokes better than others.
This wood split straight.
This material stains easily.
The ship steers with ease.
The match will not strike.
This paper will not tear.
His descent traced back to a king.
This poem translates easily.
The TV set won’t turn on.
This board will never warp.
This material washes easily.
Such shoes wear badly.
The plan worked out well.
The photo washes out a little.
d. Drums are beating (=are beating beaten).
The book is binding (=is being bound).
Some trouble is brewing.
Young people are always brimming with new ideas.
The house is building.
The bridge is completing now.
The meal is digesting well.
What is doing now?
The task is finishing.
Guns are firing.
Friendship is forming.
The theatre is rapidly filling up with people.
The fish is frying.
The house is leasing.
The cows are milking.
One boy is missing (or wanting).
He paid what was owing.
Music was playing.
Something is preparing.
My application is processing.
The problem is settling this way.
A new film is showing.
The boy is shaping well.
The seeds of trouble are sowing.
The fruits are spoiling quickly.
Measures are taking.

B. 各种及物动词+各种宾语

4. S + TV + N (John learned Japanese.)

无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：
John has a plan.
Do you like him?
What an interesting book I am reading!
He speaks English.
I love cats.
不及物动词有时和后面的名词构成短语。整个短语，如果被划作一个整体，可以看成是一个
不及物动词：
He lost hope (=despaired).
He gave ground (=retreated).
The accident took place (=happened) this morning.
He made the grade (=succeeded).
We made our way (=advanced) to the jungle.
在某些短语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：
a. He will bear witness.
Her beauty beggars description (=makes words poor).
Don’t borrow trouble (=worry about trouble that won’t come).
We broke ground (=ploughed, untilled ground, began an undertaking).
Our boat cast anchor.
I often caught cold.
He caught fever (or infection).
Her house caught fire.
He changed color (=became pale).
b.
c.
d.
e.
His personality commands esteem (or respect).
He never did evil (or ill, wrong).
None of us care whether they do right or wrong, good or harm.
We did (=produced) Romeo and Juliet.
Jan did (=acted) Juliet.
I did (=prepared) omelette (or breakfast).
Tom did (=wrote) poetry.
His brother did (=translated) French into English.
I did (=studied) electricity.
They cry wolf (=give a false warning) just for arms aid.
One must exercise patience and caution when one exercises authority and discipline.
He felt regret, but not satisfaction.
He found time (or leisure) to study.
He has finished college.
After he took the lead, we followed suit.
They gained time by giving me ambiguous answers.
My watch gained time.
We have gained ground (=got an advantage).
We will soon gain power, if we are patient enough.
He gave evidence in the law- court.
He gave ear (or heed, credit) to the rumor.
He gave judgment (or advise, notice, warning, trouble).
I’ve had it (=can’t suffer any more).
You hit it (=said the right thing).
This theory doesn’t hold water (=isn’t valid).
The criminal jumped (or skipped) bail (=gave up the bail money and ran away to avoid trial).
My mother kept house and kept books.
Being hospitable he kept open house (=provided hospitability for any comer).
He cannot keep body and soul together (=keep away hunger).
He kept bad company (=associated with bad people).
My watch does not keep (good) time, so I am late.
He killed time by reading novels or doing another thing interesting.
He left school last year.
We may lose ground but will never lose hope.
I never lost courage (or heart) after I fail.
Be quick, don’t lose time.
He lost self-control (or himself) in moments of stress.
Mother makes dinner.
It seemed late, but he made good time (=traveled fast and arrived on time)
He doesn’t’ work hard, but he makes good salary.
Make haste (or speed).
He can make money (or profit), but spend much.
After so many years of war we must make peace.
I made tea (or hay).
f.
g.
h.
i.
We made way (=stood aside) for others to pass through.
We made way (or headway) (=advanced) in the face of difficulty.
He marked time (=spent idle hours) while waiting for his wife.
The soldiers mounted (or kept, relieved, stood) guard.
He moved heaven and earth (=did everything) to attack his opponent.
They open fire (=started shooting) and killed three of us.
The children often play havoc (=do great damage).
He plays politics (attains political aims by hook or by crook).
He had broken the window, so he played possum (kept quiet to avoid attention).
He played second fiddle (=held a subordinate place).
He failed because he had often played truant.
We raise money for a great project.
I can read character from handwriting.
He can read music.
I must say goodbye now.
We said grace (=said a prayer of thanks before or after a meal).
We set (or made, struck) sail (=began a voyage) in February, 1969.
He refused to yield, he showed fight.
He showed courage (or fear).
He sowed discord among his enemies.
He struck oil (=had good luck in some enterprise).
He suffered (or sustained) defeat.
Don’t take alarm if I tell you some bad news.
He has to take breath after climbing upstairs.
He took cold and could not work.
He takes drink and drugs.
Take heart, don’t be afraid.
The law will soon take effect (=be effective).
Take exercise every morning and kept healthy.
He took flight after murdering a woman.
He took medicine (or poison).
Don’t take offence (=be offended).
Something strange took place (=happened) in this old house.
Let’s take rest.
We take stock every week.
The evil has taken root (=become established).
My dream will take shape (=materialize) next year.
He took trouble to help me.
Don’t tempt providence (=take an unnecessary risk).
He has touched bottom (=is beginning to prosper after his worst days).
The boat turned turtle (=turned upside down).

在某些短语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：
j. He often acted a double part (=was deceitful).
k.
l.
m.
n.
Since I criticized him, he has borne a grudge (=nursed a grievance).
The enemy beat a retreat (=retreated in a hurry).
Thomas Edison blazed a torch (=started something new) in various fields.
Don’t breathe a word (=say a word) about this secret.
When angry, he calls names (=call somebody by abusive names).
I would like to cross swords (=argue) with this boaster.
You have done a good job (=done something well).
I drew a blank (=failed to get any information) when I returned to the office.
We must draw a line (=distinguish) between right and wrong.
We down tools (=stop work) at six.
My sister fixed a date for the celebration.
This evening I have a date (or an engagement) (=have social meeting) with her.
I have a job (or a time) (=have trouble) writing this first love letter. (但：I have myself a time
[=have a good time] writing it.)
As they didn’t lift a finger (or a hand) (=didn’t give help), I lent (or gave) a hand (=gave help)
to the old lady.
I made an appointment (=had an engagement to meet some one) for 3 p.m.
He made a boast, but who believed him?
He made a call over the phone.
He made a face (=twisted his face), and then we were no more angry.
Don’t make a fuss (=get excited about a trifle).
John made a hit (=gave a good impression) at the exhibition of his works.
Shall we make a move (=start) right now?
Dick made a public appearance after nine years in prison.
Thomas makes a quick buck (=earns money quickly).
We make a row (or a scene) (=started a violent quarrel) from time to time.
As soon as we arrived we made reservations for hotel rooms.
I must make tracks (=set off) before it is late.
William made waves (=created a sensation to impress others) at the party.
A big boss behind pulls strings (=secretly exerts influence).
Don’t run a risk (=put yourself in danger).
The patient ran a temperature (=had a fever).
The criminal has served a sentence (or time) (=passed term of imprisonment).
I smell a danger in this desolate area.
We struck a happy medium (=found an answer between two extremes).
As you committed mistakes for the first time, we might stretch (or strain) a point (=allow an
exception to the rules).
I would willingly take a back seat (=occupy an unimportant position).
We take a coffee break (=drink coffee and rest a short while) after two hours of work.
He took (or drew) a long breath before he spoke.
The situation took a turn (=changed) for the better.
He wouldn’t turn an honest penny (=make money by honest means).

在另外一些短语中名词前有定冠词或物主代词：
o. Act your age (=Don’t be childish).
My warning merely beat the air (=made useless efforts).
I must bide my time (=wait for a good chance).
Someone blacked his eye (=gave him a blow).
He blew his own trumpet (=praised himself).
He has blown his mind (=becomes wildly enthusiastic because of drugs).
He bossed the show (=controlled everything).
She boxed his ear (smacked him on the ear).
I have to break (or cancel, change, postpone) the appointment.
After half an hour of silence, I broke the ice (=overcome reserve).
The news broke her heart.
He broke his word (=failed to keep his promise).
I broke the news (=announced the news) to her.
They broke the peace (=quarreled).
He burned his fingers (=suffered a loss through a rash action).
We buried the hatchet (=made peace).
I am not buying it (=am not to be deceived).
p. He calls the roll (=calls the names to check who are absent).
Dick carried the ball (or the can) (=did the hardest part of the work).
I carried (or gained) my point (=succeeded).
We carried (or gained) the day (=won).
I caught my breath (=rest after hard breathing) after running.
He tried to catch the train but missed it.
This advertisement catches my eye.
He changed his coat (=became a turncoat).
Don’t change your mind.
He changed his tune (=changed his policy).
He cleared his reputation (=free his name from reproach0.
He cracked the whip (=suddenly became bossy) to impress me.
We crossed the Rubicon (=took a decisive step forward).
When nobody could settle the problem, he cut the Gordian knot (=settle it in an unusual rapid
way).
q. I did the sights (or the travel) (=went sightseeing or took a trip).
The little girl can do (=make and tidy) her hair, her teeth, her nails, even the laundry, the
bedroom, the dishes.
She does (=learns) her lesson well, and can do (=solve) any sum (or problem).
She does her bit (=does her share of duty) splendidly.
He dogged my footsteps (=constantly followed me) because he suspected I was a spy working
for foreigners.
He drags his feet (or heels) (=hesitates) when asked to work.
We drew the swords (=were ready to fight).
He has to eat his words (=take back his words).
Although small, this table fills the bill (=is just right).
I have to face the music (=face trouble).
r.
s.
t.
u.
He is feeling his way (=proceeding carefully but slowly).
Although they were cripples, they fought the way up the hill.
We all follow the crowd.
Don’t worry, I’ll foot the bill (=pay all the expenses).
This number of persons will not form the majority.
He got the sack (=was dismissed).
He got the upper hand (=gained control).
He has the courage of his convictions (=acts bravely according to his belief).
This car has had its day (=fallen into disuse).
This small affair hits headlines (=becomes important news) in this small town.
The music hits the public taste.
He hits his stride (=exhibits his best ability) when he tells story.
We will hold the fort (=defend the position) to the last.
Hold your temper (=Don’t get angry).
I have to hold my tongue (or my peace) (=keep silent).
I must hold my own (=keep what I have).
We must hold (or keep, maintain) our ground (=keep what we have).
He has always husbanded his resources (=been frugal against an emergency).
I jogged his memory (=reminded him).
He jumped the gun (=started to run before the starter’s gun), and jumped the traces (=didn’t
obey the rules).
The train jumped the rails (or the track) (=suddenly left the rails) and many were killed.
Dick slipped but kept his feet (=kept standing).
He knows his way about (or around) (=understands the ways of the world).
He knows the ropes (or the score) (=knows the special rules) in the export business.
He will lead the way (=be a guide) to the old castle.
I left the beaten track (=did not follow the crowd).
He lost his reason (=became mad).
He made the grade (=succeeded) in business.
The doctor makes (or goes) the rounds (=goes from place to place to inspect) every morning.
We made our way (=advanced) through the forest.
He mended his fences (=made peace with people who dislike him).
You missed the boat (=missed the opportunity).
The company opened its doors (=started doing business) in 1950 and closed its doors
(=stopped doing business) in 1983.
This exhibition opened our eyes (=made us see the truth).
I picked my way (= proceeded) up a steep hill.
I must play the game (=do what is right).
You played your cards well (acted cleverly).
Dick played the market (=bought and sold stocks) and lost lots of money.
Jim pocketed his dignity (=laid aside his pride) and even pocketed an insult (=accepted it).
He has poisoned your ear (or mind) so that you can’t be fair.
Every member should pull his weight (=don’t his part).
Don’t pull my leg (=fool me).
Once you succeed, never push your luck (=expect to continue to be lucky).
He has to run the gauntlet (=receive a series of ill treatment).
He ruled the roost (=lorded it over).
We must save the situation (=do something to improve the situation).
A new method will see the light (=be disclosed).
This serves my turn (or purpose).
I have served my apprenticeship for seven years.
She set the table for ten persons.
He shows his face after ten years of absence.
I will show the way.
Everyone sings his praises (=praises him strongly).
He sowed his wild oats (=led a dissipated life when young).
I will speak my mind (=speak candidly).
He stole the show (=acted so well that the audience ignored the other performers).
He stole the spotlight (=made people watch him instead of what they should watch).
You stole my thunder (=said before me what I intended to say).
Jim has strained every nerve (=used every effort).
He swallowed the bait (=was offered a big promise and was caught).
v. Mary took it (=endured it without complaints) though she was ill-treated.
You can take your ear (or your own course) (=act your pleasure).
The doctor took my pulse and temperature (=ascertain them).
Where does this custom take its rise (=originate)?
Take your time (=Don’t rush).
We must not tie our own hands (=restrain ourselves from action).
We have to tighten our belts (=eat less and spend less than usual).
Just one vote tipped the balance (or the scale) (=turned the scale, decided something
doubtful).
I would try my hand (=try).
Should I turn the other cheek (=be patient and not hit back) when I am injured or insulted?
His success has turned his head (=made him act foolishly).
The dead body turned her stomach (=made her sick).
The reinforcements turned the tide (=change the situation favorably).
He turned his thought to something much more important.
He just twiddled his thumbs (=didn’t do anything).
w. She walked the floor (=walked back and forth) all night, she was so worried.
He walked the plank (=was forced to resign).
Watch it (=Be careful).

人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说“I cook.”
“He laughed.”“We chatted.”“Tom repairs.”“We acted.”而说“I do the cooking.”“He gave
a laugh.”“We had a chat.”“Tom makes repairs.”“We take action.”也就是把一个词换成了两
个词，用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词 加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。
下面是一些这类短语的例子：
x. I Do the cleaning, the reading, the shopping, the translating, a little sewing; a nap, a try, a
brisk walk.
He GAVE a cry, a groan, a jump, a shout, a shrug, a long sigh, a satisfied smile.
We HAD a bath, a dream, a fight, an interview, a quarrel, a shave, a shower, a smoke, a swim,
a talk, a taste, a try, a walk, a wash, a chat, a go, a rest, a sleep.
She TOOK a bath, breath, a nap, a look, notice, objection, recreation, a rest, a solitary stroll, a
long walk.
Paul MADE an announcement, an answer, an application, an appointment, an attack, an
attempt, a beginning, a bid, a call, a check- up, a comment, a comparison, a copy, criticism, a
decision, a declaration, a demand, experiments, an explanation, a guess, inquiries,
investigations, notes, payment, preparations, progress, a proposal, a recovery, a remark, a
request, repairs, researches, a sacrifice, a selection, a slip, a formal statement, another start,
long stay, a deep study, a helpful suggestion, a general survey, several visits.

5. S + TV + R 或 S + TV.R 或 S + TV + (R) (John hid himself behind it.)
无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（S + V + R）：
She reproached herself.
He killed himself.
He praised himself.
Don’t deceive yourself.
He cut himself.
The dog choked itself.

有些动词和反身代词构成短语，相当于一个不及物动词（S + V.R）：
He avowed (or declared) himself (=showed his character openly).
He collected himself (=regained self-control).
He conceal himself (=hid).
He enjoyed himself (=had a good time).
He exerted himself (=endeavored).
He can’t find himself (=provide his own living, or find out his abilities and use them).
I lost myself (=demeaned myself, lost my way, or became absorbed in something).
I pulled myself together (=became composed).
I seated (or settled) myself (=sat down).
I washed myself (=bathed).

约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：
I overworked myself, overslept myself, overate myself.
He disported (=amused) himself.
He perjured himself.
He busied himself.
He absented himself from school.
Bestir yourself.
I bethought myself of it.
You must demean (or bear, comport, deport, conduct, acquit, quit) yourself properly.
Help yourself (=Serve yourself with food).
He relieved himself (=went to the bathroom).

约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟（S + V + (R)）：
a. 就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：
The bubble bursts (itself).
The clouds dispersed (themselves).
He dressed (himself) for a party.
He engaged (himself) in a contest (or a quarrel).
The horse fed (itself) on grass.
He guarded (himself) against vice.
He hid (himself) behind.
He never intruded (himself) on anybody’s company.
Can I qualify (myself) for the post?
I reformed (myself).
I rested (myself) on the couch.
He set (himself) up as a scholar.
He shaved (himself) for a dinner.
He stripped (himself) for a shower- bath.
I could not submit (or surrender) (myself) to the enemy (or insult).
I trained (myself) for the race.
I never troubled (myself) to help anyone.
He turned (himself) to me for advice.
He washed (himself).
He worried (himself) about nothing.
He wrapped (himself) before going out.

b. 在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：
No suspicion attaches to John.
A chicken develops in the egg.
The road extends for miles.
His heart fills with sorrow.
Don’t hurry.
Keep quiet.
Make sure that the journey is safe.
We made merry.
Don’t misbehave.
I cannot refrain from laughing.
We removed from place to place.
John separated from Mary.
I withdraw from society.

c. 在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：
The child does not behave (himself) (=show good manners).
He behaved well (or gallantly, properly).
He drew himself up (=assumed an erect attitude).
He drew up (=came near).
He gorged himself with meat.
He gorged on meat.
He indulged himself with wine.
He indulged (himself) in wine.
We have to prepare ourselves.
We have to prepare (ourselves) for the worst (or the exam).

d. He is recovering himself (=becoming calm).
He is recovering from illness (or madness, fatigue, shock, fright).
He set himself to write letters (or to writing letters) (=began to write letters).
He set to work (=began to work).
He set out to do it, set about doing it (=began to do it).
He settled himself (=became calm). He settle himself (=sat down) in a chair.
He settled (himself) down (=became established in a new way of life) in London.
It (Thing) will settle.

6. S + TV + N (John lives a happy life.)
约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（Cognate Object），这种宾 语几
乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同行：
She blushed an innocent blush.
She bowed a little bow.
She coughed a terrible cough.
She danced a silly dance.
He died a natural death (or a thousand deaths, the death of a martyr, the death he deserved).
He dreamed a sweet dream.
He laughed a hearty laugh.
He lived a happy life.
He looked a look of weariness.
He could not say his say.
He signed a deep sigh (or a sigh of satisfaction).
He slept a sound sleep (or the sleep of the just).
It smelled a strange smell.
He smiled a sad smile.
He talked football talk.
He thought all good thought.

有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：
It blew a brisk gale.
He danced a phantom ballet.
He did a great deed.
He fought a brave war (or fight, battle, action).
He went a long way (or a dangerous journey).
He harvested a good crop.
He lived a hand-to-mouth existence.
He played a silly game.
He played (or acted) a great part.
He plod a weary way.
He prayed an earnest prayer.
He saw a strange sight.
He ran a long race.
The bell rang a merry peal.
He sang a beautiful song.
He struck a deadly blow.

有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：
He beamed satisfaction (=beamed a beam of satisfaction, showed satisfaction by beaming).
He bowed his obedience (or his thanks) (=showed his obedience or thanks by bowing).
He danced his joy (=danced his dance of joy, showed his joy by dancing).
He gesticulated his love.
He giggled agreement.
He laughed dissent.
He looked inquiry (or his thanks).
He nodded his assent (or welcome).
He roared approval.
He shouted applause.
He sighed disappointment.
He smiled his welcome (or his relief, his approval, his thanks).
He whistled his contempt.
He wept tears of joy.
有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：
The fire blazed its brightest (blaze).
He breathed his last (breath).
He did his best (deed).
He fought his bravest (war).
He laughed his loudest.
He looked his best.
He ran his fastest.
He shouted his loudest.
He sang his sweetest.
He tried his hardest.

在口语一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：
He braved (or brazened) it out (=faced trouble bravely [or shamelessly]).
We’ll face it out and fight it out.
As it was getting dark, I had to hotel (or inn) it
She queened it (=domineer) over them.
He used to rough it (=live an uncomfortable life).
I’ll go it alone (=act independently).
He’s starring it in a film.
As there’s no cab, I’ve to trudge (or walk, foot) it.

7. S + + N or G (John gave up his plan.)
无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成短语， 整个短语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点
副词（Adorb of Ploce）多不表示地点，而表 示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小
品词（Adverbial Particle），可以用AP来代表：
He gave up his plan.
I have to think out new methods.
She folded up his coat.
We may pass over the details.
The plague swept off many people.
He has taken over a business.
He gave in the paper.
He closed down the store.
The bell bellowed (or pealed) forth the anniversary (or the victory of our army).

有些“动词+地点副词”构成的短语可以用作不及物动词，有些则用及物动词：
An ammunition dump blew up (=exploded).（作不及物动词）
The enemy blew up (=destroyed by explosion) the bridge.（作及物动词）
The noisy children cleared off when I came.（作不及物动词）
I have to clear off those noisy children.（作及物动词）
Our convention broke off as a baby came in.（作不及物动词）
That fellow broke off our convention.（作及物动词）
He showed off before girls.（作不及物动词）
He showed off his new car.（作及物动词）

如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点 副词可以甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词
加以强调时尤其如此：
Put the money by.
She called him back.
Don’t break it off.
He dreamed his hours away.
He slept the clock around.
He cried his heart out.
He laughed (or talked) them down.
He ate it up.
He closed it up.
He packed it up.
He tied it up.
He sent me away.
He saw her off.
He called me out.
He drew us aside.

其他例子：
a. They backed up (=supported) Johnson and his policy.
They bailed out their friend.
They beat back our attack.
I must beat up (=beat severely) those mischievous children.
I blew out (=extinguished) the candles.
We bolstered up (=supported) this old system.
I booked down (=wrote down) the sum.
We booked up (=fixed an engagement with) several singers.
They boss us about (=order us about).
The news bowled over (=overwhelmed) my family.
We broke up (=dispersed) the meeting at 11:00 p.m.
The mistake brought about (=caused) a lot of trouble.
Can you bring down the price?
The tax brought in ten million dollars a year.
The examples bring out (=explain clearly) the meaning of this word.
She brushed off (=jilted) her lover.
We must build up our own armed forces.
He will buy off (=pay money to get rid of) my interest.
b. This strong measure called forth (=provoked) a revolt.
We called in a doctor.
We have to call off (=cancel) the picnic, which we have prepared for so many days.
Call (=Wake) me up at 6 a.m.
I’ll call you up (=telephone to you).
The music carried off (=moved) everyone.
He carried off (=won) all the prizes.
Let’s carry on (=continue) the work.
We carried out (=performed) the plan.
c. He can dig up (=discover) some important information.
He drew on (=pulled on) his socks after getting up.
I drew up (=prepared) a bill (or a list).
The taxi dropped me off (=let me get off) at my hotel.
The noise drowned out (=made inaudible) our convention.
d. The mother fed up (=gave extra food to) her sickly son.
We filled in (or out, up) the form.
He fenced off (=built by means of a fence) a garden.
Figure out (=count) the sum.
He fired off many questions, which nobody could answer.
They fitted out their son with everything necessary.
We fitted up (=installed) the machine.
We fixed up (=arranged) a trip.
He flagged down (=stopped by waving to it) a passing car.
Follow up (=Continue) your success with something more ambitious.
e. He gambled away his last cent, even all he had won before.
He will get over (=finish) his job.
He gave away (=betrayed) his friends.
We gave in (=handed in) the exercise books.
The food gave off (=emitted) a bad smell.
He gulped down his coffee.
Heat up (=re-heat) the left-overs.
He helped me out (=help me get over a difficulty).
She held back (=kept back) her tears.
Can we hold down (=keep down) costs?
We could not hold off (=keep at a distance) the attackers.
f. The enemy kept up (=maintained) the attack for three months.
I knocked off (=ate up quickly) five bowls of rice.
I laid aside (or by) (=saved for future needs) some dollars.
I laid down (=state clearly) some rules for the office.
Our company laid off (=dismissed) five workers.
Leave off (=stop) fighting.
He left out (=didn’t include) Mary in the invitation.
Don’t let down (=disappoint) your parents.
The driver let off (=dropped) a lady at the hotel.
The judge let him off (=did not punish him).
I will look you up (=visit you) tomorrow.
The manager looked the applicant up and down (=examine him carefully).
A girl will liven up (=make lively) our party.
He lived out his years (or days, life) (=lived all his life) in this small village.
He will make out (=write out) a cheque.
My father can’t make out (=see) these small letters, for he is farsighted.
He makes up (=invents) all kinds of lies.
The boss marked down (=reduced the price of) all articles.
He messed up (=put in disorder) my desk.
I mailed up (=closed up with nails) the window.
g. He packed off (=sent away hurriedly) all his children to the country.
Partition off (=Divide with partition) your living room.
Pass on (=Hand) this notice to other people.
We passed over (or up) (=overlooked) the chance.
I’ve paid off (=paid the wages of) the workers.
I have to pay off (=pay for safety) the blackmailers.
I will pick out (=select) the best necktie for you.
He picked up (=found) a cab at the cross=roads.
He picked himself up (=got up after a fall).
He picked up (=learned without teachers) English so quickly.
I pinned him down (=got him to commit himself) as to the question of socialism.
h. I played back the recording, so that what has been recorded about her speech could be heard.
He played down (=made less emphatic) the defects of his factory products.
Plug in (=Make connection, by means of a plug, with) the radio.
He can polish off (=finish off) all these grapes.
He pulled on (=put on) his pants and then went out.
I pulled up (=stopped) my car at the post office.
His brother pushes him about (or around) (=orders him about).
I put aside (or by) (=saved) a few thousand pounds.
After five hours of work, I put away (=replaced) the tools.
Put forward your viewpoint.
I put in (=spent) five hours repairing this radio-set.
He put in (=submitted) an application months ago.
We have to put off (=postpone) the trip until next month.
Instead of losing weight I put on some weight lately.
We put on (=presented) a show.
i. I’ll ring you up (=telephone to you).
They roared out a 21-gun salute.
Roll up the sleeping bag before we leave.
We roped off (=enclosed with a rope) a space for dancing.
Round up (or down) the price (=Bring it to a whole number by raising [or lowering] it).
j. We save up some money for future needs.
I will see (=accompany) you back (or home).
She sent away (=dismissed) all her suitors.
Send in (=Submit) your photos for the contest.
He sent out invitations to his wedding.
His departure was set back two weeks.
This discontent set off (=caused) a revolt.
We set out (=arranged) the goods for sale.
We set up (=establish) a small store on the third floor.
Can he shake off (=get rid of) his bad habit?
She showed off (=displayed to impress people) her hands.
He shut himself away (=confined himself) in his attic.
k. He signed away (=sold by signing legal papers) all his houses.
He signed his house over to me.
Let’s size up (=make a judgment of) the situation.
This small accident sparked off (=touched off) his temper.
He sorted out (=arranged in classes) all the books he had collected.
Switch off (=Turn off) the tape recorder.
Sum up (=State briefly) your opinion.
i. Take down (=Write down) my speech, please.
I will take over the business he decides to give up.
I took up (=got interested in) painting last year.
This bed takes up (=occupy) too much space.
You can take up (=mention and discuss) the matter with the boss.
I can talk round (=persuade) anybody who refuses to cooperate.
I have to tear down (=take to pieces) the broken machine.
He will tear up (=tear to pieces) the contract when it is no more useful to him.
He told off (=reproached) his employees.
He can think up (=devise) all kinds of lies.
He threw on (=put on) his gown.

在上面所有例句，及物的动词短语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有些也可用动名词作宾语：
He kept on asking me.
He put off going to the doctor.
He left off studying French.
He gave over (or gave up) smoking.

注意不要把地点副词错误地看做是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动词。

8. S + IV.P + N or G 或 S + IV.P.N (John laughed at me.)
无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成短语，整个短语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、代
词或 动名词作宾语：
a. You must abide by (=keep) your promises.
The river abounds with (=has many) fish.
I agreed to his view.
We aim at success in the examination.
This answer amounts to refusal.
I must apologize for my fault.
I ask for (=demand) nothing luxurious.
He depended upon me for advice.
He dreamed of his grandfather.
He got into politics.
Don’t gamble on it.
He imposed on (=deceived) her.
He laughed at (=derided) me.
She looks after her child.
He looked into (=examined) the matter.
He sent for (=summoned) them.
I though of (=considered) this matter.
Don’t trifle with (=mock) her.
b. He abstained from drinking.
His reply amounts to refusing her demand.
We began with learning A B C.
Happiness consists in being easily pleased.
My success depends on my friend helping me.
He died from drinking too much.
I felt like beating him.
He got to drinking.
He goes about (=is busy) repairing a car.
He heard of his brother having succeeded.
We look to moving to a more peaceful country.
He objected to being treated like a dog, a slave.
He took to reading novels.
The paper tells of the enemy having captured the city (=The paper says that the enemy has
captured the city).
He thought of going abroad.
He wondered at being praised for doing nothing.

无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成短语。这种短语可以看做是不及物动词，因为
它们 后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。
a. 这种短语中有些名词前不加冠词：
They burst into laughter (=suddenly laughed).
A steamer came into sight (=appeared).
When did this world come into existence (=come out)?
The new law comes into force (=functions) next September.
My son came of age last year.
He came to grief (=suffered misfortune).
Your letter has come to hand (=arrived).
He cried over spill milk.
Everything ended in smoke.
He fell into poverty.
The law has fallen into abeyance (=been no longer observed).
Many slang words have fallen out of use (=been no longer used).
They got into trouble.
We got into hot water (=became involved in difficulty) because of jealousy.
I went on sick leave.
He has gone through fire and water (=undergone the greatest perils).
They go to law (=appeal to court).
The school went to great expense (=spent very much).
I will go to sea (=be a sailor).
He will go to rack and ruin (=perish).
Robbers lay in wait for us.
We live from hand to mouth (=can save nothing).
The ship put to sea (=began a voyage) this morning.
Don’t stand on ceremony (=be formal).
b. 有些名词为复数形式：
She burst into tears (=suddenly cried).
The building burst into flames (=suddenly burned).
He fished in troubled waters (=looked for personal advantage in times of national calamity).
The fence fell into pieces.
They fought against odds (=fought with men much more than they).
We should keep within bounds (=act with propriety).
They played at cross purposes (=opposed each other).
They played into the hands of another (=acted so as to give some advantage to another).
Don’t play with edged tools (=play with things dangerous).
We took to the boats (=used the lifeboats to escape).
c. 有些名词前加“a”：
We came to a conclusion.
His plan came to a bad end (or no good) (=failed).
Business has come to a standstill (=stopped).
The two came to an understanding (=began to understand each other).
We will go for a drive (=go in a car for relaxation).
Your argument goes (or flies) off at a tangent (=changed suddenly in its direction).
His life hung by a thread (=depended dangerously on something small).
Provide against a rainy day (=Prepare for any emergency that may arise).
d. 有些名词加“the”：
These two plans come to the same thing (give the same result).
He erred on the safe side (=chose a courage erroneous but safe).
His works have fallen into the shade (=ceased to attract attention).
They fought to the bitter end (or to the death).
He goes by the name of Joo (=is familiarly called Joo).
He will go to the bad (=sink into poverty and disgrace).
The situation is going to the bad (=is becoming worse).
The weak will go to the wall (=be pushed aside as helpless).
He need not go to the trouble of employing a tutor (=trouble himself to employ one).
Don’t harp on the same string (=keep saying the same thing).
Keep in the shade.
He rose to the occasion (=showed that he was equal to it).
e. 有些名词前需加物主代词：
Come to your senses (=Stop behaving like a madman).
He fell on his knees (=knelt down).
Poverty fell to his lot (=became his destiny).
He is going about his work (=doing it).
She lies at your mercy (=is subject to your control).
The old widow lives on her own (=lives without help from others).
Do not quarrel with your bread and butter (=do anything harmful to your livelihood).
It rises from its ashes like a phoenix (=live again).
He rose to his feet (=stood up).
The chance slipped through my fingers (=escaped).
My work will speak for itself (=be visible to all).
He stood on his dignity (=insisted on being treated with proper respect).
He stood to his guns (=defended his rights).
You tread on his toes (=offend him).
He worked on my fears (=cause me to do something for him, by taking advantage of my
fears).

不要错误以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：
He came on Sunday. (S + V)
The children are playing by the tree.

9. S + .P + N or G (John looked down on me.)
无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成短语。整个短语可以看做一个及物 动词，因为它们
可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a. He bows down to (=flatters) nobody.
The loss added up to (=amounted to) a million dollars.
He broke away from (=cut his ties with) all his friends.
Carry on with (=continue) your work.
Lee cashed in on (=made a profit from) tea.
We don’t really catch on to (=understand) this custom.
I can’t catch up with (=overtake) the class this year.
I checked out of the hotel two days after I checked in (=signed the register on arriving).
The police checked up on (=investigated) the suspect.
He came around to (=agreed, after disagreeing, to) my views.
The teacher came down on (=reprimand) him.
I came down with (=caught) a flu.
I came near to death (=almost died).
No result came out of the test.
He came out with a question.
Last year no plays came up to (=equaled) the standard.
My friend came up with a good idea.
We all cried out against (=opposed) favoritism.
Most important, you must cut down on (=reduce consumption of) sugar.
He cut in with (=insert) a terribly saucy remark while we were discussing.
b. This custom dates (=or goes) back to the early eighteenth century.
We should do away with (=get rid of) all social evils.
Everyone does well with him (=treats him well).
He dropped in on (=made an unplanned visit to) my family.
He dropped off to sleep (=fell asleep).
He dropped out of (=quit) high school.
He ended up as (=finally became) a manager.
He ended up with not a cent in his pocket.
I have to face up to (=bravely accept) the situation.
We have to fall back upon (=depend upon) his support.
He fell out with (=quarreled with) all his friends.
I feel up to (=feel capable of undertaking) this job.
He will find out about (=get facts about) this matter.
He didn’t fit in with (=live in harmony with) those foreigners.
How can I get away from (=avoid) her nagging?
How are you getting on (or along) with (=living together with) your bride?
I cannot get out of (=avoid) this trouble.
Have you got through with (=finish) that job?
Don’t give in to (=yield to) your impulse.
He goes along with (=agrees with) our party.
He goes (or plays) around with (=fools around with) all kinds of girls.
He went in for (=got interested in) stamp collecting.
He will go on to college.
This store will soon go out of business (=end a business).
This sweater has gone out of fashion (=is no more fashionable).
He often goes out with that pretty Japanese girl.
She held on to (=kept grasping) his arm.
c. She keeps away from (=avoid) him.
We should keep in with (=keep friendly with) our neighbors.
I can not keep up with (=overtake) my classmates.
This small event led up to (=prepared the way for) his death.
Live up to (=Act according to) your promise.
I often look back on (=recollect) the old days.
He looked back over (=reviewed) his record.
Don’t look down on (=despise) small people.
We are looking forward to (=anticipating with pleasure) your visit.
Look out for (=Watch out for) the car.
He cannot make up for (=compensate) the loss I have suffered.
He made off with (=stole and hurried away with) all my money.
Does his school work measure up to (=come up to) his hopes?
Last year I met up with (=met by chance) Jane, who I hadn’t seen for ten years.
The child messed about with (=made a mess of) my desk.
d. He played up to (=tried to please) her.
I had to put up with (=bear) these terrible noises every day.
I must settle up with (=get even with) the man who has insulted me.
Many signed up for (=joined in) the contest.
The guests sat down to dinner at eight.
I can’t sit down with (=suffer without complaint) that insult.
We should speak up for (=speak in a loud voice for) justice.
This policeman stood in with (=was in secret league with) those gangsters.
Why don’t we stand out against (=oppose) this evil practice?
We should stand up for (=support) this good policy.
I always think back to (=recall) my childhood.
Think twice about it before you act.
Tune in to another radio station.
We should wake up to (=realize) the seriousness of our situation.
They wait up for me (=They stay awake until I come home).
He walked away with (=easily won) the election.
He walked off with (=took away) my umbrella.
We walked out of the meeting as an expression of protest.
I want out of (=want to be freed from) her nagging.
I warmed up to (=became friendly with) my neighbors.
We should wise up to (Am.) (=finally understand) what is going on.
I can’t work together with him.
e. He got out of (=avoided) smoking.
We moved on to getting married.
We stood up for prohibiting narcotics.
I never turn aside from (=avoid) doing anything good.
He went near to (=narrowly escaped) being killed.

10. S + TV.N.P + N or G (John found fault with me)
无数及物动词和特定的名词和介词构成短语 。整个短语可以看做及物动词，因为它们可用名
词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a. They caught sight of (=spied) a strange star.
They caught hold of (=seized) the thief.
They declared war on (or against) a foreign country.
They found fault with (=censured) me.
They gained possession of (=got) a large estate.
They got notice from the police.
They gave warning to (=warned) us.
They had (an) interest in (=liked) music.
They left word with the office boy.
They lost sight of (=forgot) their purpose.
They lost touch with (=could not communicate with) all their friends.
They made war on (=fought) a foreign country.
They put confidence in (=trusted) me.
They put (or lost) faith in everyone.
They took care of their children.
They took (a) pride in their works.
b. They asked a favor of you.
They did a good turn to (=did a service to) me.
They did an injury to their brother.
They drew (or formed) a conclusion from (=inferred from) this fact.
They entertained a fear for (=worried about) this adventure.
They extended an invitation to (=invited) all their friends.
They formed an estimate of (=estimated) his abilities.
They gave an account of (=related) the accident.
They gave an order to (=ordered) us.
They gave a trial to the candidate.
They had a lesson in (=learned) English.
c. They asked the favor of an early supply.
They cleared the way for the Queen.
They got (or had) the start of (=gained an advantage over) their rival.
They got the better (or the best) of (=overcame) their competitors.
They lost the use of their legs.
They took the consequences of (=submitted to the results of) their folly.
They took the place of (=replaced) other members.
d. He cleared his mind of prejudice.
He directed our attention to vice.
He did his duty to (or by) his country.
He found his way to my village.
He gave his love to his parents.
He paid his addresses to (=courted) her.
He raised his voice against (=opposed) the manager.
He set his mind on (=attended to) his business.
He shook his head at the news.
He thrust (or poked, pushed) his nose into (=meddled officiously in) everything.
He took his eyes off her.
He took his choice of the books he needed.
He turned his attention to exportation.
He turned his back on (or to) (=forsook) his friends.
e. They did much damage to the ear.
They had little notion of this project.
They had no objection to your proposal.
They had no patience for (=couldn’t stand) those fools.
They had some relations with the government.
They made (or lost) a lot of money over coffee.
They made some reference to Shakespeare.
They saw no harm in LSD.
They took no delight in (=didn’t like) reading.
They took some interest in music.
They took little notice of the crime.
f. He had dealings with (=did business with) us.
He will go shares with (=divide profits or cost with) his friends.
He made friends with politicians.
He made preparations (or arrangements) for the journey.
He shook hands with us.
He took pains over the work.
He took photographs of us.
He took precautions against theft.
He took sides with (=supported) a certain political party.

这种动词短语不仅如上面例句表示的，可以用名词作宾语，也可像下面例句表 示的，可用动
名词作宾语：
g. He aimed his efforts at studying nuclear energy.
He bore the responsibility of paying the debt of his son.
He gave his mind to bringing up his children.
He had no patience for waiting so long.
He had the pleasure of dancing with Mary.
He laid claim to being respected as a man.
He made preparations for starting at 3 a.m.
He didn’t see his way (clear) to (=didn’t find it possible or good) becoming a money-lenders.
He saw no harm in smoking.
He took no interest in learning any trade.
He laid claim to being the father of a famous actress who had been an orphan.

无数及物动词可与特定的介词连用，但与作宾语的名词关系并不紧密。这种句型与其说是“V.N.P + N or G”这类，不如说是带状语的“V + N”类型：
h. I gave the money to John.
Thank you for your kindness.
Compare this with that.
Don’t throw stones at that dog.
He prepared us for the exam.
She keeps her children from harm.
Please translate this poem into Chinese.
It reminds me of her pretty eyes.
He asked (or begged, implored) her for pardon (or aid).
They banished (or dismissed, expelled) him from that place.
They charged (or presented, provided, supplied, furnished) him with something.
i. What presents you from coming?
I warned him against doing evil.
I paid him for having done something for me.
I must keep my feet from getting wet.
I talked him into believing me.
They excused me for making a mistake.
They forced us into fighting.

11. S + TV.R.P + N or G (John prided himself on his new car.)
约有60个及物动词可和反身代词和特定的介词构成短语，整个短语可以看作及物动词：
a. I prepared myself for a journey to Singapore and other countries.
I availed myself of (=make use of) his offer (or this chance).
I occupied myself with (or addressed myself to, applied myself to, engaged myself in,
employed myself in) (=was busy in) literary work (or reading, studying a problem).
I threw myself into (=took a vigorous part in) the contest (or teaching).
He betook himself to (=resorted to) his old job (or his legs, his heels).
He lost himself in studies.
b. He allied himself to (or with) (=was united with) a rich family.
He associated himself with the firm (or the party, the movement).
He engaged himself to a businessman (or a woman).
He concerned himself with (or about) the exam.
He enrolled himself in the army.
c. He helped himself to (=stole) my watch.
He served himself with the cake.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
He possessed himself of (=obtained) a horse.
He gorged himself on chicken.
He pride himself on (=was proud of) his new car.
He valued himself on his birth.
He plumed himself on his appearance.
He pique himself on his dress.
He indulged himself (=gratify himself) with wine (or in wine).
He addicted (or delivered up, gave up, abandoned) himself to pleasure (or dissipation, wine,
drinking, gambling, grief, bad habits).
He lost himself to her.
He dedicated himself to education.
He devoted himself to music.
He submitted himself to discipline (or his wife).
He yielded himself to temptation.
He familiarized himself with (=made himself well acquainted with) business.
He accustomed himself to the weather.
He accommodated (or adapted) himself to new circumstances.
He reconciled himself to (or with) (=overcome his objections to) his enemies (or his fate, his
lot, the situation, a life of poverty).
He troubled himself about such a small matter.
He worried himself about the education of his children.
He delighted (or contend) himself with his success (or the result).
He enjoyed (or amused) himself with wine and women.
He refreshed himself with coffee.
He bethought himself of a plan.
He has satisfied himself of the truth of the report.
He can’t assure (or persuade) himself of my sincerity.
He intruded himself on my company.
He avenged (or revenged) himself on his enemy.
He defended himself against robbery.
He guarded himself against vice.
He set himself against everyone.
He broke himself of a bad habit.
He freed himself of evil.
He distinguished himself for bravery.
He ingratiated himself with (=flattered) his boss.
He absented himself from school.
He excused himself from coming.
The problem resolved itself into a question of money.
This trifle developed itself into a serious problem.
The snow melted itself into water.
It burned itself into ashes.
It changed (or transformed) itself into a giant.
The kingdom divided itself into three.
I engaged myself in making dress.
He threw himself into teaching.
He addicted himself to gambling.
He accustomed himself to living on the mountain.
He amused himself by reading.
You must resign (or reconcile) yourself to living a hard life.
I excused myself from attending the party.

12. S + TV + I 或 S + TV.N + I (John wanted to swim.)
约有90个及物动词用不定式（而不是动名词）作宾语：
a. He wished (or hoped, delighted) to go.
He wanted to know it.
He schemed (or arranged) to kill his rival.
He tended (or desired) to fight.
He meant to help you.
He aimed to become a doctor.
He thought (=intended) (现在用的较少) to go.
He ached (or yearned, longed) to be free.
He trusted (=earnestly hoped) to hear from you soon.
She admired (=intended) (美式) to be free.
He did not care to go.
b. He volunteered to help me.
He offered to buy my house (or to strike me).
He chose (or elected) to remain here.
He hesitated to go.
He didn’t scruple to steal.
He hastened to tell me.
He decided (or determined, resolved, concluded) to marry her.
He vowed (or swore) to revenge himself.
He promised (or agreed, consented) to pay me soon.
They have contracted to build a large theatre.
He threatened not to pay me.
c. He condescended (or deigned) to help me (or to offer me tea).
He vouchsafed to answer.
He submitted to be punished.
He refused (or declined) to lend me the money.
He scorned (书面语) to accept the bribe, disdained (书面语) to speak with the hypocrite.
He demanded (or required) to see my passport.
He asked (or applied, begged) to see the king.
He moved to postpone the decision.
d. He could (not) afford to wait (or to be generous, to be idle).
He managed to control his temper.
He will never manage to learn.
He contrived to live a simple life (or to make matter worse).
They tried (or sought) to kill their enemy.
They endeavored (or strove, struggled) to be independent.
e. They won’t trouble (or bother) to do such a thing.
They do not care to see it.
They undertook (or guaranteed, engaged) to pay me the debt.
They helped (us) (to) build the house.
They expect to be there at soon.
They never thought (or expected) to see me again.
They pretended (or affected, made believe) to be rich men.
They claimed (or professed) to know everything.
f. They dared (or ventured) to do it.
They won’t presume to criticize us.
May I venture (or presume) (=take the liberty) to ask you a few questions?
They learned to swim.
They prepared to leave here.
They started out (or set out) (=began) to write a report.
They proceeded to play music.
They moved to arrest the criminal.
They deserved to enjoy this privilege.
This child needs to be spanked.
g. He grew to believe it.
How did he come (=begin) to know it?
How came you to love her?
The extra job serves to increase my income.
These sentences will suffice to explain the use of the verb.
Her looks contribute to show her joy.
That just goes to show your ignorance.
Every man tends (or inclines) to believe in himself.
The boy bids fair to succeed (or to be an engineer).

有些动词在不定式前可加for引起的短语，表示意义上的主语：
We planned for him to come.
We arranged for something to be done.
He wanted (for) his son to be happy.
The ringing of the bell meant for them to come to dinner.
We have decided for the meeting to take place on the 3
rd
(=decided that the meeting should take
place on the 3
rd
).
He doesn’t deserve for you to help him.
< br>在下面句子中及物动词和后面跟的名词构成短语，可以看作一个单一的及物动词，后面跟不
定式作 宾语：
He had a good mind (earnestly wished) to do it.
He tried his best (=endeavored) to find out a solution.
He took the trouble to consult a dictionary.
He took (good) care not to trouble her.
He had not the heart to leave her.
He made up his mind (=decided) to go abroad.
He had to make shift to set up a hut.
He saw his way (clear) to criticize (or praise) them.

有些动词，看起来像是及物动词却不是及物动词，可以和to构成词组，起助动词的作用：
You ought to (=should) obey your parents.
You want to (=should) be more careful.
I shall have to (=must) go.
I (have) got to (=must) go.
I (have) got to (=must) go now.
I am to (=must) see him.
He stands to (=may) win (or lose) the game.
He is going to (=will) leave here.
He failed to (=should, but did not) answer her.
He appeared (or seemed) to know it.
He used to come at seven, and usedn’t to come at eight.
He chanced (or happened) to meet me there.
He turned out (or proved) to have discovered our secret.
试比较下面句子：
He is certain (or sure) to (=will certainly) succeed.
He is likely to (=may) come this evening.
He is able to (=can) speak English.
He is allowed to (=must) go at once.
He is bound to (=must) go.
He is in a position (or a situation) to (=can) help his friends.
在上面所举动词之后不可加动名词：
I wanted going abroad. （错句）
He promised helping me. （错句）

13. S + TV + G (John enjoyed swimming.)
约有100个及物动词用动名词（而不是不定式）作宾语：
a. You cannot avoid making mistakes.
They will evade answering my questions.
How can he escape being punished?
I will never shirk helping my food friends.
I cannot help thinking so (or laughing) (=I cannot but think so or laugh).
She could not resist telling him everything.
b. They commenced (or set about, fell to) building a bridge.
They kept (on) waiting there, and you kept (on) drinking.
He resumed studying French.
He has finished (or completed, done) writing the letters.
You must stop (or quit) drinking.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Perhaps you can’t believe; he has renounced smoking cigars, given up (or given over) playing
the fool, left off being idle.
I have to delay (or postpone, defer, put off) meeting him (or going to the doctor).
I will consider (or contemplate) cooperating with him.
He mentioned learning Japanese.
He reported having done all his work.
He described their making liquor with rice.
They suggested (you) making a trip to Japan.
He advocated (or urged) (our) using force.
He encouraged (our) spending less and earning more.
He advised (or counseled) (your) trying once more.
He recommended (our) increasing the salary.
He enjoyed eating Vietnamese food.
He relished watching women passing by.
He fancied going to the movies.
He adored (=liked very much口语体) being praised.
He appreciated your assisting him.
I detest (or abominate, loathe) working at night.
I resent being laughed at.
I dislike accompanying her.
I reject giving him any aid.
I favored taking a decisive step.
They depreciated (=expressed disapproval of) building a big library.
They officially sanctioned flogging.
Do you mind opening the door (or his smoking, being awakened, taking this letter to the post
office)?
I don’t mind opening the door (or his smoking, being awakened).
He admitted (or acknowledged) having done something wrong.
He owned (or owned to, confessed, confessed to) killing her.
He denied stealing it.
He disclaimed having tempted anyone to do evil.
I doubt having any chance.
He risked offending somebody (or losing all he had, getting hurt, being robbed).
Should he chance being caught, he would be put to death.
He faced being isolated from society.
He missed eating a good dinner (or seeing such a good play).
I will await hearing from you.
I do not understand driving a car.
I can’t understand his behaving like that.
I practiced playing the piano.
She aped being a high-born lady.
Fancy doing everything for nothing (or meeting you here).
Could you fancy meeting her here?
I cannot fancy doing such a silly thing.
I cannot imagine marrying such a man.
I did anticipate (=look forward to) having a good time at Christmas.
i. They don’t allow (our) talking loud in public.
They never permit (our) screaming in the house.
They tolerate (our) smoking and gambling.
They forbade (our) speaking loud.
They hindered (or prevented) (our) committing the same mistakes.
They barred smoking and playing cards.
I never forgive (or pardon, excuse) spitting in public places.
He grudged paying me (=was unwilling to pay me) (or having to pay double the price, my
living a happy life).
She felt like swimming (or crying).
She burst out crying (or laughing).
j. This measure means changing the whole system.
The visit entailed buying gifts for children.
The plan includes building a church.
Money justifies doing evil.
This proposal involves increasing the school fee.
This implied condemning him to death.
The new system facilitated pronouncing Chinese characters.
The birth of another baby necessitated earning more.
This provokes (or excites) vomiting (or crying).

有些及物动词后动名词的前面须有意义上的主语，正像上面的某些句子所表现的：
I cannot approve his (or him) behaving like that. (用him的时候比用his时更多一些。)
Mother welcomed their (them) visiting her at her villa.
I protest his (or him) treating me like a slave.
I often picture myself living a beautiful life.
I denounced anybody’s (or anybody) telling lies.
Dennis announced Greg’s (or Greg) getting married.
We applaud Ada’s (or Ada) making so wise a decision.

在某些动词后可跟there being这种结构：
I doubt there being any mistake.
He admitted there being some mistakes.
He didn’t mind there being any wild beasts there.

在上面所举动词之后不可用不定式：
I enjoy to eat bananas. (错句)
He avoided to meet her. (错句)

14. S + TV + I or G (John liked to swim or swimming.)
约有50个动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语：
a. I cannot endure (or bear, stand) to be (or being) cheated.
We proposed (or intended, planned, designed, purposed) to abolish (or abolishing) the
outdated rules.
He attempted to get (or getting) rid of all the beggars.
He forbore to say (or saying) anything against anybody.
He neglected (or omitted) to pay (or paying) the fee.
b. She started to cry (or crying) before getting hurt.
He declined to speak (or speaking) at the party.
He continued (or discontinued) to stay (or staying) there.
I dread (or fear) to climb (or climbing) the mountain.
We need to learn (or learning) something.
He scorned to cheat (or cheating) anyone.

有一些动词，在某些上下文中需用不定式作宾语，在另一些上下文中需用动名词作宾语：
a. He (表示人的主语) began to cry, to eat, to dance (or crying, eating, dancing).
It (表示物的主语) began to boil (or to rain, to move) (而不说boiling, raining, moving).
He (人) ceased to write (or writing).
It (物) ceased to harden (而不是hardening). (不过有些作家不承认这一差别)
b. He began to know it (or to love it, to see it, to understand, to feel sad, to be suspected). (而不
说knowing it, loving it, etc.) (在表示一种被动的心理状态时，begin可用不定式作宾语，
而不用动名词作宾语)
He got (or grew, became) (=began) to know (or to believe, to care for) her.
但是：
They got (=began) quarrelling (or talking, laughing, playing). (美式英语)
c. I prefer studying music to (介词) doing business.
I prefer to studying music rather than (to) do (不定式) business.

另一些动词用不定式作宾语和动名词作宾语意义不同：
a. You must stop thinking (=not think any more).
You stop to think (=stop doing something else and begin to think).
He forgot meeting (or having met) you at a hotel (=had met you but forgot it).
He forgot to meet you (=ought to have met you, but did not do so).
He remembered (or recalled, recollected) going (or having gone) to the pictures with her
(=remembered that he had gone).
He will remember to post the letter (but has not yet posted it).
b. I regretted telling (or having told) you the sad story (=regretted that I had told it).
I regret to tell you (=regret that I have to tell you) that your son is very naughty.
You must try eating (=eat for the first time) the durian.
You must try (=make efforts) to finish this work before Sunday.
She cannot help (=cannot help others) to prepare the meal.
She cannot help (=cannot refrain from) laughing.
c. He went on teaching lesson five (=didn’t stop after teaching some part of lesson five).
He went on to teach lesson five (=began teaching lesson five after finishing lesson four.)
I like (or dislike, love, hate) swimming (or studying the current events) (habit).
I should (or would) like (or love, prefer) to swim in this place (or to drink coffee). (one recent
act)
I began to understand (or to see) my mistake (被动心理状态).
I started selling coffee years ago. (主动的活动)

注意避免连续使用2个-ing形式或两个不定式：
He is beginning to work (而不是working).
He is trying to do it (而不是doing it).
He seems to like playing (而不是to play) tennis.
It’s necessary to start organizing (不要说to organize) a new party.

约有10个及物动词可用被动形式的不定式或主动形式的动名词作宾语：
Your work needs correcting (or to be corrected).
This baby wants looking after (or to be looked after).
It requires washing (or to be washed).
His language would not bear repeating (or to be repeated).
It won’t bear thinking of (or to be thought of).
The color will not stand washing (or to be washed).
It defies explaining (or to be explained).
The complicated situation forbade analyzing (or to be analyzed).
He deserved punishing (or to be punished).
比较下面句子：
The work is worth doing (or worthy to be done).
This plan is worth carrying out (or worthy to be carried out).

15. S + TV + that-CL 或 S + TV + N (=that-CL) (John said that she was lazy.)
约有150个及物动词可用由that引起的从句作宾语。
下面由that引起的从句都是陈述句：
a. From this he gathered (or inferred) that his boss did not like him (or that the plan was good).
He heard (or understood) that Wang was in love with Su (or that the situation was growing
worse).
He heard say that she was married.
He found (or saw, perceived, felt, sensed, noticed) that something was wrong (or that people
liked him very much).
He learned (or realized, discovered) that the earth is round (or that this plant could be found in
Africa).
I have ascertained (or found out) that he was murdered.
He reads that the earth has existed billions of years.
b. He does not doubt but that (=that) I’ll win. (But that只用在否定及疑问句中，这种用法业已
陈旧)
You can not deny but that (=that) she’s a good player.
Who can tell but that he is a swindler?
Neither of us knows but that (=that) we can marry.
He knows as (=that) (不规范用法) you are honest.
I can tell as (=that) he is a swindler.
c. I think (or suppose, assure, presume, believe, expect, imagine, fancy) that he is a very honest
fellow.
Suppose we have some coffee (=Let us have some coffee).
Suppose we try (=Let us try). (that可以省略)
I dare say you are wrong.
I guess (or figure, calculate, reckon) (Am.) he will be here by seven. I wager (or bet) he has
done his best.
d. I suspected that he was a thief.
You didn’t doubt that he was a thief. But she doubted whether he was. (=I thought he was
probably a thief. You were sure he was. But she was not sure whether he was.)
He judged (or concluded, decided, gathered, considered) that it was best to resign (or that
nobody could be trusted).
The law prescribes that a man below eighteen must not get married.
The judge ruled (or adjudged) that David was innocent.
e. He believes (or maintains, holds) that the plan is imperfect (or that all men are born equal).
I objected that (=objected because) he was unjust.
I protested (=affirmed strongly) that I had said nothing against anybody.
He claimed that he was innocent (or that he was a descendant of Confucius).
f. He denied that he had stolen anything, but did not deny that (or but that) he was on the spot.
(=He said that he had not stolen anything, ??)
Wang agreed (with me) that Lee was careless.
He admitted (or acknowledged, confessed, owned, recognized) that he was not qualified for
the job.
We must allow that he is right, and grant that his remark is true.
g. He assered (or claimed, alleged, stated, said, remarked) that the situation was getting better
and better.
He declared (or announced) that he was planning a trip (or that Mr. Fu had been murdered on
the street).
He proclaimed that the war would end after a week.
He reiterated that he could do nothing for anyone.
He mentioned that she would leave us soon.
He certified that I was a member of a photo club.
h. He revealed (or let on) that Wang had four wives.
He emphasized (or specified) that I was to blame.
He writes that all men are born equal.
I voted that we go for an excursion.
He showed (or signified) that he had nothing to say about the matter (or that something had
happened).
He hinted that he would like to go to the party and intimated he would accept if he was
invited.
He insinuated that I had played him a trick.
His refusal does not mean that he is unkind to us.
His accent betrayed that he came from the North.
i. He demonstrated (or proved) that the earth is round (or that justice would win).
j.
k.
l.
m.
All facts established that he was a traitor.
He estimated (or calculated, figured) that it would take three days to get to the moon.
He theorizes that the human beings could live 200 years, if…
I submitted there was some mistake and John was to blame.
I argued that everything was wrong with our system.
He explained that he was too ill to come.
He cannot guarantee (or warrant, engage, undertake) that I shall make a profit.
I will see (or check) that everything is done.
He promised that he would help you.
He pretended (or let on, made believe) that he was ill (or that he theft had nothing to do with
him).
He played that he was a bridegroom.
He foretold (or foresaw, predicted, prophesied, divined) that you would be very rich (or that
the world war would break out ten years after).
He radioed that he was seriously ill.
He swore (or vowed) that he was innocent (or that he would never divulge the secret).
He forgot that he owed you a hundred dollars, could not recollect that he owed you so much,
but he remembered that he owed you ten dollars.
He replied (or answered) that he could not help me (or that he had no money to lend me).
He added (or put in, threw in) that he must resign.
She retorted that I was more selfish than she.
I don’t care that he should say so.
He rejoiced that we had won the battle, but grieved (or exclaimed) that many had been killed.
He boasted that he was the richest man in the city.
He murmured (or mumbled, grumbled) that he was so unlucky, and complained to me that
nobody had treated him well.
He whispered to me that John had been taken by the police.
He charged that the radio of his neighbor disturbed his sleep.
He wondered (or marveled) that everything should change so quickly.
I don’t wonder that he was killed.
Do you wonder that he was killed?
I appreciated that it was well done.
He dreamed that he was on the battlefield.
He little dreamed that he should become so miserable.
Picture (or Imagine) to yourself that your wife is waiting for you at the door.
He exclaimed (or cried out, interjected) that he had lost his gold watch.
Beware (or Mind) that he does not deceive you (or lest he deceive you).
I will look out (or check) that he does not cheat me.

下面由that引起的从句表示命令、请求、建议等，可以称作命令从 句、请求从句等（注意谓
语由should构成）：
a. He commanded (or ordered, enjoined, directed) that we should start at four.
The law prescribes that nobody should gamble.
He promised you should be rewarded.
He demanded (or required, request, asked, wanted) that I should pay him next Monday.
I insist that he studies music (=I say it is true that he studies music). 但：I insist that he study
(or should study) music. =I advise him to study it.
b. I had (or would) rather (or sooner) (that) she left (or should leave) this dangerous place.
I wish (or prayed) that I should not fail again.
He consented that his house should be searched.
His illness would not permit that he should work hard.
He contrived that his son should go to college.
We must secure that every teacher should be qualified.
c. He decided (or resolved, determined, intended) that everybody (should) be ready by 8 A.M..
He guaranteed that it (should) be paid.
He arranged with Mary that they should meet again.
He recommended (or suggested, proposed) that I should flee.
He moved that John (should) be elected.
He willed that his property should go to his daughter.
The contract provided that the tenant should pay every month.
d. He cannot bear that you should say no.
God forbid that I should meet her again.
He hated that the dentist should touch him.
He dreaded that (or lest) he should fail.
He urged that something (should) be done immediately.
He preferred that nothing (should) be said.

下面的that从句表示希望或愿望（谓语多由will或may构成）：
He hopes (that) you will (or may) help him.
He wished (that) you would help him.
He expects that you will help him.
He cannot ensure that Mary will come today.
He guarantees that the debt will be paid.
He fears that you will refuse to help him.
He begs (or requests, entreats, desires) that you will help him.
He trusts (=hopes) you may help him (or we shall meet again).
God grant that he may succeed.
We long that we may be free.
I bet (or hope) she arrives (=will arrive) before noon.

在这类句子中，否定词not放在主句中时比放在从句中时多：
I do not suppose (or believe, expect, imagine, think) that he is right. (这样说比I suppose that he is
not right.要好)
但应说：I hope he does not fail again.

当一个及物动词不能跟有that从句时，它后面可放一个fact，circumstan ce，idea这类名词，
把that从句和它连接起来。这时that从句成为fact这类名词的同 位语，也可以说它是由及物
动词加名词构成的及物动词短语的宾语：
a. He accepted the fact (owned) that he couldn’t rise again.
He ignores the circumstance (=doesn’t care) that he has made the same mistake as his rival.
He overlooked the fact (=failed to notice) that nothing in the world is perfect.
He had the belief (or an idea, a notion, the impression) (=believed) that the king is always
right.
I had word (=heard) that they would attack us.
b. We have no doubt (=do not doubt) (that) he knows it.
I have all the feeling that everything is wrong.
He had a dread (or a fear) (=feared) that the police would arrest him one day.
I have a hunch (=think it likely) that it will rain.
I brought the charge that John had murdered my wife.
c. He felt gratitude that they had helped him.
He makes the point (=points out) that some countries are overdeveloped.
He gave judgment that the accused was innocent.
Take care you don’t fall.
He made up his mind (=concluded) that we were all wrong.
You bet your boots (=can be sure) that he will fail.

在下面句子中that从句是it的同位语：
a. I must (or will) see (or see to it, look to it) that everyone is happy.
He insisted (upon it) that he knew better than anyone.
He took it (=supposed) that I had left for London.
He took it for granted (=was sure) that I could help him.
Rumor has it (=says) that the king is ill.
He put it that a woman must keep the house.
He will have it (=insists) that you have insulted him.
He lays it down (=states clearly) that the school should be kept clean and quiet.
b. You may rely (or depend) upon it (=be sure) that he can help you any time.
He owed it to me (=was grateful to me for the fact) that he was still alive.
Look (to it) that everything is ready.
I will answer for it (=promise) that he will make no more mistake.
He stood to it (=insisted) that I was wrong.
Take the word of scientists for it that an atom is like a universe.

That从句可以放在it和某些不及物动词后面：
It appeared that knew the secret. (=He appeared to know the secret.)
It seemed that he knew the secret. (=He seemed to know the secret.)
It happened that he knew the secret. (=He happened to know the secret.)
It turned out that he knew the secret. (=He turned out to know the secret.)
How does it come that you know the secret? (=How do you come to know the secret? How come
you know the secret?)

在that前有些词有时省略：
Not that (=It is not true that) I hate a woman, but that (=but it is true that) I have no chance to
consort with any.
Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more.

连词that有时可以省略，特别是在1）believe，presume，suppose，thi nk，hope，wish，expect，
say，know，hear等动词后；2）在插入语中t hat必须省略；3）在一个that从句还包含另一
that从句时，that也必须省略。下面例句 中的∧表示省略的that：
1）I dare say∧he does not know it.
2）The young man, she thinks (or I know, it seems)∧, could be her husband.
The young man could be her husband, she thinks (or I know, it seems)∧.
There is a young man who (关系代词在从句中作主语) she thinks (or I know, it seems)∧,
could be her husband.
3）She said∧she wished∧I could see her.
I thought∧you knew∧something had happened.
I understand∧he exclaimed∧he had not enough to spend.

在以下情况下连词that不可省略：1）需要表明副词或副词短语修饰哪一 个词，2）在that
从句中插有一个关系从句或状语从句：
1）He said that yesterday he went to town.
He said yesterday that he went to town.
He denied that at the party he spoke ill of the major.
He denied at the party that he spoke ill of the major.
2）I know that you, who are my friend (主语和主要动词间插入一个关系从句) will agree with
me. (但：I know∧you will agree with me.)
I think that, if you can (在that和主语之间夹有一个状语从句) you will do it. (但：I think∧
you will do it.)

当一个及物动词后有 几个并列的that从句作宾语时，后面的that必须重复（但有时这条规定
会被忽略）：
The know that (可省略) he studies music, and that (不可省略) I would be a good student, that (不
可省略) he need not worry, and that (不可省略) I would return home on New Year’s Day.
但：He said he knew it and (连接两个谓语而不是两个从句) had told it to others. I think she will
start at nine but will not arrive until twelve.

在需要重复一个that从句时，可以用so，not，it，或as much等词代替它：
Is he a clever fellow?
So I see (or notice, believe, hear). (=I see, notice, … that he is a clever fellow.)
So I said (or hoped, supposed).
So I have heard (or have seen, have noticed).
I believe (or say, pray, expect, wish, hope, think, imagine, trust, guess, suppose, assume, presume,
fancy, understand, said, was told, told you) so.
It seems (or appears) so.
I do not say (or think, suppose, expect, believe) so.
I believe (or notice, expect) so (指前面句子总的意思) 或it (较具体，指前面的词组。) 或that。
(较为强调)
但：I deny (or mean, swear) it (不可说so).
He has turned hooligan, hasn’t he?
I suspect (or fear) so.
If so (=if he has turned hooligan), that is a pity.
Why so? How so?
I believe (or expect, suspect, hear) the same (=so).
Did Mary commit suicide?
I believe (or trust, say, expect, hope, think, suppose, am afraid, understand) not. (=I believe or
trust, … that Mary did not).
It appears (or seems) not.
The murdered has been arrested, hasn’t he?
I know (or hear, am told, say, guess) as much or so much (=it or so).
He has made great mistakes and confessed (or owned, acknowledged) as much (不要说so).

16. S + TV + W-CL or W-I (John asked when he will come or when to begin.)
约有70个及物动词可以用疑问词引起的从句（或称从属问句）作宾语：
a. We discussed (or deliberated, considered, debated) what might be done (or whether we should
go on strike).
He asked (or inquired) whether he could apply (or not).
I will find out (or check, ascertain, study) who broke it.
We doubt (or question) whether we would have peace.
I must ascertain (or study) why he killed himself.
I wonder whether he is happy. (=I want to know whether he is happy or not; or, I suppose he
is not happy.)
I wonder whether he is not happy. (=I suppose he is happy.)
I wonder whether (or when, where, how) we can meet again and spend a pleasant vacation
together.
但：I doubt whether (但不能用when, where, how) we can meet again and spend, etc.
b. Watch how you spill it.
Look what a mess you are making.
Please mark which syllable is stressed.
Beware when you must keep silence.
Notice who is coming with Mary.
c. He saw (or perceived, notice, sensed, observed) how his friends were suffering from the
epidemic (or what important persons were present at the party.)
He could not see why you cooperated with this fool.
He discovered (or found out) where the thieves hid themselves (or where the treasure was
kept, when the enemy would start an attack).
He learned (or realized) how the earth turns round the sun (or who were behind the scenes).
I hear (or understand) what has happened (or what they are plotting).
d. I knew what you want (or how we should handle this matter of money).
I cannot conceive (or understand, think, imagine, make out, tell, guess) how he could say such
a thing (or how it could happen, why they treat me so.)
Nobody here believes how difficult it is to cure a disease.
The captain decides (or determines) who shall play in the football match.
He could not judge (or decide, settle) whether the answer was right (or when we should act).
e. I cannot recollect when he visited us.
He forgot what she had said.
I don’t recall how he cheated me.
I still remember how he kissed me.
Can you suggest which is the best way (or when we shall start on our journey)?
David cannot express how grateful he is.
We cannot agree who is to be our representative.
I don’t care (or mind) whether I shall fail (or what may happen).
f. Please say what you want and which of these you like best.
Please repeat what you have just said.
Can you describe how he looks?
Can he explain why he failed?
History shows how we have struggled, where we are going, and what we should do.
He revealed where John had fallen in love with Helen (or how their leaders quarreled among
themselves).
He reported how those people were starving.
g. He has calculated how much it costs (or when the building can be finished).
I’ll count how many guests have come.
He can prove (or demonstrate) how mankind have developed from lower animals (or whether
it is true).
We will select who may be our representative.
He could foretell (or forecast) when it would rain; could predict whether there would be a
good harvest; prophesied how Christ would come again to the world (or which country would
rise and which would decline); divined when you would fail and rise again.
I read where (=that) (口语体) there will be a storm.

在由疑问词引起的从句中，助动词有时可以放在主语前面，句末甚至可用问号代替句号：
I asked how could we settle the matter. (?)
He inquired what should I do. (?)
I wonder when does the war come to an end. (?)
I wonder, can she (用来代替whether she can) excuse me. (?)

有时疑问词引起的从句可以是一个惊叹局：
He said how pretty it was. (=He said, “How pretty it is!”)
He exclaimed what a poem he was reading. (=He exclaimed, “What a poem I am reading!”)
He cried out (or interjected) how hard he bad worked and what evil treatment he had received.

下面三个小段意思是一样的：
John met Mary at a bus stop. John said, “I am glad to see you. Where are you going?” (直接引语)
John met Mary at a bus stop. John said he was glad to see her and asked where she was going. (间
接引语)
John met Mary at a bus stop. He was glad to meet her. Where was she going? (这也是间接引语，
但John said that和asked却被省略。)
上面提到的及物动词也可用疑问词加不定式作宾语：
a. We debated (or deliberated, discussed, considered) what step to take.
I will ask (or inquire) when to begin our lessons.
I am learning how to swim.
He wonders what to do when he grows up.
I have discovered (or found out) how to make this cake.
I cannot understand how to do it.
I cannot tell where to meet this cheat again.
b. I cannot think how to stop this evil practice.
I don’t know whom to apply to.
Have you decided where to study?
Please say which course to take.
I will explain how to use the word “as”.
He won’t reveal when to get married.
I don’t mind (or care) what to eat.
Can you recollect how to do this?
Don’t forget how to please your parents.
I cannot predict when to meet her again.
“S + TV + W-I”可以转换为”S + TV + W-CL”.
I cannot understand how to (=how I can) do it.
I wonder what to (=what I should) do.
I cannot tell where to (=where we or you may) buy a curio.
We shall consider what step to (=what step we must or should) take.
They told me when to (=when they were to) get married.

如果疑问句引起的从句的主语并非是主句的主句，同时又无法从上下文中推想出来，且从句
中又 不包含can，must，may，should，be to这类助动词，则“S + TV + W-CL”不可转换为
“S + TV + W-I”：
I know what the government should do. (不可改为I know what to do, 除非the government变I.)
He asked where his children can study. (不可改为He asked where to study. 除非读者知道是
children这个词被省略。)
We were discussing how long a man can live.
I know what I want. (不可改为I know what to want, 因为从句中没有适合的助动词。)
I cannot repeat what I have heard. (不可改为I cannot repeat what to have heard, 因为从句中没
有合适的助动词，have不是一个合适的助动词。)

17. S + IV.P + W-CL or W-I (John worried about what he would study or what to study.)
约有20个不及物动词可以和介词（常可省略）构成及物动词短语，用疑问词从句作宾语：
a. He doubted (about or as to) whether he could succeed.
They must decide (upon) who is to represent their party.
His success depended (or relied) (upon) what people he made friends with (or how he handled
the matter).
Don’t fuss about how it should be done.
Don’t worry (about) what school you are to go to (or how much you can earn).
b. They already agreed (about or as to) when they were to start and what they were to take with
them.
I will attend to what were to take with them.
I shall think over what I should say.
He brooded on (or over) whether he should commit suicide.
I am thinking (of or about) how I can study abroad (or which course I am to take).
c. He enlarged (or speculated) on what mankind will be.
He talked of (or about) what we should do.
He hesitated (about or as to) what he should say.
I reflected (on) where I could live peacefully.
Your happiness depends upon how little you want and how much you accomplish.
We could not agree about whom we should depend upon for our supply.

上面所说跟有介词的不及物动词也可用“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语：
We talked about what to do.
He has decided (on) where to go.
That depends (on) how to handle the matter.
He worried (about) how to make his living.
They cannot agree (about) when to act.
They have thought over where to study science.
“S + I.P + W-I” 可以转换为 “S + I.P + W-CL”, 而 “S + I.P + W-CL” 有时可以，有时不可以
转换为 “S + I.P + W-I”.
We talked about what we could do (what to do).
He has decided (on) where he must go (where to go).
He worried about how he could make his living (how to make his living).
但：We talked about what our school could do.（不可改为We talked about what to do.）
We talked about what we ate.（不可改为We talked about what to eat.因为从句中没有合适的助
动词。）

18. S + TV.N.P + W-CL or W-I (John gave an account of how he had fought or how to fight.)
无数及物动词可和特定的名词和介词构成短语。 这种短语起及物动词的作用，可跟有疑问词
从句或“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语：
a. He has no interest in (=doesn’t care) who rules the country.
He gave an account of (=related) how they fought.
He had a lesson in (=learned) how paper is made.
I took no notice of (=didn’t notice) what he was.
I got a look at how the robot worked.
He set his mind on where he could make most money.
He could only make guesses at who she was.
They carried on a quarrel about which girl was the prettiest.
He can’t form a judgment as to whether this world is going to the bad.
b. He has no interest in what to study.
He gave an account of how to make paper.
He directed his attention to how to do business.
He set his mind on what job to do.
He set up a standard of how to write.
He gave examples of how not to speak ill of others.

有时介词可以省略：
I have no idea (about) (=don’t know) who she is.
I cannot make up my mind (as to) (=decide) whether I should marry her.
I have a doubt (as to) (=doubt) whether our love will last long.
I have no doubt (=believe) that our love will last long.)
Can you give judgment (as to) (=judge) which is the better.
He cannot make a decision (as to) (=decide) what policy his government should adopt.
Have a care (about) what you say to her.

C. 双宾动词 + 间接宾语 + 各种直接宾语

19. S + DV + (to) N + N (John gave me a dog=John gave a dog to me.)
约有90个双宾动词可有两个名词或代词作间接宾语及直接宾语。如果直 接宾语紧跟在这些
动词后面，间接宾语可变成由to引起的短语，这些动词则成了及物动词：
He lent me his knife.=He lent his knife to me.
He left her ten thousand dollars.=He left ten thousand dollars to her.
跟多例句：
a. He gave John a cigarette (or an English lesson).
He offered me tea (or a position, a bribe).
He offered me tea (or a position, a bribe).
He handed his brother the salt (or the letter).
He delivered them the goods (or a letter, the message).
He passed me the butter.
He brought me my book (or a cup of tea).
He took 9or carried) me an umbrella.
He left me some cakes (or a free choice).
He returned me the book (or an angry look), threw me a magazine (or a word).
He tossed (or cast, flung) the beggar a penny.
b. He provided (or furnished, supplied) us (with) food and everything necessary, presented me
(with) a good dictionary. (用with时较不用时为多)
It afforded me an opportunity (or great pleasure, satisfaction).
He rendered his boss a service (or assistance, the account).
He tendered me his resignation (or his service).
He administered me a blow.
He caused (or occasioned) me so much pain (or anxiety, heavy loss, inconvenience, some
trouble).
He dealt me a scolding.
c. He granted me an audience (or a credit, a holiday, a request).
He meted us out reward and punishment.
He allowed them more time (or a holiday, ten dollars).
He awarded me the prize (or full marks).
He accorded her the privilege (or a warm welcome, due praise).
He refused me admittance (or the request, this favor, the loan of a book).
He denied me nothing (or justice, all comfort, help).
He (be) grudged me my salary (or my honor).
He barred no friends his house.
d. He assigned me a duty (or a small room).
He allotted me a garden (or a few exercises).
He prescribed me a milk diet (or a duty).
He apportioned us different duties.
He issued me a permit (or a driving license).
The hardware store shipped me a big machine (or some utensils).
He forwarded (or sent, dispatched, posted, mailed) her a parcel.
They paid me the salary (or the taxi fare, the tuition, the price).
They reimbursed me the costs.
They advanced me a month’s salary (or 1000 dollars).
They remitted me a thousand dollars.
They lent me some money.
They owed me a debt (or thanks, obligations).
They sold rich customers good diamonds and sold others poor goods.
They charged me no tuition (or a dollar).
They loaned me their car.
They rented me a house.
e. He played me a tune (or a piece).
He sang me a Japanese song (=sing a Japanese song to me or for me).
He extended us a warm welcome.
He stood me champagne.
He served me a good dinner.
He fed his dog beef.
He wishes me good luck (or good evening, every joy, a safe journey, the compliments of the
season, a good night).
He bade me a welcome (or adieu, good morning).
He waved me adieu (or a greeting).
He nodded me a welcome (or approval).
He bowed me his heartiest thanks.
He paid them a visit (or his respects).
f. He wrote me letters (or a few lines).
He answered me nothing (or not a word, a question).
He scrawled me a note.
He read me the letter (or a poem, a lesson).
He told me a story (or everything).
He foretold me my future.
He showed me his care (or much kindness).
He pointed me out my mistake.
He whispered me a piece of news.
He telegraphed (or wired, faxed, cabled) me full details (or the current price).
He transmitted me a message.
He taught me Chinese (or music, a lesson, singing, obedience).
He preached us a very good sermon.
He pledged me his friendship.
He put me a question.
He quoted me an instance.
g. He bequeathed (or willed) his children a large fortune (or all his property).
He left me a large fortune.
They yielded the enemy their position.
They ceded him the land.
They conceded his the privileges (or the favors he asked).
They guaranteed me satisfaction (or regular employment, punctual arrival).
They insured (or assured) me success (success to me or for me).
They promised me assistance.
He recommended me a good book (or a good servant).
They did him harm (or honor, good, justice, wrong, credit, a favor, a good turn, an injustice,
an injury, a kindness, a service).
They caused us a lot of mischief.
They made him a visit (or an offer, a promise, no reply, some answers).

直接宾语亦称作事物宾语（Thing-Object），而间接宾语亦称作表人宾语（Person- Object）。
不过间接间或也指事物：
He never gives the matter a second thought, does not give the plan a trial, wished it a happy
ending, allowed his imagination a full play.
直接宾语可以是代词：
Don’t tell her that. He told his brother that. Who asked you this?
Who gave it (to) you? We gave it (to) him. I will pay it (to) you all.

尽管上 面句中的间接宾语可以变作to引起的短语，但这种短语少用为宜，但在下面这类句
子中，却用以to引 起的短语较好：
To you, I give this.（间接宾语为了强调而提前）
To the President, I write this letter.
To whom do you give it?（和一个疑问代词连用）
Who do you give it to?
Which boy do you sing to, Mary?
The man to whom you told the story is my uncle.（和关系代词连用）
I have given to him.（直接宾语省略）
I will write to him.
Please deliver to John.
I have given the book to Mary, the best student in class.（间接宾语比直接宾语更长更重要）
I only teach English to students who are truly anxious to learn.