father什么意思朗文听力unit 3

2020年11月25日发(作者：容肇祖)
Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobias
TEACHER: Good afternoon. Today we're going to turn to a new topic in psychology
and start looking at some specific psychological problems. There are a variety of
mental problems that can affect us in our daily lives-some are not so serious, like a
fear of cats or of insects, and others are more serious. Now as psychologists, we try to
study these different problems and find ways to help people.I want to start the
discussion by talking about a fairly common kind of psychological problem-a phobia,
that's P-H-O- B-I-A. First, I'll explain what a phobia is and then I'll talk about some
theories on why people have phobias. As you probably know, a phobia is a fear. So do
any of you have phobias? Oh, come on, you can tell me; I'm a psychologist. Yes,
Monica?
STUDENT 1: I have a fear of swimming. I don't like to go near the ocean.
TEACHER: OK, that's not an unusual phobia. Anyone else? Ali?
STUDENT 2: I hate dogs. I mean, I just don't like them. When I see a big dog,
actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.
TEACHER: OK, that's another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those examples
of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear; it is an extreme fear―a very strong fear.
For example, my brother,who's a successful artist, had computer phobia. He didn't
simply dislike using computers. He used to have a very strong fear of using them.
Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia. People display
these three characteristics if they have a phobia, not just a normal fear. Now first, a
phobia is not a rational response. It's a very strong reaction, too strong for the
situation. For my brother, this meant he had a very strong physical reaction if
someone asked him to use a computer. He started shaking violently and had trouble
breathing. Once, he even started choking. Physical reactions like this are common.
Second, a phobia often lasts for a long time, for months or even years. In my brother’s
case, it lasted several years. Third, the reaction is too strong for a person to control.
For example, even if my brother told himself not to be afraid at the computer, it didn't
help. He still felt very afraid. Usually, people avoid whatever it is they are so afraid of.
So, in my brother’s case, he avoided using a computer.
OK, so those are the three characteristics of phobias. It's an extreme, irrational
response, it's long-lasting, and it’s uncontrollable.
STUDENT 3: So uncontrollable means even if you try to control it, you can't?
TEACHER: Yes, it means you can't control it by trying to deny you feel the phobia.
There are ways to treat phobias, and we'll talk about those in a minute. Yes?
STUDENT 4: What happened to your brother? Did he get over it?
TEACHER: Yes, he did. The main thing was that he decided that he wanted to get
over it, and he was treated by a psychologist. Now he uses computers all the time.
OK, so let's spend a minute going over some classifications of phobias. Phobias are
classified by the thing or situation that the person fears. Greek or Latin names are
usually used to describe the fear. Here's an example: hypno, H-Y-P-N-O, means sleep,
so fear of sleep is hypnophobia. Cyno, C-Y-N-O,means dog. So a fear of dogs is ...
cynophobia, right? Here's another example. Aerophobia. Listen to the first part, Aero.
What's the fear? Aero as in airplane-aerophobia is fear of flying.