三个小是什么字：翻译的基本技巧--分句法与合句法

2020年11月29日发(作者：叶淇)
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英汉翻译基本技巧——分句与合句
Basic Translation Skills: Division & Combination


What is division and combination？
分句法
是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个上的句子。
合句法
把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。

Types of division
一、单词分译
二、短语分译
三、句子分译

分译之一：单词分译
单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词分译成一个句子。
原因：句 法上的需要，由于有的词在搭配及词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，而
把单词分译出来能使句 子通顺。

另外，有的时候为了加强语气，突出重点，也会使用单词分译。
英语中名词、形容词以及副词、动词都可以分译。

A. 分译副词
1）Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。
2) They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.
他们没有回答，这完全是意料之中的事。
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3) The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their achievements in aviation industry.
中国似乎为他们在航天事业上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。

B. 分译形容词
1）That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出来的。
2) The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is
incredible--- about one in four.
大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。
3) Films, gramophone records and magnetic tapes will provide them with a bewildering
amount of information.
电影、唱片和录音磁带给他们提供大量资料，这样使他们感到不知所措。

C. 分译名词
1) He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。
2）As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for
a revolutionary new place, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively
masking its activity…
作为居住 的地方，这里有许多不足之处。但作为完全新型飞机的秘密训练基地却是非常
理想的。它地处边陲，人们 不易了解其中的活动……
3) Much of the historical splendor of China strains the imagination of Western people:
its expanse, its cultural diversity, the length of its history, the beautiful objects
produced thousands of years ago with a technology that still makes the experts gasp.
中国历史上的许多辉煌成就令许多西方人心驰神往：其内容博大精深，其文化多姿多彩，其
历史悠长久远 ，她在数千年之前在制作众多极品中所使用的精湛技艺至今还令专家们惊叹不
已。
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分译之二：短语分译
A. 分译分词短语
把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
1) They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.
他们在群众家里感到很自在，行动时心里踏实，无忧无虑。
2) He had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of his
power.
被剥夺了权利之后，他只好辞职，流落他乡。

B. 分译名词短语
(1) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的定律。
(2) The military is forbidden to
（政府）禁止军方“击毁”这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁该艇并怎么费事。

C. 分译介词短语
1) It was at a banquet in London in honour of one of the two or three conspicuously
(显眼地) illustrious（杰出的） English military names of this generation.
事情发生在伦敦的一次宴会上。这次宴会是为当代英国声名显赫的两三位军官将领之一举行
的。
2) In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not
in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yan’an.
1946年8月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路过中国；由于我 丈夫已经在战争中牺牲了，
当时我并不急于回去，就到了延安。

分译之三：句子分译
1. 简单句的分译
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2. 并列句的分译
3. 复合句的分译

1. 简单句的分译
(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 （在主谓连接处拆译）
(2) His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first
convenient shade.
他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。他于是下决心，一碰到舒适的阴凉处，就坐下休息。

2. 并列复合句拆译
并列英语复合句常常在分句连接处加以切分，译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如：
The recruitment of Chinese labor was not universally accepted in the racially
conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their
appearance in large numbers.
译文：在种族意识十分强烈的19 世纪的美国，招募中国劳工的做法并非普遍为人 们所接受。
由于工地上出现大批中国劳工，某些白人工人感到心绪不安。
（在连词and 处切分）
3. 主从复合句的分译
英语复合句汉译时常在分句连接处加以切分，分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people
are justly famous throughout the world.
译文：我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻名世界的。
（在定语从句前拆译）
二、合句法
（一）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句（Simple sentence）译成一个单句。
(1) Syme had vanished. A morning came. And he was missing from work.
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赛母失踪了。第二天早晨也不见他来工作。
(2) He was very clean. His mind was open.
他为人单纯而坦率。
(3) The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings
had been stolen.
这个年轻人真惨，已落到身无分文的地步，因为他的全部积蓄都被偷了。

（二）把原文中的并列复合句（Compound sentence）译成一个单句。
1）From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.
译文：阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。
2）The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light。
译文：十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。

（三）把原文中的主从复合句（Complex sentence）译成一个单句。
(1) When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being
polite.
我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
（2）When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.
我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃点东西。

Exercises
1) He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm
which attended his arduous labors.
他访问了许多地方，到处受到热烈的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是经常受到热烈欢迎的。
（此句原文中有两个定语从句，将这样一个英文长句翻译成两个独立的句子，意思更清楚。）
2) They try to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout
the country.
他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈猛，遍及全国。
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3) They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. People came to and fro there.
他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看书。
4) Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his determination
to go to the front.
夜幕降临，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。


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