我喜欢张晓风：《语言学》术语及英文解释

2020年11月30日发(作者：党晴梵)
《语言学》术语及英文解释
Define the following terms:
feature:are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creati vity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,ge functions inclucle imformative
function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative
function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously
inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic ic analysis in
linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of
phonetics and emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as
meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the
investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as
its point of grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, down
rules for language use.
9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of
linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are
composed of elements of the and each of the two levels has its own principles of
organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users
to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of
communication.
13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular
studies.
15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as
psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence es of
macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et
16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are
involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative
coarticulation.
22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad
transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use
of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place
to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of tin
toccurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phonemet.
27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of
the air can be perceived.
28．Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual
relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the
vocal tract.
29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal
tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from
another.
31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same
ones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International
Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of is a comprised system
employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek
letters,diacritics,etc.
33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single
sound principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.
34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound principle
suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a
unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the
meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as
classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional
affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of
the stems to which they are attached.
38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another
morpheme(the root or stem).
39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a example,in English the plural mortheme is
but it is pronounced differently in different environments assin cats,asz in dogs and asiz in
,z,and iz are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added
to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)
46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with
semantic interpretation.
47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and
pronouns.
48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and
quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49. open- class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as
nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the
initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two
words.
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51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in
some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully
borrowed.
53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily
modified headword.
55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an
imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more
specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.
58. dissimilation: the influence one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that
the sounds become less alike,or different.
59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the
origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be
analogous
60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of
speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of
subject,predicate,etc.
61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a
syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all
present.
63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular
place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.
64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate
constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their
own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or
approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the
an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.
66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any
of its constituents.
67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,
underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the
underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.
68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely
corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government
relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.
70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar,
which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.
71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of
the communication.
72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own
consciousness.
ersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression
of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting
things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..
74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the
situation in which it is used.
75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative
content.
76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.
77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.
78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word
denotes.
79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.
80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.
81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.
82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each
field completely,such as male,female,absent.
83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.
84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a
positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.
85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and
spatial are always two entities presupposes the other. The
shorter,better; are instances of relational opposites.
86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is
included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)
87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, class name.A superordinate usually has several
animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,
88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>
89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the
meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can
take, requires a human subject.
91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth
conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.
92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with
reference.
93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.
94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one
element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.
95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the saaumes a
“recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion
element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it
are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with
each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains
active.
96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide
an appropriate context for it.
97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent
usage in language.
98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has
said,and so includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,
a specific context.
99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each
word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.
ge perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.
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101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the
understanding of language.
102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to
make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.
103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to
make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.
104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: of I saw a bat,where
a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.
105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.
106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each
governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.
107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally
pupils learning lat in grammar.
108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a is a property of
propositions that they have truth values.
109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic
linguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all
with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being
concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).
110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar, a purported account of structures represented
in the mind of a opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of
simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.
112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.
113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng.
114. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of
rules,conventions,ing the skilled use of language in a guished by in the
late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.
115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”
116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,ge determines
thought.
117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,’s no limit to the
structural diversity of languages.
stic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by
nothing less than women’s place in society.
inguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at
structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.
inguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand
sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.
121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social
starts and phonological variations.
122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a
constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.
123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.
124. locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of
syntax,lexicon,and .,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s
intention.
126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence
of,or the change brought about by the utterance.
127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable
to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates
intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
ment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.”Mary
is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.
ive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is
ostensive-infer- ential.
130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the
presumption of its own optimal relevance.
131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of
communication,necessarily have.
132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale, your contribution necessary
(on,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).
133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex andor expression when a
corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted
as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have
conveyed).
aints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that
information provided is the most the speaker is able to..
-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually
called a third –person narrator.
136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the
story,relating the story after the event.
speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
ct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
ct speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.
or’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage
can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than
indirect speech representation would be.
or”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the
thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech example,,she considered
his unpunctuality.
ct thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are
exactly as that used to present indirect example,she thought that he woule be late.
indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and
indirect speech features.
or’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the
thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech spent the day
thinking.
ct thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are
exactly as that used to present indirect example,she thought that he would be late.
indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and
indirect speech features.
or”s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their
characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech spent the day thinking.
indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are
exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, was bound to be late.
thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly
the same as those used to represent a speech..
150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk
drives,programs,etc.
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er literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and
computer software.
er linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human
language.
: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or
learning of a second or foreign language.
mnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into
appropriate lessons,material,etc.
area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or offer
teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience
with target language.
-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one
disk with quich access to the ts and teachers can access information quickly and
efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.
e translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one
language to another.
dance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of perhaps even
a part of speech in a computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a
context,which is a further aid to the can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so
that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.
tion: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain
text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,
tion: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain
text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.
ational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of
actrvity discussed in this information retrieval system does not infor( the knowledge
of)the user on the subject of his merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and
whereabouts of documents relating to his request.
nt representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between
documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval covers specifically a
logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information
retrieval.
ion: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.
: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.
d linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and
teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc
icative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting
language to communicative use.
us:the planning of course of is a description of the cousr content,teaching
procedures and learning experiences.
anguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in
the process of learning a language, language system between the target language and the learner’s
native language.
169. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second structures of the two
languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in
structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.
ty: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to are four kinds of
validity,t validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.
ility: can be defined as are two kinds of reliability,ity reliability,and
equiralence reliability.
orrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both frequency,ssing
the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target,ing the use of a form
inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas
as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing post- vocalicr in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.
te point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into
individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
ative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual
points of phonology,syntax and lexis.