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游山西村诗意:考研英语(二)分类真题11

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2020-11-30 20:13
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地形对气候的影响-初一英语语法

2020年11月30日发(作者:穆修)
考研英语(二)分类真题11
(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)
一、Reading Comprehension(总题数:0,分数:0.00)
二、Part A(总题数:0,分数:0.00)
三、Text 1(总题数:1,分数:20.00)
Whatever else went wrong in the world this year, no one can complain about a shortage of celebrity
breakups. From Jennifer Aniston
from Nick Lachey in December, 2005 was filled with ruined romance. But hold the tears—at least
for the ex-wives. Bad marriages might have been making them sick. Researchers say that long-term
anger and hostility between partners is much more dangerous for women than men and can impair
our immune system and put us at risk for depression, high blood pressure and even heart disease.
In a study published in the current issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry, Dr. Janice
Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues at Ohio State University recruited 42 healthy couples who had
been married an average of 12 years to spend two 24-hour stretches in a hospital research unit.
On the first visit, the couples were encouraged to be loving and supportive of each other. On
the second visit, they talked about their areas of conflict. On each visit, a special vacuum tube
created blister wounds on their arms that were monitored for healing. The most hostile couples
took an average of a day longer to heal. marital interactions really enhance production
of stress hormones, especially for women,
for women than for men.
What makes women so vulnerable to a husbandhostility? Kiecolt-Glaser, a professor of psychiatry
and psychology, says women remember both positive and negative interactions more than men because
they
broader social networks than men, she says, and they
their networks—a friend, a child, or a sister in trouble. That sensitivity is especially acute
when it comes to their most intimate relationship, with their husband. A common laboratory strategy
for studying marriage, Kiecolt-Glaser says, is to watch couples talk about a disagreement and
then have each partner rate their own and their spousebehavior. ratings of the behavior
are much closer to the outside observercodings of hostility than menshe says. simply
don
Long-term unhappy marriages have serious health consequences. In another study published earlier
this year in the Archives of Internal Medicine, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh
and San Diego State University looked at data from more than 400 healthy women who were followed
for 13 years before and after menopause. They found that marital dissatisfaction tripled a woman
chances of having metabolic syndrome, a group of heart-risk factors. Only widows were more likely
to have metabolic syndrome than the unhappy wives; even divorced and single women had better
health- risk profiles.
What should you take away from all this? Kiecolt-Glaser says couples should learn to keep hostility
in check. relationships are stressed,she says, see a tat
where things really escalate. The most important thing is to cut that off early.(分数:20.00)
(1).The marital status of the celebrities is mentioned in the beginning to show ______(分数:
4.00)
popular divorce is among famous people
hostility between partners might end up in divorce
divorce has become less popular even among celebrities
divorce may be a better option than bad marriages √
解析:[解析] 第一段提到今年许多名人离异,但作者 接着说,不要忙着为这些离异的妇女流泪,因为糟糕
的婚姻可能会使她们得病(言外之意,离异对她们来 说可能是件好事)。可见,作者提到这些名人的婚姻状
况,目的是为了说明本文的主题:夫妻间的对抗可 能会削弱女人的免疫系统,损害她们的健康。
(2).The objective of Dr. Kiecolt-Glaser(分数:4.00)
r bad marriages damage women√
hostile marital relationship can best be handled
has caused tension between husbands and wives
long-term anger hurts women without hurting their husbands
解析:[解析] 第一段最后一句提到了研究的目的。这句话的意思是:研究者说,夫妻间长期的怨恨和 敌对
情绪对女人比对男人要危险得多,这可能损害我们的免疫系统,使我们有患各种疾病的危险。第二段 最后
一句也提到了类似内容,照应了第一段最后一句。注意:本文作者是女性,因此她用了“我们”。
(3).What Dr. Kiecolt Glaser says at the end of the third paragraph means that ______(分数:
4.00)
are as rational as outsiders when dealing With marital problems
outside observer knows better when hostility arises
are more sensitive to hostile feelings than men are √
are particularly sensitive to their husbands
解析:[解析] 在第三段最后Kiecolt-Glaser说:“与男人相比,女 人对其丈夫行为的评价,与旁观者对
敌意的描述非常相近。男人根本不这样看。”所谓“相近”指女人和 旁观者都把夫妻间的表现看作是产生
了敌意,而丈夫们不这样认为。这句话实际上说的就是本段的主题: 女人比男人更敏感,特别是在夫妻感
情方面。
(4).Which of the following groups of women are most vulnerable to the metabolic syndrome?(分
数:4.00)
ed women.
. √
y wives.
women.
解析:[解析] 根据第四段第三、四句,在几种妇女中比较而言,寡妇患新陈代谢综合征的可能性最大。
(5).What advice does Dr. Kiecolt-Glaser give to unhappy wives?(分数:4.00)
a divorce.
no notice of any hostility.
s bad feelings directly.
straightforward confrontation. √
解析:[解析] 在最后一段,Kiecolt-Glaser博士提出了建议,其中提到夫妻应该学会 控制自己的敌对情
绪,尽早消除对抗状态。所谓“尽早消除”不是说要赶快离婚,而是说不要让敌对情绪 进一步发展,也即
不要选择针锋相对的对抗方式。
四、Text 2(总题数:1,分数:20.00)
If I could guarantee one thing in life it would be change—the fact that it will happen even when
we resist it. It is the constant motion in our lives and its power should not be taken lightly
or underestimated.
Change is personal, change is powerful. Think about the magnitude of the word when we talk about
changing ourselves. Your desire to change may come from wanting to improve yourself in some way
from the inside out. I am certainly glad when I hear this from people, because at our very core
there is always work to be done. Maybe it
replenishing our soul when a painful situation has left us feeling mentally, physically or
spiritually depleted. Maybe it
ourselves to treat ourselves better.
Things that sound easy to change can actually be the hardest things weever done, and because
of this itto internalize the changes we want to make by journaling and writing down
our goals. We say we
times have these regular conversations remained just that conversations, insignificant words that
could have been powerful if we had backed up our talk with a timeline for change? I
about living a life where our words become the framework for positive actions—a life in which
we stop wishing for a better job or more time with our children or better bodies, and instead
think about what we must do to spur the change for ourselves.
The impact that change has on each of us is incredible. The mere one-syllable word causes many
of us to become fearful—at just the thought of doing something differently, trying something
new or challenging ourselves in ways we never have before. The prospect of changing behaviors
and thoughts that have stifled our progress should be something that we welcome. In casual
conversations many people tell me they welcome change—but behind closed doors they admit they
terrified. They are afraid of the realization that what they are doing today could be altered
dramatically in a mere twenty-four hours.
I can say with confidence that change has such an impact on our lives simply because it is a
universal element that we all must confront. Each moment of the day we are consciously and
subconsciously taking in new information and reprocessing old information in our brains. This
constant influx and exchange has the ability to alter the way we view situations in our lives.
Perhaps we have changed a belief or come to terms with something, or maybe we now disagree with
someone because, as they tell us, weThe transformation is brought on by something
that resonates with us or encourages us to consider a new perspective. When this happens, it
a real breakthrough, isn(分数:20.00)
(1).The text is mainly about ______(分数:4.00)
impact changes can have on us
it is difficult to change ourselves in life
to create successful changes in life √
we can find confidence in life
解析:[解析] 本 文作者认为,变化是我们生活中的一个普遍原则(第一段和最后一段),它能以意想不到的
方式改变我们 的身心生活,使我们不断改进自己(第二段和第三段)。据此作者认为,我们不应该惧怕改变
自己(第四 段),不能把变化仅仅挂在嘴上(第三段),要积极促进自己的进步和变化。
(2).The author suggests that it is time to seek a change when ______(分数:4.00)
find ourselves stuck in a situation √
realize the magnitude of the word
is a constant motion in our life
are too many difficulties ahead of us
解析:[解析] 第二段提到,当我们处于一种痛苦的状态时,我们应该改变自己,使自己摆脱身心的痛苦,
重新振作自己 。
(3).In advocating changes, the author attaches more importance to ______(分数:4.00)



gs
解析:[解析] 第三段提到,我们之所以难以改变自 己,主要原因是我们说得太多而做得太少。我们应该把
话语转化为行动,积极促进变化的发生。
(4).It is implied that one of the inherent characteristics of change is the ______(分数:4.00)
istency in attitude towards life
ss towards a better life
for the unknown √
ormation of an undesirable habit
解析:[解析] 第四段中提 到,我们之所以不愿意改变自己,是因为我们已经习惯了现在的所作所为,惧怕
改变自己以后带来的新的 、未知的情景。在作者看来,我们应该欢迎变化,不仅因为变化可以使我们改进
自己,还因为变化是我们 生活的一个普遍原则。
(5).We change ourselves primarily because we are able to ______(分数:4.00)
clearly about past things
an innate call to go ahead
e and reprocess information √
and then get rid of pains
解析:[解析] 最后一段提到,我们具有接 受新信息和不断重新处理旧信息的能力,这种能力是促使我们改
变的主要原因。
五、Text 3(总题数:1,分数:20.00)
In 1981 Kenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, climbed over a safety fence at a Kawasaki plant
to carry out some maintenance work on a robot. In his haste, he failed to switch the robot off
properly. Unable to sense him, the robotpowerful hydraulic arm kept on working and accidentally
pushed the engineer into a grinding machine. His death made Urada the first recorded victim to
die at the hands of a robot.
This gruesome industrial accident would not have happened in a world in which robot behaviour
was governed by the Three Laws of Robotics drawn up by Isaac Asimov, a science fiction writer.
The laws appeared in I, Robot, a book of short stories published in 1950 that inspired a recent
Hollywood film. But decades later the laws, designed to prevent robots from harming people either
through action or inaction, remain in the realm of fiction. Indeed, despite the introduction of
improved safety mechanisms, robots have claimed many more victims since 1981.
With robots now poised to emerge from their industrial cages and to move into homes and workplaces,
roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these
concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from
harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences—an international group of scientists,
academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear
weapons—the new group of robo- ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced
their initial findings in March at the meeting.
Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is

Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians? These questions may seem esoteric but in
the next few years they will become increasingly relevant. According to the UN Economic Commission
for Europe
tripled, nearly outstripping their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more
than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers. In light of all this, it is crucial that we
start to think about safety and ethical guidelines now.
Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they
will increasingly have self learning mechanisms built into them, says Gianmarco Veruggio, a
roboticist at the Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation in Genoa, Italy. As a result,
their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully, since they will not be behaving in
predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go.(分数:20.00)
(1).The word (分数:4.00)
cted
c
le √
l
解析:[解析] This gruesome industrial accident当然是指第一段提到的事故,第一段讲述了Kenji Urada
惨死在机器人手下的经过。gruesome意为causing horror or fright。
(2).By saying that Three Laws of Robotics...remain in the realm of fictionthe author means
that ______(分数:4.00)
kinds of robots keep cropping up in science fictions
kers are still keen on adapting science fictions to movies
that are based on safety laws are not yet a reality √

解析:[解析] 这里说基 于三个定律来设计的机器人仍然只存在于科幻领域,实际上是说这样的机器人还没
有被设计出来,也即不 存在。这句话的意思由其下一句话的意思可以准确推出。
(3).The new group of robo-ethicists are like the Pugwash Conferences in that they ______(分
数:4.00)
also concerned about the use of advanced technology in war
to coordinate international efforts in coping with robot safety √
t to prevent developing robotic fighter planes for war
to prevent widespread use of robots for household work
解析:[解析] 从第三、四段谈到的内容来看,这个新组织显然是想在国际范围内制定开发和利用机器 人的
一些条约和规范(guideline)。
A:本文主要谈为工厂以外使用机器人制定规范,以确保使用者安全的问题。
(4).The newly heightened concern about robot safety is caused by ______(分数:4.00)
increased number of deaths caused by industrial robots
increased number of domestic and service robots √
failure to design safer robots for industrial use
lack of regulations in designing and using robots
解析:[解析] 这是第三、四段所主要表 达的内容。起初机器人主要用于工厂环境中,造成了一些工业事故,
现在,随着机器人越来越多地用于家 庭和服务,机器人专家开始对其安全性担忧,因此建议制定相应的规
范。可见,机器人在工厂环境以外被 广泛地使用,是造成机器人专家目前对机器人安全问题担忧的主要原
因。
(5).It is difficult to develop safe robots because ______(分数:4.00)
c technology has found wide applications
environment in which robots work is usually dangerous
ent countries have different versions of robots
do not work only by following instructions √
解析:[解析] 最后一段提 到了为什么没计出安全的机器人如此难:因为专家们设计的机器人将被安装上自
我学习装置,能不按照预 先设定的方式改变自己的行为。
六、Text 4(总题数:1,分数:20.00)
Higher demand from developing countries and oil producers is offsetting the lower demand of wealthy
countries. Consumption in these countries will rise 3 percent in 2008, or 1.2 million barrels
a day, projects the International Energy Agency. Many of these countries subsidize fuel so that
final customers are insulated from price increases. Gasoline is about 25 cents a gallon in
Venezuela and about 60 cents in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.
Therebeen a huge transfer of power to oil producers. Even at $$100 a barrel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait
and the United Arab Emirates will earn almost $$8 trillion in oil revenues between now and 2020,
estimates the McKinsey Global Institute. More troubling are the political implications.
has really strengthened the Iranians, Russians and Venezuelans to be more provocative in the
world,
control crude supplies, private companies have dominated distribution. Anyone can buy oil at a
price. Now oil could become a political commodity, used by governments to cement their alliances,
offered to friends at a discount; withheld from rivals.
How can we retrieve some of our lost power? The first thing is to get out of denial. Stop blaming
oil companies,
need to expand oil and natural-gas drilling in the United States, including Alaska. No, we can

on global markets. It might take 10 years or more, because new projects are huge undertakings.
But delay will only aggravate our future problems, just as past errors aggravate present problems.
Finally, we need to let high prices work. Aside from encouraging fuel- efficient vehicles and
disciplining driving habits, they may also stimulate development of new biofuels from wood chips,
food waste and switch grass. Production costs of these fuels may be in the range of $$1 a gallon.
If true, that
wouldn
a barrel, about 40 percent to 60 percent of today
with a standby tariff. It would activate only if prices hit the threshold. We know that oil prices
are unpredictable, and should a price collapse occur, Americans wouldnbe deluded into thinking
we(分数:20.00)
(1).In the first paragraph the author implies that ______(分数:4.00)
oil shock is caused by increased overall petroleum demand √
ping countries are not economical in their use of oil
price of gasoline in oil-producing countries should be raised
is necessary for rich countries to subsidize oil to protect the consumers
解析:[解析] 第一段提到了日益高涨的石油需求对石油价格的推动作用,并提 到发展中国家对石油价格的
补贴也是造成石油价格上涨的原因。
(2).One of the political implications of the present oil price rise is the fear that ______
(分数:4.00)
the oil-rich countries will be allied to control the world
e companies will take over crude control from governments
oil-rich countries will plot to push the price even higher
ambitious countries use it as a diplomatic instrument √
解析:[解析] 在第二段作者指出,石油价格上涨所带来的政治影响更令 人感到不安(troubling)。下文接
着引用了Larry Goldstein的话,他担心伊 朗、俄罗斯和委内瑞拉等主要石油生产国会因此变得更好斗。
本段最后提到,石油可能成为政治商品,被 那些不友好的石油生产国利用来达到拉帮结伙的目的。
A:是不对的,第二段只提到了几个对美国等 西方国家不友好的国家,并没有提到“所有”产油国都把石油
当成了一种拉帮结伙的政治工具。
(3).Which of the following measures can be taken to offset the oil shock?(分数:4.00)
to terms with oil producers.
ing more natural gas to replace oil.
sing oil supplies by one√
friendly countries to increase production.
解析:[解析] 第三、四段提到了一些降低油价的措施。其中第三段建议说美国应该加强在阿拉斯加等 地的
石油和天然气开采。作者说,这虽然不能帮助美国彻底解决问题,甚至也不能立刻解决问题,但至少 能缓
解对全球石油市场的压力。美国政府应该立刻做出决策,以防形势进一步恶化。
(4).What can be done to protect the new biofuel producers when oil price falls?(分数:4.00)
raise the price of these biofuels.
set a floor price for oil. √
subsidize these biofuels.
produce vehicles with cleaner fuel.
解析:[解析] 第四段提到鼓励开发新的生物能源的问题。第五句中提到的new pr oducers指新的生物能源
的开发商,而不是指石油生产商或生产国。如果油价急剧下跌,这些新的 生物能源开发商就可能被逐出市
场(be wiped out),所以,为了保护它们的利益,保证它 们不被逐出市场,作者建议为石油设定一个基价。
油价一旦低于这个基价,就可以通过机动的税收政策将 油价推回到基价之内。
(5).What is the text mainly about?(分数:4.00)
effect of oil shock on rich countries.
causes of oil price increases.
lessons learned from the oil shock. √
search for alternative fuels.
解析:[解析] 文章第一段提到了 造成石油价格上涨的原因,第二段提到石油价格上涨可能给世界带来的影
响,第三、四段则提到了美国应 该如何面对和应付这一形势。第三段最后一句和第四段最后两句都提出了
警告:我们必须正视目前的问题 ,吸取教训,不能再犯以前犯过的错误。可见,本文的重点不是谈造成石
油价格上涨的原因(这仅仅是第 一段的主题),也不是谈石油价格上涨对富国的影响(第二段谈到的不仅仅是
石油价格上涨对富国的影响 ,而是对全球形势的影响),而是如何接受以前的教训,采取措施应对目前的形
势。
七、Text 5(总题数:1,分数:20.00)
Once upon a time, the only ideologically acceptable explanations of mental differences between
men and women were cultural. Any biologist who dared to suggest in public that perhaps evolution
might work differently on the sexes, and that this might perhaps result in some underlying
neurological inequalities, was likely to get tarred and feathered.
Today, by contrast, biology tends to be an explanation of first resort in matters sexual. So it
is beneficiary to come across an experiment which shows that a newly discovered difference which
fits easily, at first sight, into the biological-determinism camp, actually does not belong there
at all.
Writing in Psychological Science, a team led by ran Spence of the University of Toronto describes
a test performed on peopleability to spot unusual objects that appear in their field of vision.
Success at spatial tasks like this often differs between the sexes, so the researchers were not
surprised to discover a discrepancy between the two. The test asked people to identify an
man out
a 68% success rate. Women had a 55% success rate.
Had they left it at that, Dr. Spence and his colleagues might have concluded that they had uncovered
yet another evolved difference between the sexes, come up with a
in terms of division of labour on the African savannah, and moved on. However, they did not leave
it at that. Instead, they asked some of their volunteers to spend ten hours playing an action-packed,
shoot-video game, called of Honour: Pacific AssaultAs a control, other volunteers
were asked to play a decidedly non- action-packed puzzle game, called
time. Both sets were then asked to do the odd-man-out test again.
Among the Ballancers, there was no change in the ability to pick out the unusual. Among those
who had played
That is not surprising, given the different natures of the games. However, the improvement in
the women was greater than the improvement in the men—so much so that there was no longer a
significant difference between the two. Moreover, that absence of difference was long-lived. When
the volunteers were tested again after five months, both the improvement and the lack of difference
between the sexes remained. Though it is too early to be sure, it looks likely that the change
in spatial acuity—and the abolition of any sex difference in that acuity—induced by playing

That has several implications. One is that playing violent computer games can have beneficial
effects. Another is that the games might provide a way of rapidly improving spatial ability in
people such as drivers and soldiers. And a third is that although genes are important, upbringing
matters, too.
In this instance, exactly which bit of upbringing remains unclear. Perhaps it has to do with the
different games that boys and girls play. But without further research, that suggestion is as
much of a (分数:20.00)
(1).In the past, if a research suggested that sex differences were biological, he would ______
(分数:4.00)
taken for granted
accused of being biased √
honored in public
both sexes
解析:[解析] 第一段提到,由于一段时间内人们普遍认为两性的差异是文化上的(即后天形成的), 如果哪
位生物学家胆敢说二者的差异是有生物学基础的,那么他可能会受到斥责(被认为是为男女不平等 寻找先天
的理论基础)。
(2).In their experiment, Dr. Spence and his colleagues asked their subjects to ______(分数:
4.00)
be soldiers of both sexes in a war game
fy two strange-looking people
out a different object from similar ones √
out a strange man by describing his features
解析:[解析] 第二段提到,受试者被要求在相同物体背景下辨别出“不合群”的物体——与所有其他 物体
不同的物体。这里odd-man-out并非指古怪的人,而是指不同于其他东西(包括人)的物 体。这是一种常见
游戏,测试人的空间认知能力。
(3).The researchers find that several months later the women who played the war game ______
(分数:4.00)
what was inside the game
their spatial acuity turning duller
still ignorant of the name of the game
kept their enhanced spatial ability √
解析:[解析] 第五段第三句以后对此进行了具体说明。
(4).It is implied that the puzzle game
mainly because ______(分数:4.00)
isn√
trains the mind without training the body
is a peaceful game most suited to women
is game equally suited to men and women
解析:[解析] 作者在第三段介绍了选择这两种游戏做实验的原 因,二者主要的区别在于:一个游戏充满动
作和枪战场景,而另一个什么动作都没有。第五段提到,恰恰 是这两种游戏的不同性质决定了它们对受试
者的影响。
(5).We can conclude from the passage that ______(分数:4.00)
sex differences that look biological are really cultural √
. Spence
environment in which girls are reared doesn
should be brought up in a vast place like the African savannah
解析:[解析] 这是本文所主要说明的观点。所谓生物学上的差异,即指先天差异 ;所谓文化差异,即指后
天差异,换言之,是可以通过学习、训练、经验等改变的。

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