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描写树的四字词语:作文的题材和体裁 (精选)

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2020-11-30 22:59
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全国专科学校-苹果笔记本系统下载

2020年11月30日发(作者:明奇)
作文的题材和体裁 (精选)

作文的题材和体裁

一、四六级写作的要求

四级作文和六级作文的要求基本是相同的。

1. 篇幅:120-150字

达不到字数要求的,要酌情扣1-5分;

90-99 扣1分,80-90扣2分,70-79扣3分,60-69扣5分;

2. 布局:三段式

只写一段为0-4分,只写两段0-9分;

3. 评分标准:

2分--- 条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子
均有错误,但多数为严重错误; 5分- 基本切题。表达思
想不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误;

8分- 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不过清楚,文字勉强连
贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误;

11分- 切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误;

14分- 切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好。基本
上无语言错误,仅有个别小错误。

例如:

1) 有人认为机会是极少的

2) 有人认为机会人人都有

3) 我的看法

Sample 1

As to the opportunity, there is two different opinions:
first, someone think the opportunity is little in their
life. Secondly, someone consider that opportunity is
existing everywhere everybody has some kinds of chance.
According to my life experiment and knowledge I agree
with the second idea. There is chance for everyone in
some unexpected case. But if you has no preparing for
it, the opportunity will lose. Those who have many
preparation and much knowledge, and some good virtue,
may I quip the opportunity firmly. For example, two man
are appealing for a job in a company, and there is only
one vacant job for the only one of the two man. How,
the two man has an opportunity to get the job but the
boss certainly would accept the good one.

So I think the opportunity is existing to every one,
but more opportunity is belongs to who has knowledge,
experience, encourage and confident.

该篇文章条理不清,思想紊乱,语言支离破碎,几乎没有正
确的句子,得2分。

Sample 2

Some one thinks that the opportunity is very few for
him because he has never meet the chance. But other one
thinks there are chances here and there, then everyone
can meet opportunity.

I resist the second opinion. There to are some
opportunities, the important thing is that if we could
catch the chance when we meet it. In our lives we have
a lot of choice that need us take our heart to. For
example, when I was a little boy, my health was very
bad. One day a teacher advise me to join the basketball
with my friends. My health become well. So I think there
are opportunities for everyone.

该篇文章基本切题,但思想表达不清楚,有很多严重的语言
错误,属于5分档。

Sample 3

Some people think that they lack of opportunities,
while others think that everyone will face to some ones.
I agree to the latter.

In fact, we are living on the same world. Most of us
must deal with a lot of things every day. Some
people's circumstances are even the same, so do the
opportunities. However, why someone can grasp it but
others cannot? All this depends on the careful
observation and grasping the opportunity in time. For
instance, we students in our college, whose
circumstance are the same. We all should study a lot
of courses before we graduate. But some of us study hard
in order to learn more and well, while some don't.
In the end, the hard-working students get the better
jobs. At that time, there are some students who have
been playing all the time will say that they lack of
opportunities. As we know that the hard-working
students make the best use of their time and they
observe everything around them carefully, so that they
can grasp the opportunities in time.

In a word, the opportunity is equal to everyday, and
whether we can grasp it or not is critical.

该篇文章基本切题,有些地方表达不清,文字勉强连贯,但
语言错误较多,其中有一些为严重错 误。属于11分档。

Sample 4

People have different views on opportunity. Some think
that there are few opportunities for them in the world,
while others hold that everybody will have some kind
of chances in his or her life. As far as I am concerned,
I am for the latter. People who claim that they
don't have good luck may be those who are not able
to take chances. Maybe they fail to recognize
opportunities even when they are in front of them.
However, wise man wise men can seek opportunities
rather than wait for chances to appear. For example,
almost everybody had watched apples falling from apple
trees, but only Newton discovered the Law of Gravity.

In fact, no one can be denied of the access to
opportunity. People may have good luck sometimes, but
no one can be lucky all the time. As a saying goes, every
dog has its day. So everybody can have a chance to
succeed.

So we can conclude that everybody has the opportunity
to succeed, but it is up to himself to take it.

该篇文章切题,思想表达清楚,文章结构条理,行文连贯,
符合逻辑,属于14分档作文。

4. 行文要求

1) 切题:统一,无不相关细节内容;

Beethoven's demand for perfection meant long and
hard work. Unlike Mozart, he couldn't dash off
three great symphonies in six weeks. It doesn't
mean he was not as talented as Mozart. Beethoven's
music was different from Mozart's Sometime he
worked years on a single symphony, writing other works
at the same time. He carried music sketchbooks
everywhere, jotting down new ideas, revising and
refining old ones. These early notes often seem crude
and uninspired when compared with their final versions,
which were hammered out through great labor. Beethoven
was often in poverty, though he produced great music.

本段文字中红体部分显然与主题Beethoven's demand
for perfection meant long and hard work.无关,应该去
掉。

2) 条理清楚:连贯、和谐 - 注意衔接语的使用

In their hurry to get practical preparations for a
career, students often overlook the liberal arts
college. Yet, there are good reasons why they should
consider a liberal arts school, even if getting a job
is their main concern. For one thing learning itself
may be more exciting in a liberal arts college for the
its course is more flexible than that of a technical
school. Thus students may do better in their course and
earn higher grades, which will certainly make them more
attractive to employers. More important, a liberal arts
education is the most likely to develop one's
ability to think, to read, and write, which business
and industry are coming to value more and more. Finally,
students should realize that a liberal arts education
has always been a preferred path for top professions:
law, medicine, government, and education.

3) 简洁:句子要简练;

4) 准确:减少语法错误,符合英语的表达习惯,避免汉语
式英语;

5. 卷面:整洁

二、 四六级英语写作类型

1. 体裁:说明文,议论文

最近几年的四级作文的体裁以说明文和议论文为主。

说明文如:How to Succeed in a Job Interview (2000,
12,四级), How I Finance My College Education(2000,
1 四级), Practice Makes Perfect, Haste Makes Waste
(97,1 六级) 议论文如:Don't Hesitate to Say
"NO"(99,1 四级和六级), Can Money Buy
Happiness(95,1 四级), Is a Test of Spoken English
Necessary?(2000,6 四级) Reading Selectively or
Extensively? (99,6六级),Do "Lucky Numbers"
Really Bring Good Luck? (98,6 四级和六级)

2.段落类型:比较对比,列举,程序等

说明和议论文章所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较对照,
举例、列举、因果、程序等者居多。如 : Don't Hesitate
to Say "NO", Reading Selectively or
Extensively等很多四级写作中都涉及到 两种观点的对比,
整体的段落类型为对照型。

Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采用因果行的段落结构模式,也可以采用
举例说明的结构模式。Adv antages of a Job Interview则
应采用列举的段落扩展模式。

3. 出题方式:提纲式写作,中文提纲,一般为三句或两句;

如:99年1月份考题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty
minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don't
Hesitate to Say "NO". You should write at
least 100 words and you should base your composition
on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1. 别人请求帮助时,在什么情况下我们会说"不
"。

2. 为什么有些人在该说"不"的时候不说"
不"。

3. 该说"不"时不说"不"的坏处。

再如:98年一月份考题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty
minutes to write a composition on the topic:
Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at
least 100 words and you should base your composition
on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。
为什么会有这种现象?

2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

三、 四级英语写作模式

文章由段落组成,四级写作的布局要求成三段式的写作模
式,这就体现了由段落到篇章的结构模 式。首先,我们来看
一下英语段落的写作要求。

1. 段落

英语中的段落由三部分组成,即主题句、支撑细节和结论句。
篇章中的段落可以没有结论句,但 是一般应该有主题句。写
作中要求

1)开门见山提出主题

如下面一篇写作:

题目:"Good Health"提纲:

(1) Importance of good health(2) Ways to keep good
health(3) My own practices写作中可以将文章分成三段,
但注意每段主题要明确,并且于第一句中提出:

Good health is very important to everyone. With it, we
can study hard; we can serve the country; we can do
everything as we like. Without good health, everybody
knows, we will fail to do things; we can't work
efficiently; we may stay in hospital we'll become
a burden of our family, etc. In my opinion, there are
two ways to keep fit. First, we must eat a balanced diet.
This is to say, we must eat not only eggs, fish, and
meat, but also some vegetables and fruit everyday.
Besides eating, drinking clean water is also important.
Never get addicted to drinking the so-called "soft
drinks". Second, exercising is a vital part of our
daily life. We can do some running in the morning and
play football in the afternoon.

As a university student, I pay much attention to my
physical exercises. I do some swimming in summer and
some skating in winter. I often play badminton and
tennis. I'm also careful with my diet. In a way,
keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it
seriously.

2) 段落扩展模式要适当

英语文章的段落结构模式主要有:

(1)比较和对照

There are many differences between middle school and
the college. First, in middle school, we have to listen
to what the teacher says in class, to understand the
content of the text. But in college, we must study by
ourselves before class. If not, we couldn't follow
the teacher. Second, there are lots of rules in middle
school. For example, we should wear the uniform, the
girls must have their hair cut short, and we are not
allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However, in
college, we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes
we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair.
We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third,
in the middle school, we must study first. That means
we could do nothing but study. In contrast, we have to
do everything by ourselves in college. That means we
must plan our time carefully. There are also other
differences between our school life and our college
life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college
life.?

再如:

题目:"Positive and Negative Aspects of
Sports"提纲:

a. 体育运动的好处

b. 体育运动可能带来的副作用

c. 我参加体育活动的体会

Sports do us good in many respects (TS). It goes without
saying that taking exercises can build up our physical
strength. In collective sports like basketball,
volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance
of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we
will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the
competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after
a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes,
"there are two sides to everything", and
sports is without exception. We may hurt other players
or ourselves if we are not careful enough when
participating in sports activities. What's more,
excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.

My participation in sports tells me that sports can make
us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is
also a good way for people to know each other and can
promote friendship between people. So long as we are
carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.

就比较对照而言,段落格式可采用逐点比较
(point-by-point method)的方式,也可采用块状比较(block
method)的方式。

逐点比较的格式是

A 1 ---- B1;A2 --- B2 ;A3 --- B3块状比较的格式是:

A 1,2,3 ---- B1,2, 3上面第一例所采用的是逐点比较
的结构模式,而 第二例采用的却是块状比较的方式。

⑵ 列举

As far as political views are concerned, people fall
into three categories. First are the

conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to
sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.
These people are in favor of progress and reform. But
their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type
is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything
within reasonable litmus. They are more practical in
this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to
belong to this group.再如:

题目:Advantages of a Job Interview (95.6)提纲:

1.现在找工作一般都要面试,通过面试,面试者和应试者
可以相互了解情况。

2.面试者可以向应试者介绍情况,如工作性质、条件、待
遇等。

3.应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象,如可以表现
出自信心,可以介绍教育背景、工作 能力等。

Nowadays, when a person is hunting for a job, there will
always be a job interview and I think the job interview
has a lot of advantage. The interviewer and the
interviewee can know about each other from it. First,
the interviewer can tell something about the job to the
interviewee such as the salary, the working conditions
and something else that is relevant to the job. Then
the interviewee can decide whether the job is really
suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is
a good chance for the interviewee to show both his
ability and confidence. Then the interviewer can figure
out whether he is the right person for the job.

In a word, I think the interview will do good to both
the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview
the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of
them make the best of the job interview.

⑶ 因果

There are three reasons why some students cannot finish
their college studies. Some students fail in college
because their academic background is weak. For example,
one student might not have had an adequate mathematics
course in high school, so he fails his university math
class. Another student may not attend classes regularly;
as a result, he may not be able to pass the tests in
class since he does not know the answers. Next, because
of financial problems, other students may fail
university classes. For example, students who have to
take jobs don't have as much time to study;
consequently, they may fail their classes. Others may
give up their college study because they cannot stand
the strain of working and studying at the same time.
Finally, there are students who fail because their
energies are not directed toward their classes. Some
of these students are not interested in college, so they
spend their days doing other things. Some other
students, though enjoying college life, are distracted
by other activities parties, movies, sports, etc. So
they do not study enough, therefore, they fail. Because
of all these problems, numerous students fail in
college every year.

因果型段落只是将叙述重点集中在原因或结构之上,文章所
采用的扩展模式还是列举,列举原因 或结构。但在介绍原因
时,可以使用举例的方式。

(4)举例

举例的最明显标志是for examplefor instance的使用。
就整篇文章而 言,可以不是举例型文章,但其中的某一段落
可以采用举例的结构模式。如:

题目:Harmfulness of Fake Commodities (98.1)提纲:

1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品,为什么会有这种现
象?

2.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake
commodities. When you go to the supermarket, you may
buy some fake food commodities. When you go the
parmacist's, you may buy some fake medicine. The
deep root of this phenomenon lies in some one's
greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money
in a short time, they try every means to produce fake
commodities, without any regard for other people's
benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm
to both consumers and society. For example, when a
person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing
his disease and really a waster of money. Sometimes fake
medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are
usually sold at a low price. It causes unfair
competition in the market economy and puts the whole
society in disorder.

由于四六级写作一般都是说明和议论文,很少有时间型段落
布局和空间型结构布局。这里也就不 赘述。

2. 篇章

1) 篇章的组成

Introduction ---- Body ---- Conclusion如: The World
is Getting Smaller and Smaller提纲:

1. 现代化的交通工具越来越发达

2. 人与人之间的交往越来越频繁

3. 结论

More and more often we hear people say, "The world
is getting smaller and smaller!" (首段提出主题)

The first reason for that is we are now having more and
more advanced transportation. From bicycles to private
cars, from steam locomotives to electric locomotives,
from airplanes to rocket planes, the highly developed
transportation has greatly shortened the distance
which seemed too far to cover. Another reason is that
in this modern society we need to contact frequently
with each other. Every day we must deal with a lot of
people known or unknown to us to have our work done,
and the rapid development of traffic transportation
makes our frequent contact possible. (中间论证主题)

So we can reach the conclusion that the world will get
smaller and smaller with the development of our society.
(结论重述主题)

由于四六级作为对布局的要求是三段式,同学们在写作中就
应该注意这种三段式结构,于第一段 中引出话题,从而提出
主题,中间用一段到两段的篇幅采用举例、列举或比较的方
式论证或说明 自己的观点,于结论处或重述主题、或归纳总
结照应首段,或提出问题的解决方式等。








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