女孩学习什么专业好-家长的意见怎么写20字
英语中关系代词用法讲解
关系代词指的是代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子 成
分。关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之
分。关系代词用来引导定语从句。
语法是语言的组织规律,任何人在使用语言时,不管他是否
学过语法,但都必须合乎 语法。另外,总结语法本身的规律
也能加深我们对语言的理解,让我们能够真正熟练地运用语
言 。
1. 关系代词的用法。
主要的关系代词有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as
等。其中who, whom 只用于指人,which, as 只用于指事
物,whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。关系代词在定
语从句主要用于主语、宾语(可以省略)、表语或定语:
He is the man who [that] lives next door.
他就是就是住在隔壁的那个人。
How do you like the photo that [which] I took?
你觉得我拍的这张照片怎么样?
This is the same watch as I lost.
这块表跟我丢失的那块一样。
I want to find someone with whom I could discuss
music.
我想找个能和我谈音乐的人。
She received an invitation from her boss, which came
as a surprise.
她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。
2. that 与 which的用法区别。
两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于:
(1) 引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:
She received an invitation from her boss, which came
as a surprise.
她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。
(2) 直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.
他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。
(2) 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little,
none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时,
通常用that:
(3)
There was little that the enemy could do but
surrender.
敌人无法,只有投降了。
All [Everything] that can be done must be done.
凡能做的事都必须做。
(4) 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,
通常用that:
This is the only example that I know.
我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very words that he used.
那是他的原话。
(5) 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等
修饰时,通常用that:
This is the best dictionary that I've ever used.
这是我用过的最好的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.
你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
(6) 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:
China is not the country (that) it was.
中国已不是过去的中国了。
(7) 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用
that:
They talked about the persons and things that most
impressed them.
他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
(8) 当要避免重复时:
Which is the course that we are to take?
我们选哪门课程?
3. that与who的用法区别。
(1) 两者均可指人,有时可互换:
All that [who] heard him were delighted.
所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。
Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris?
你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
He is the only one among us that [who] knows
Russian.
他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。
(2) 但是在下列情况,通常要用 that:
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen
abroad.
我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):
Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982?
谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):
Tom is not the boy (that) he was.
汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。
4. as与which的用法区别
(1) 引导限制性定语从句时,在such, as, the same后只能
用as,其他情况用 which:
I never heard such stories as he tells.
我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It's the same story as I heard yesterday.
这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
This is the photo which shows my house.
这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2) 引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know.
我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
(3) 但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可
换用:
① 当从句位于主句前面时,只用 as:
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the
earth once every month.
月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。
② as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一
致,which无此限制:
He went abroad, as [which] was expected.
他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected.
他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③ as 引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中
某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或 某个短语推断
出来的概念,而which 则无此限制:
The river, which flows through London, is called the
Thames.
这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④ 当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是
连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而 which则无此限制:
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural.
她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。
She has married again, which delighted us.
她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)
5. who与whom的用法区别。
两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who 为主格,whom为宾
格:
Where's the girl who sells the tickets?
卖票的女孩在哪里?
The author whom you criticized in your view has
written a letter in reply.
你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。
但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词 whom 往往
省略不用,或用who或that代之:
The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called
Jim.
你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:
(1) 直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用 whom,而且不能
省略:
She brought with her three friends, none of whom I
had ever met before.
她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。
(2) 引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who 和 whom均
可用,但以用 whom 为佳,此时也不能省略:
This is Jack, who [whom] you haven't met before.
这是杰克,你以前没见过。
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