剑桥雅思真题解析Test阅读PassageAttitudestolanguage图文稿

2020年12月5日发(作者：夏御带)





剑桥雅思真题解析Test
阅读
PassageAttitudestola
nguage
集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）


剑桥雅思9真题 解析-Test3阅读Passage1
Attitudes to language
第一段：

It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study.

系统客观的英语学习并不容易

Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective
and polemic.

流行语言的争论经常恶化成谩骂和争辩

Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a
right to hold an opinion about it.

语言属于每一个人，所以大多数人都觉得他们有权对它发表意见。

And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can
start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies
of linguistic education.

当意见不同的时候，情绪会高涨。争论可以很容易地从一个小的使用点 ，如
在语言教育的主要政策。

生词：systematic系统的、lingu istic语言的、debate争论、
deteriorates恶化、invective谩骂、p olemic争论、

第二段：

Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for
different usages to be noted and criticised.

语言，更是一个非常公共的行为，所以它更容易为不同的用途被注意和批
评。



No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic
factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social
status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas
of identity and social survival.

社会或社会行为是不受影响的：语言因素的影响我们如何 判断个性、智力、
社会地位、教育水平、工作能力和许多其他领域的身份和社会生存。

As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use
is unfeelingly attacked.

因此，人们很容易伤害和被伤害到，当语言的无意识地被用来攻击。

生词：behaviour行为、judge判断、factors因素、attacked 攻击

第三段：

In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one
variety of language has an inherently higher value than others,
and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech
community.

在其最一般的意义上说，规范主义认为一些语言具有比其他语言更高的内在
价值，并 且这会对整个语言体系施加影响。

The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and
vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation.

这个观点尤其涉及到语法和词汇，也频繁地涉及到发音

The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a
version of the 'standard' written language, especially as


encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which
most closely reflects this style.

对这个 观点的爱戴尤其体现在语言书写标准上，特别是在文学中或者是正式
口语中，这些都更加的接近这个理论 。

Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write 'correctly';
deviations from it are said to be

贴近这种理论的读或写被称作“正确的”，而脱离这种理论则是“不正确
的”

生词：

in relation to涉及，关于、

frequently频繁地，经常地

with reference to关于

encountered曾遭遇，遇到

deviations from与…有差别，相背离

version版本

第四段：

All the main languages have been studied prescriptively,
especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars
and dictionaries.

所有主要的语言已经被规范的研究，尤其是在第十八世纪的语法和词典的编
纂。

The aims of these early grammarians were threefold:



致力于这个目标的文法学者有三：

(a)
they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to
show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of
usage,

（a）想编纂语言原则，为了展示那些表面上使用混乱的深层系统

(b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c)
they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in
order to 'improve' the language.


（b）他们想要一种解决 用法争议的手段（c）他们想为了“改善”语言，指
出公用错误

The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by
its reliance on 'rules' of grammar.

依靠语法“规则”这种行为表现了独裁者的本性

Some usages are prescribed; to be learnt and followed accurately;
others are 'proscribed'; to be avoided.

一些被规定的用法；要学习和精确地遵循；另一些被“禁止的”；则要避免

In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was
either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not
simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgment upon them.

在早期，并没有折衷办法：使用要么对要么错，语法学家的任务并单是 记录
替代选择，还要判断其发音。



codify编纂

the principles of…的原则

settling disputes解决争议

authoritarian独裁者

not simply不单

第五段：

These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread
concern that linguistic standards should be maintained.

这些态度仍然在我们身边，并获得广泛的关注关于语言标准应保持。

Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is
concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic
usage.

然而更关注标准还是语言使用的实际是一个可供选择的立场

This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task
of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe?to record the facts
of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks
of evaluating language variation or halting language change.

这种方法是总结在声明中说，它是语法学家的描述任务 ，没有规定记录语言
的多样性的事实，且企图评价语言的变异或停止语言变化是不可能的任务。

In the second half of the?18
th
century, we already find advocates
of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English


Grammar (1761) insists that 'the custom of speaking is the
original and only just standard of any language.’

在第十八世纪下半叶，我们已经发现这种观点的拥护者，如Joseph
Priestley ，他的《英语语法入门》（1761）中坚持：“说话的习惯是原生
的，这就是标准语言的标准。”
Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot be solved by logicand
legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern
linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.

语言学中一直在争 论的这个问题，不能用逻辑运算规律解决。并且这个观点
已经成为了现代语言学中接近语法分析的原则。

第六段：

In our own time, the opposition between 'descriptivist’s' and
'prescriptivists' has often become extreme, with both sides
painting unreal pictures of the other.

对于我们，对立派之间在'描写主义者'和'规范主义者'往往变得 极端，成为
两幅不真实的画面。

Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not
care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of
usage as equally valid.

描述主义语法学家提出人不在乎标准，因为他们看到所有使用形式是同样有
效的方式。



Prescriptive grammarian’s have been presented as blind adherents
to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented
in quasi-political terms - of radical liberalism vs elitist
conservatism.’

规 范主义文法学家提出近乎要盲目追求历史传统。反对党已经提出了似政治
术语——激进自由主义与保守主 义。