经济金融常用术语

2020年12月6日发(作者：车基)
经济金融常用术语

方凡泉

宏观经济 macro economy 计划经济 planned economy
指令性计划 mandatory plan 指导性计划 guidance plan
社会主义市场经济（中国） socialist market economy
社会市场经济（德国） social market economy
新经济（美国） new economy 知识经济 knowledge-based economy
网络经济 Internet-based networked economy 信息时代 information age
全球化 globalization （全球境 globality） 信息经济 IT economy
外向型经济 export-oriented economy 实体经济 the real economy
经济规律 laws of economics 市场调节 market regulation
优化资源配置 optimize allocation of resources
规模经营优势 advantage of economies of scale
劳动密集型 labor intensive 技术密集型 technology intensive
大规模生产 mass production 新凯恩思主义 new Keynesian
货币主义者 monetarist 供给学派 supply-side economist
第一产业（农业） agriculture (primary industry)
第二产业（工业） manufacturing industry (secondary industry)
第三产业（服务业） service industry (tertiary industry)
主要经济指标 major economic indicators
国内生产总值 GDP gross domestic product （商品和劳务币值总和，不包括海收收入支出）
国民生产总值 GNP gross national product（商品和劳务币值总和，包括海外
收入支出）
人均国内生产总值 GDP per capita 实际增长率 growth rate in real terms
年均增长率 average growth rate per annum
投资回报率 rate of return on investment
外贸进出口总额 total foreign trade value
实际利用外资 incoming overseas capital (investment) in place
消费价格指数 consumer price index (CPI)
零售价格指数 retail price index （RPI）
生活费用价格总指数 total price index of living cost
生活费用 income available for living expenses
扣除物价因素 in real terms on inflation-adjusted basis
居民储蓄存款 residents’ bank savings deposit
恩格尔系数（食品开支占总支出的比例） Engel coefficient
基尼系数（衡量地区差别） Gini coefficient
购买力平价法 purchasing power parity (PPP) （衡量使用不同货币的两个国
家或地区的经济水平、收入水平的一种计算法，用相等的汇率比较两种货币各自
的国内购买力）
片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
泡沫经济 bubble economy 经济过热 overheating of economy
通货膨胀 inflation 不景气 slump （衰退 recession） 通货紧缩 deflation
中国现代化建设分三步走的战略
the three-step development strategy of China’s modernization drive
第一步，到1990年国民生产总值比1980年翻一番
Step One: GDP of 1990 doubles that of 1980.
第二步，到2000年人均国民生产总值比1980年翻两番，人民生活达到小康水平
Step Two: GDP of 2000 quadruples that of 1980; people live a fairly
comfortable life.
第三步，到21世纪中期建国100周年时，达到中等发达国家水平
Step Three: By the year 2049, the 100th anniversary of the P.R.C.,
China’s level of development is expected to be on par with the mid-
ranking developed countries
即将加入世贸组织 expected entry (accession) in the WTO
与世界经济的联系将更加紧密 be more closely linked to the world economy
中国巨大的市场潜力将逐步转化为现实的购买力 The huge market potential
that China enjoys will be turned into tangible purchasing power.
适应市场经济需要的法律法规体系还不够健全 The regulatory and legal
system is not well established as to adapt to the demand of market
economy.
经济管理体制可能会出现一些不适应 The economic management system may
not be readily adapted to the changes.
一些行业和企业可能会受到冲击 Some sectors of economy and some
businesses may be adversely affected.
立足中国国情，发挥自身优势
proceed from national conditions in China and bring our advantages
into play
扬长避短，趋利避害，迎接经济全球化的挑战 foster strengths and
circumvent weaknesses and rise to the challenge of economic
globalization
瓶颈制约 bottleneck constraints
放权让利 decentralization and interest concessions (in late 1980s and
early 1990s)
深化改革 intensify reform; deepen one’s commitment to reform
配套改革 supporting (concomitant) reforms
配套资金 counterpart funds; local funding of
提高经济效益 improve economic performance; increase economic returns
讲求社会效益 value contribution to society; pay attention to social effect
加速国民经济信息化 develop information-based economy accelerate IT
application in economy
拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth
利改税 substitution of tax payment for profit delivery
费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes
债转股 debt-to-equity swap
头寸宽裕（头寸紧缺） in an easy position (tight position)
朝阳产业 sunrise industry
招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project
充分发挥货币政策的作用 give full play to the role of monetary policy
实施积极的财政政策 follow a pro-active fiscal policy
向银行增发国债，扩大投资 The government issued additional treasury
bonds to banks to increase investment.
再注资 recapitalization
放松银根 to ease monetary policy (收紧银根 tighten up monetary policy)
适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight fiscal policy
信用紧缩 credit crunch
加强国有商业银行内部资金调度
In state commercial banks, internal capital allocation should be improved.
合理划分贷款审批权限 Limits of authority for examining and approving loans
should be rationally defined.
保证有市场、有效益、守信用企业的流动资金贷款
ensure floating capital loans for well-performing and trustworthy
enterprises which turn out the right products for the right markets
启动民间投资 attract investment from the private sector
适销对路的产品 the right products readily marketable products
国有企业 state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
集体企业 collectively-owned (partnership) enterprises
私营企业 private businesses
民营企业 privately-run businesses
中小企业 small-and-medium-sized enterprises
三资企业（中外合资、中外合作、外商独资）
overseas-invested enterprises; foreign- invested enterprises (Chinese-
overseas equity joint ventures, Chinese-overseas contractual joint
ventures, wholly foreign- owned enterprises)
存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits
货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation
吸收游资 absorb idle fund
经常性贷款 commercial lending
经常性支出 operating expenses
再贷款 re-lending; subloan
支持国有大型企业和高新技术企业上市融资
support large state-owned enterprises and high and innovative
technology companies in their efforts to seek financing by listing on
the stock market
改制上市 An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate
system so that it will get listed on the stock market.
进一步规范和发展证券市场 further standardize and develop the securities market
增加直接融资比重 increase the proportion of direct financing
完善股票发行上市制度 improve the system for IPO and listing on stock
markets
中国证监会 China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)
深圳证券交易所市 Shenzhen Stock Exchange
上海证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange
综合指数 composite index
（美国）纳斯达克（高技术企业板） NASDAQ （National Association of
Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
主板市场 the main board 二板市场 the second board market
中国创业板 China Growth Enterprise Market
首次上市 IPOs (initial public offering)
市场资本总额 market capitalization
法人股 institutional shares
内部股（非上市招股） private company shares
“牛”市 bull market 抛售 bear sales 疲软股票 soft stock
配股 allotment of shares 内部审计 internal audit 互助基金 mutual fund
扩大内需 expand domestic demand
改善居民心理预期 inspire the general public's confidence in the
future needs
鼓励增加即期消费 encourage more immediate consumption
长期国债 long-term treasury bonds
支付国债利息 to service treasury bonds
财政赤字和债务 deficits and the national debt
按原口径计算 calculate on the base line
按不变价格计算 calculate at constant price
按可比价格计算 calculate at comparable price
列入财政预算支出 listed in the fiscal budget
结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales
经常项目顺差 favorable balance of current account, surplus of current
account
开办人民币业务 engage in Rrenminbi (RMB) business
出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods
保证金台帐制度 Deposit account system for processing trade
分期付款 installment payment
保值储蓄 inflation- proof bank savings
抵押贷款 collateralised loans
住房抵押贷款 residential mortgage loan 经济林 cash tree
跟踪审计 follow-up auditing 配套政策 supporting policies
广义货币 M2 （狭义货币 M1）
中国人民银行（中央银行）The People’s Bank of China（central bank）
四大国有商业银行 4 major state-owned commercial banks
中国银行 Bank of china
中国工商银行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China（）and
中国建设银行 Construction Bank of China
中国农业银行 Agricultural Bank of China
招商银行 China Merchants Bank 中国光大银行 Everbright Bank of China
中国民声银行 China Minsheng Banking Corporation Ltd.
中信实业银行 CITIC Industrial Bank 政策性银行 state policy-related bank
国家发展银行 State Development Bank 中国进出口银行 China EXIM Bank
（香港英资）汇丰银行 Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HKSBC)
金融监管 financial supervision
《中国人民银行法》 Law of the People’s Bank of China
《商业银行法》 Law of Commercial Banks
《保险法》 Law of Insurance
《证券法》 Law of Securities
巴塞尔原则 Basel Core Principles
监管对象的行为有问题、管理机制不健全 problems of supervised entities’
behavior and the unsound internal governance mechanism
风险意识 consciousness of risk prevention
事前监管 proactive regulation and supervision 风险管理 risk management
坚持严格的贷款标准 maintain strong underwriting standards
六大风险 risks in 6 key areas (U.S. Federal Reserve criterion)
信用风险 credit risk 市场风险 market risk 流动性风险 liquidity risk
操作风险 operational risk 法律风险 legal risk 信誉风险 reputational risk
风险评级 risk rating
到期不还贷 default on a loan
资不抵债 insolvency; be insolvent
亚洲金融危机 Asian financial crisis (1997-98)
（人行）9个跨省（区）分行代替31个省级分行
9 regional branches (of PBC) replaced 31 provincial ones
投资（贷款）组合 investment (loan) portfolio
外汇储备充足 sufficient foreign exchange reserves
中国金融业问题 problems with financial sector in China
储蓄比例过高 the excessively large proportion of savings in the money supply
国有企业产负债率过高 high leverage ratio of the state-owned
enterprises,
国有独资商业银行不良资产比例过高
high ratio of non-performing loans of the state commercial banks
少数中小存款金融机构不能支付到期债务
insolvency of a handful of small and medium- sized financial
institutions
不良贷款 non- performing loans
防范和化解金融风险 address financial risks
提高企业借贷和行使民事责任的能力
improve enterprises’ creditworthiness and ability to fulfil their
civil liabilities
监事会 supervisory board
实行谨慎会计制度 adopt prudential accounting standards
五级分类法划分贷款质量 the five- category asset classification approach
金融资产管理公司 financial asset management companies
分离和收回不良资产 substantially reduce the ratio of non-performing assets
分业管理、规模经营 business segregation, economy of scale
规范金融机构市场退出制度 improve the market exit mechanism for
financial institutions