新聊斋志异之小倩美国文学史名词解释

2020年12月16日发(作者：裘莹初)
1、the Lost Generation
In general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of .
writers who came of age during the war and established their literary
reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude
Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway
used it as an epigraph to
The Sun Also Rises
(1926). The generation was
“lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant
in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a . that,
basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to
its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally
barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos
Passos, . cummings and many other writers who made Paris the centre of
their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school.
In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works
lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative
works of the era were Fitzgerald's
Tender

Lost generation
The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war
I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of
betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the >full
of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank
excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American
literature to >the three best-known representatives of lost generation
are Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.
Lost generation
The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing
primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its
name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation”
to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I
experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used
the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted
of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.
Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.
2、Iceberg Theory
It is a term used to describe the of American writer . The meaning of
a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies
below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real similarly lies
beneath the surface.
Iceberg Theory
Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include
in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety
percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the
writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about
he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly
as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg
is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not
need to reveal every detail of a character or action
There is seven-eighths of it under water for every part that shows.
Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg.
It is the part that doesn’t show. (1938)（PPT）
3、Code hero
The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes,
sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That
is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and
self- disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual
strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many
times. The heroes in his book are all have something in common which
Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or
another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the
result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway
code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life,
though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.
4、Stream?of?consciousness?
The?continuous?flow?of?sense-perceptions,?thou ghts,?feelings,?and?mem
ories?in?the?human?mind :?or?a?literary?method?of?representing?such?a?
blending?of?mental?processes?infictional?character s,?usually?in?an?un
punctuated?or?disjoint?form ?of?interior?monologue.注：
sense-perceptions：认知， 观念?blending：混合物?unpunctuated:未加标点
的?Disjoint：脱节
5、Imagism
A poetic movement of England and the . that flourished from 1909 to 1917.
The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct
treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques
to record exactly the momentary impressions”The leaders of this movement
were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.
Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :
[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects
[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word
that does not contribute to the presentation.
[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather
than in the sequence of a metronome.
[4]pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known poem.
Major features:
--- it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern
period.
--- with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was
anti—romantic and anti-victorian
--- In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction
--- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.
--- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a
situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.
--- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.
--- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a
situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.
The most outstanding figures:
Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle
The form of free verse (Ezra Loomis Pound)
影响its influence
1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise
picture in as few words as possible. This new way of poetry composition
has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.
2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There
are no metrical rules. There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks,
which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. That is art of the poem.
The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words
to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters
6、Modernism
Modern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional
forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world
in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity,
a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual
and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the
self-conscious.
Modernism（来自老师的PPT)
A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental
and avant-garde trends in the literature and other arts of the early 20th
century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism,
Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of
unaffiliated writers.
7、The Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of literature (and to a lesser extent
other arts) in New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, has long been
considered by many to be the high point in African American writing. It
probably had its foundation in the works of . B. Du Bois who believed that
an educated Black elite should lead Blacks to liberation. He further
believed that his people could not achieve social equality by emulating
white ideals; that equality could be achieved only by teaching Black
racial pride with an emphasis on an African cultural heritage. Although
the Renaissance was not a school, nor did the writers associated with it
share a common purpose, nevertheless they had a common bond: they dealt
with Black life from a Black perspective. Among the major writers who are
usually viewed as part of the Harlem Renaissance are Claude McKay, Countee
Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Rudolph Fisher, James Weldon
Johnson, and Jean Toomer.
Harlem Renaissance
主要作品：The Weary Blues, The Dream keeper and Other Poems, Fine Clothes
to the Jew
8、Postmodernism(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
Postmodernism is a term which describes the postmodernist movement in the
arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements.
It is in general the era that follows frequently serves as an ambiguous
overarching term for interpretations of , , , , , , , and . It is often
associated with and because its usage as a term gained significant
popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post-structural thought.
后现代主义是一个术语，它描述了后现代主义运动在艺术，文化倾向和相关的
文化运动。它是在 一般的时代，遵循。它经常作为一个模棱两可的总体长期诠
释，，，，，，，，。它往往是与和因为它作 为一个长期使用在20世纪后期的
结构思想的同时，取得了显着的普及。
9、?Black humor
The term black humor was created in 1920s, but it was not noticed until
1960s. it was particularly a literary phenomenon in America after WWⅡ.
Black humor, in literature, is drama, novel, and film, grotesque or morbid
humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty
of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually
exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor
uses devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with
tragic face. Josegh Heller and Kury Vonnegut are famous for their novels
of black humor. Especially Heller’s Catch—22.
American Dream
The American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States
of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can
achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity.
These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been
passed on to subsequent generations. The term was first used by James
Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America.
The Jazz Age
“The Jazz Age” describes the period the period of the 1920s and 1930s,
the years between World War I and World War II, particularly in North
America; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age
saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the
age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby,
highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well
as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with
coining the term “The Jazz Age”. It can also be known as “The Roaring
Twenties” and “The Dollar Decade.”