帕克老婆合作原则英语用语学合作原则论文

2020年12月20日发(作者：毛如柏)
The Presentation of Cooperative Principle in
Gossip Girl
合作原则在《绯闻女孩》中的体现

Abstract:

With the development of internet, Hoolywood movies and
American TV series become increased in popularity in teenagers.
This article attempts to analysis the discourse in
gossip girl
with the
cooperative principle in pragmatics so as to emphasize the
significance of exploring the conversational implication with the help
of a deep understanding of CP.

摘要：

随着网络的发展，好莱坞电影和美剧越来越受到青少年的青睐。 本文
尝试用语用学中的合作原 则分析《绯闻女孩》中的部分对话，从而说
明了深刻理解合作原则对挖掘会话含义的重要性。

Key words
:
cooperative principle, conversational implication, Gossip Girl

关键词：合作原则；会话含义；绯闻女孩

Guide Reading：

1. Opening paragraph
2. Cooperative principle of Grice and conversational implication
—the maxim of quantity
—the maxim of quality
—the maxim of relation
—the maxim of manner
3.
Analysis of some examples from
Gossip girl
which violate the CP

—violation of the maxim of quantity
—violation of the maxim of quality
—violation of the maxim of relation
—violation of the maxim of manner
4. Conclusion

提纲：
1. 引言
2. Grice的合作原则与会话含义
— 量的原则
— 质的原则
— 关系原则
— 方式原则
3. 《绯闻女孩》中违反合作原则的实例分析
— 违反量的原则
— 违反质的原则
— 违反关系原则
— 违反方式原则
4. 结语

Ⅰ. Opening


With the development of internet, Hoolywood movies and American TV series begin
to grow popularity in teenagers. In fact, having the eye feast of American movies
and TV series not only can arouse the interest of English learning but also offer
chance to let English learners expose to the real accent of Americans. But because of
the cultural differences between Chinese and English, it’s really hard to get the whole
meaning of the conversations for Chinese students even if there are Chinese
characters below to help. So if we learn and understand the Cooperative Principle
which will sometimes cause conversational implication, it will be beneficial to our
English learning and the appreciation of American TV series.

Ⅱ. Cooperative principle of Grice and Conversational Implication

As we all know, communication is the purpose of language. Pragmatics is to
explain how language is used to effect successful communication and conversation
which has drawn the attention of many scholars.
A philosopher and logician, Paul Grice made an attempt to explain the course of
natural conversation, in which implied messages are frequently involved. His idea is
that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate;
otherwise, it would to be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle
is called the Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. To be more specific, there are
four maxims under this general principle:
—the maxim of quantity
1. Make your contribution as informative as required（for the current purpose
of the exchange）.
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
—the maxim of quality
1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
—the maxim of relation
Be relevant
—the maxim of manner
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
4. Be orderly.
It is interesting and important to note that while conversation participants nearly
always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly. These
maxims can be violated for various reasons, but only when they are “flouted”, to use
Grice’s term, the “conversational implications” occur. When we flout a maxim, our
language becomes indirect. The following four conversations from Gossip Girl
illustrate the violation of the four maxims and the resultant implications respectively.

Ⅲ.
Analysis of some examples from
Gossip girl
which violate the CP


1.
Violation of the maxim of quantity

Rufus: Dan, Jenny, over here!
Jenny: Hey, Dad！
Rufus: Hey，hey, you made it! Welcome back. How was your weekend? How’s
your mom?
Dan: Fine.
Jenny: She’s good. Uh, fine and good.
Dan: She’s...she is good and fine.
Rufus: Like “maybe I never should’ve left Manhattan” fine or “taking a time out
from my marriage was the best idea I ever have” fine?
Dan: Dad, you know what? I-I am, uh I am starving.
This dialogue is from the first sequel in which Dan and Jenny just had finished
their weekend with their mother in Mahattan and met their father who was waiting
for them in the airport. When Rufus asked how their weekend and their mother were,
Dan said “fine” and at the same time, Jenny said “she’s good”. When Jenny realized
her brother said fine about the holiday, she added “good and fine”. After a little
pause, Dan said “she’s good and fine” again. So obviously, the two violate the maxim
of quantity.
While these answers were not enough to content Rufus, so he continued to ask what
kind of fine they were meaning to. Perhaps out of avoiding their divorce this
sensitive subject, Dan changed their topic to starving. While at last, Rufus observed
their avoiding eyes, he understood the implied meaning.

2．Violation of the maxim of quality
Bart: Lily, how are you?
Lily: Oh Bart, hello. How are you?
Bart: Hey, Eric. How’s Miami?
Eric: It was good, thanks. You know, go Marlins. Would you excuse me, please?
This dialogue is about Eric who was forbidden by his mother to join social activities
because his gay thing. Before coming to this party, his mother Lily told everyone Eric
was lived with his aunt in Miami. So when Bart asked him how Miami was, he said it
was good and could go Marlins. Obviously he was lying, because he had never left
New York city. He violates the maxim of quality to keep his mother’s lie believable.
3. Violation of the maxim of relation
Dan: Hey dad, listen! I gotta run. Are you gonna be okay?
Rufus: Yeah .Yeah. Your mom will be back. She is always been a free spirit. That’s
one of the reasons I fell for her in the first place.
Dan: I meant with the fliers.
This dialogue is between Rufus and his son who were pasting the fliers for the
band performance. At that moment, Dan got a message from his sister who had a
emergence and needed his brother there. So Dan asked his father whether he could
handle with these fliers alone. While Rufus got Dan wrong and thought his son was
asking about his single life, so his answer was totally irrelevant with the question. He
breach the maxim of relation. But according to his answer, we can see that he is still
thinking about his wife and have a faith that one day his wife will come back to him.
4. Violation of the maxim of manner
Serena: So how’s your mom doing with the divorce and everything?
Blair: Great. So my dad left her for another man.. She lost 15 pounds. Got an eye
lift. It’s been good for her.
Serena: I’m really sorry.
Blair: Yeah, I could tell. Since you didn’t call or write the entire time it was
happening.
Serena: No, I …I know, I was just…boarding school is like…
Blair: I don’t even know why you went to boarding school to begin with. Do you
know how it felt calling your house when you didn’t show up at school and having
your mom say “Serena didn’t tell you that she moved to Connecticut?”
Serena: I just. I …I had to go. I just… I needed to get away from everything.
Please just trust me.
This dialogue is between Serena and Blair who were best friends before and met
firstly after Serena came back to New York from boarding school to which Serena
went without saying goodbye to Blair and even no explanation. This is how this
dialogue occur. When Blair asked why she didn’t write to her, Serena began to make
her words vague and unclear. She continuously avoided from giving a direct answer
facing Blair’s so many doubts and questions. She just said: “Uh, I just…I just…please
just trust me”. So Serena clearly violate the maxim of manner. Her words are
obscure and ambiguous. If we continue to keep an eye on the following plots, we
will understand the whole actions of Serena. That night before she left, she was so
drunk that had sex unconsciously with Blair’s boyfriend Nate. So she felt
embarrassed and sorry for Blair and she thought Blair would never forgive her. And
in addition, she witted a man going to die out of taking dugs and didn’t call the
ambulance out of fear. So she didn’t tell Blair the reason because of intending to get
Blair out of the trouble. She breach the maxim of manner to protect her friend’
feeling.

Ⅳ. Conclusion

These examples above are just a little part of the excellent conversations from
Gossip Girl
which can be used as good materials for us to study Cooperative Principle
and Conversational Implication. I believe that if we English learners can spend some
time to analyze the dialogues from these popular American TV series with the theory
of CP in pragmatics; we will have a better understanding of American English and
American culture. In addition, we can apply the theory of CP to our daily life, and
make efforts to get the implied meaning of others which will make us have a
successful communication and a harmonious atmosphere of conversation. As English
learners, we have the responsibility to know the world and let the world know China
as well.


Reference:

【1】Pragmatics: An Introduction 【M】Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and
Research Press.
【2】邓芳，2007，从合作原则的违反解读会话含义【J】，思施职业技术学院学报
（综合 ）（4）：90-92.
【3】《绯闻女孩》第一季，电视台出品。
【4】戴炜栋，2002，新编简明英语语言学教程【M】，上海，上海外国教育出版社。
【5】陈融，格莱斯的会话含义学说[ J ]. 外国语, 1985 (3) .
【6】金立，合作与会话———合作原则及其应用研究[D ]. 浙江大学, 2005: 43.