茶花女饮酒歌英美概况术语解释

2020年12月20日发(作者：东方朔)
The Anglo-Saxons: They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England
from the 5
th
century. They were regarded as the ancestors of English and the founders of England.
The House of Lords: The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the
Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal,
which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have
been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.
Quality papers: They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers
carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also
carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also
referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such
newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.
Cricket and “fair play”: Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have
organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally. The reason that fixed rules
were applied to cricket so early on was a financial one: aristocrats loved betting on cricket
matches and if people were going to risk money on a game, they wanted to ensure that the same
game would be played fairly. In Britain people from all walks of life play cricket, but in the 19
th

century, cricket was a sport played mainly by the upper classes. It was a kind of a “snob” game
played by boys who attended public schools. As generations of public school boys grew up to
become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a
set of moral values, in particular the idea of “fair play” which supposedly characterized British
government.
The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by
Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English
colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British
colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have
some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the
philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and
the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and
the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.
The making of the US Constitution: The Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided
to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12
states (Rhode Island refused to participate) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up in
writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The
Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called, federal laws would be
made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme
Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens
in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.
The Baptists in the US: The Baptists are the largest Protestant denomination in America. They
believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion
experience. They are concentrated particularly in the Southern Bible Belt. While Baptists and
black Baptists go separately to their own churches.
Three Faiths in the US: By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed.
Americans were considered to come in three basic. Varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. In
terms of numbers, the Protestant are the strongest, the Catholics are next to the Protestants and
Jewish are the smallest among the three groups.
The Great Awakening: The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought
to breathe the new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious
groups, or denominations.
Transcendentalists: Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement that was
developed during the late 1820s and 1830s
[1]
in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest
against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state
of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard
Divinity School. Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both
people and nature. Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions—particularly
organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They
had faith that people are at their best when truly and independent. It is only from
such real individuals that true community could be formed.
Religious Reformation: While the southern humanists were busy redefining the relationship
between humans and God by ignoring what the Pope said, the northern Europeans, far and away
from the Pope and remote from his political intrigues, still took him seriously and took church
practices seriously. Therefore they sometimes would try to initiate serious debates with the
Pope. In the 16th century, from a questioning of the church’s practices, northern Renaissance
quickly snowballed into a religious and political movement that separated the “Protestants”
against the church into a separate religious denomination.
League tables: A league table, standings, ranking chart, ladder or leaderboard is a chart or list
which compares sports teams or individuals, institutions, nations or companies by ranking them in
order of ability or achievement. A league table may list several related statistics, but they are
generally sorted by the primary one that determines the rankings. Many industries and institutions
may compete in league tables in order to help bring in new customers and clients. Those tables
ranking sports teams are generally used to help determine who may advance to the playoffs or
another tournament, who gets promoted or relegated, or who gets a higher draft pick.

1. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical
background of the social movements of that decade?
“A social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously
attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life”, in other words, people
work together to change government policies and society. On February 1, 1960, Greensboro
“sit-in” began the civil rights movements in the 1960s. The youth anti-war movement. and
Women’s liberation movements.
2. What do you know about the physical features of Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK (6 Irish counties). Capital: Belfast.
3. Whenever mentioning U.S.A, what images will you recall in your mind or what images
might symbolize U.S.A?
National flag---The Stars and Stripes; national flower---Rose; national anthem---The Star Spangle
Banner; the Statue of Liberty; national bird---the Eagle; national tree---Oak; the Golden Gate
Bridge, Hollywood;
4. What's an American? Comment on the answer to the question by Crevecoeur?
An American is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of
blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his
ancient Prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new modeof life he has embraced, the
new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. Here individuals of all nations are melted
into a new race of men, whose labors and posteritywill one day causes great changes in the world.
The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas,
and form new opinions.
5. What role does the Queen and Prime Minister play in British government?
Queen are as follow: she is the head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the
judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Church of Engl
and. And the Prime Minister is the head of government.
6. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?
The most remarkable features are the freedom of religion and the separation of state and church.
7. How do the British celebrate Christmas?
People often decorate homes with Christmas trees and ornaments---exchange gifts and Christmas
cards---legendary tales about Santa Claus of Father Christmas---Christmas dinner and singing
Christmas carol. Three typical British traditions: the Christmas Pantomime---the Queen’s speech
over the TV and radio---the Boxing Day.
8. State briefly the Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689.[2] It was
a restatement instatutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention
Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to
become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out
the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular
elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It
reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and
condemned James II of England for several good subjects being Protestants to be
disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrar
y to law