1健康功能词

2020年12月22日发(作者：刘裕和)
功能词的应用
Use of Function Words

（一）功能词的普遍性与重要性

功能词又叫结构词，是指没有单独完整的词汇意义， 更多是语法意义或语法功能的词。
常见的有代词
(she, that, her, it, what
等
)
、数词
(one, two, third
等
)
、冠词
(a, an, the)
、助动词
(can,
would, should, have, do
等
)
、介词
(to, with, in, at, for
等
)
、连词
(but, not, or, and
等
)
，其数量相
对实词比较的少。

功能词虽然相对 实义词数量较少，其出现的频率却相当地高。功能词通常起着句法构建
的作用，对于衔接句子，表达清楚 句子内部乃至整篇文章的逻辑关系，起着至关重要的作用。
因此，我们在汉译英之前，先要把这些耳熟能 详的功能词掌握住，对于功能词特别是功能词
组能手到擒来。


六级翻译中常用连接功能词或功能词组表达如下：

表示时间顺序的
:first, later, next, then, finally, before, after, soon, previously, immediately,
formerly, subsequently, meanwhile, presently, initially, ultimately,…

表示举例的
:for example ,for instance, such as ,…

表示列举的
:and ,firstly ,second, third, last, another, next, finally, furthermore…

表示补充的
:also ,in addition, and, further, another, as well as, besides, too, either,…

表示比较或反差的
:
比较类
like, likewise, similarly, as, at the same time, as well as, in comparison, both,
all…

反差类
on the other hand, in contrast, however, but, in spite of, despite, nevertheless,
on the contrary, instead, rather, though, yet, regardless, although, unlike, even though, whereas,…

表示强调的
:important to note, most, above all, especially valuable, a central issue, especially
relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue, remember that ,a major event, the principal
item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, most of all, a significant factor, a primary
concern, a key feature, the main value,…

表示因果类的
:because, accordingly, for this reason, hence, resulting, as a result,
so ,then ,thus, therefore, since, consequently,…

表示总结类的
:thus ,in short, to conclude, in brief, in the end, in summary, to sum up, in
conclusion, finally, therefore, as already stated, all in all, in a word, in general, it may be briefly
summed up as follows; from what has been mentioned above; we can come to the conclusion
that…

（二）功能词翻译现象关注点

除了对上述连词功能词的记忆与熟悉之外，功能词在翻译与写作中有一些关注点，先
通过例子来 初步展示。

1
）功能词在句中位置

Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble ______(
找到
去
历史博物馆
的路
).
(finding the way to the history museum)
To make donations or for more information, please ________(
按
以下地址和我们联系
).
(contact us at the following address)
此两处介词分别引导后置的定语和置后的地点状语。

2
）功能词的省略

1
有一次，他们大吵了
一番
。
(They had a big quarrel once.)
从前
他爸爸是个打渔的。他
过去
也许和我们
现在
一样穷。
(They say his father was a
fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.)
汉译英时，量词与时间介词都省略了，而分别以冠词和动词时态来表现。

3
）功能词的添加

门口
放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
(In the doorway lay at least
twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.)
He designed the first suspension bridge,
把
美观
与
功能完美地结合起来
.(which combined
beauty and function perfectly.)
分别在名词前增译了一个介词和一个关系代词。

4
）某些功能词在句中的特殊语法结构

The more you explain, _________________(
我愈糊涂
).
（
the more confused I become
）

Leaving one
’
s job, ____________________,
（不管是什么工作）
, is a difficult change even
for those who look forward to retiring.
（
no matter what job it is
）

5
）功能词的搭配与正确选用

The new government was accused____________ (
未实现其降低失业率的承诺
). (of failure
to fulfill its promise to reduce the unemployment rate)
Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to___(
适应不同文化中的生活
)
。
(adapt oneself to lifeliving in different cultures)
6
）记住常用功能词及惯用表达

__________(
多亏了
一系列的新发明
), doctors can treat this disease successfully.(Thanks to
a series of new inventions)
I am going to pursue this course, _____________(
无论
我要作出什么样的牺牲
). (no matter
at what expense (cost) no matter what I have to sacrifice (pay) would have to sacrifice (pay))
7
）代词的正确把握

该公司今年产值比去年要高。
(The output of this company this year is higher than that of
last year.)
露西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。
(Lucy opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.)
Please come here at ten tomorrow morning ______________(
如果你方便的话
).(if it is at
your convenienceif it is convenient for you.)
只是在这个时候我才开始怀疑，我的精力究竟能不能公诸于众呢！
It was only then that I
began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.
代词可以让句型简化，或更为凝练、正式，或加强语气。

8
）助动词的复合用法

I can’t boot my computer now. Something ____________(
一定
出了毛病
) with its
operation system. (must have happened)
If you had followed my advice, _____________________(
你就不会陷入麻烦
).(you
wouldn’t have put yourself in trouble)

有一些复杂的情态助动词的复杂或符合用法出现在翻译与写作当中。

9）实义词的功能化
他是一个
脱离
低级趣味的人。(He is a man above vulgar interest.)
看来我们免不了要
碰上
一场暴风雨了。(It looks as if we are in for a storm.)
朱迪的第一个妻子
所生
的儿子来和他们同住。(Judy’s small son by his first marriage comes
to live with them.)
2
10）数词的表达
在汉英翻译中，我们经常会遇到数量增 加、减少的问题。然而英汉两种语言在倍数增减
的表达上存在着很大差异请读者试着翻译这个句子：
与去年同期相比，今年的出口总量
增长了两倍
。
(The total amount of the export has
increased by three times, compared to the same time last year.)
该 句涉及数量的变化。今年出口总量增加了两倍，是指在去年总量的基础上再增加了两
倍。也就是说今年的 总量应该已经增长到去年同期的三倍。所以by three times为正解。

（三）检验型翻译练习——功能词的应用
1
计算机
是一种能接受数据并把它处理成信息的机器。
2站在窗口的
姑娘
是他妹妹。
3
公共场所
禁止吸烟。
4早知如此，我就不参加了。
5冬天来了，春天也就不远了。
6她
虽然
很年轻，却承担了家庭的大部分收入。
7尽管人员不足，支出增加，他也没有抱怨什么。他的脸上还是常常挂着笑容。
8天色很黑了，但是玛丽
本能
地知道该走哪条路。
9我认为父母亲
剥夺
孩子们自由支配空余时间的自由是不明智的。
10
谁
犯了纪律，
谁
就应该受到批评。
11我们犯了错误就要承认
错误
，改正
错误
。
12他
越
是要掩盖他的伤疤，就
越
是会暴露。
13他
与其
说是个学者，
不如
说是一个作家。
14我带你到威尼斯去
度
蜜月。
15彼得拔刀向那个强盗
砍去
。
16今后，
具有
大学文凭的人将会获得很多新的就业机会。
17请乘客切勿与
坐在
驾驶盘前开车的人说话！
18
征得
克林顿的同意，他们于七月五日飞往日内瓦。
19
每当
我遇到这类问题，我脑袋一片空白。
20如果他不是忘记了的话，他昨天肯定会亲自来参加会议的。
21考虑到天气这么好，他们
很可能
已经外出。
22他设计了第一座悬浮大桥，把美观与功能完美地结合起来。
23
为了改进国企效能，中央政府已经实行了一系列改革，其中包括裁员。

24只是在这个时候，我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众呢！
25他费了不少的劲才找到回家的路。
26外面一片漆黑，大雨倾盆。
27过去五年中，我公司的销售额已
增长至四倍
。
28
这家医院的缴费是一般医院的
三至五倍
。

29
我买进这些邮票后他们的价格已经
提高了三倍
。

30
小轿车车速比大货车
快一倍
。


（四）功能词应用中的相关细则归纳

1
）功能词在句中位置
介词引导可作主语、状语、定语、宾语、表语、补语，因此视其具体的成分来决定在
句中的位置。< br>
3
有些关系代词在句中有自己的语法格式，起着连接两个句子和充当句子成分的作 用，
如
by which, whatever, as
等。

2
）功能词的省略

量词的省略现象在汉译英中比较常见。中文的量词和数词分开使用，而英语中数词如
a, one
等既有数词的功能，又有量词的功能。因此，在翻译时，就会出现省略的现象。

如：
一辆
轿车，
a car
。
一轮
满月，
a full moon
。
一场
美梦，
a pleasant dream
。

如：
朵朵鲜花
开满山坡，
Flowers bloom all over the hill
。

如：该庙宇处在
群山
掩映之中，地势优厚。
The temple is hidden in the mountains, with a
good terrain.
汉语中一些表时间的词在英语中可以直接通过表时态的助词来体现，因此，汉语中的
时间词就被 省略了。

例如：
原来是
魅影教会了小女孩唱歌，所以小女孩对他有种特殊的感情。
It was the
phantom that had taught the little girl how to sing, so she had a special feeling for him.
如：
以往
我未想过，当我发觉自己无足轻重时我会感到高兴。
It had never came to me
before that I would feel happy when people take me as unimportant.
3
）功能词的添加

在汉译英中，会出现冠词、介词、连词、
it< br>代词等的添加现象。因为，英语的语法功能
比较强，因此有时需要借助功能词来表达。

①冠词的添加。

如：
太阳
照常升起。
The sun also rises.
定冠词的添加，强化了某些专有名词的用法。

如：
穷人
和
富人
的差距越拉越大。
The gap between the rich and the poor is widening.
②介词的添加。

如：化学这门学科讨论的是物质的构成方式、它们相互化合的方式以 及在不同条件下
它们相互作用的方式。
The science of chemistry deals with how substances are made up, how
they combine and how they act under different conditions.
这种增译法的出现主要是由于英语中对于词性的附着性有着较强的要求与标识 ，需要
通过介词的添加才能衔接下一个单词。还有一类是表地点、时间、原因、条件等状语的介词
的添加。

③连词的添加也是同样的道理。

例如，光传播得比声音快，听到雷声之前即可看见闪电。
Since light travels faster than
sound, we see lighting before we hear the thunder.
借助
Since
才能把前后语句进行衔接。

④代词的添加。

包括英语中常见的关系代词的衔接。另外，就是
it
代词的添加。

例如，遗憾的是，这次实验的结果不尽人意。
It is a pity that the result of this test is not
satisfactory.
“It”
除了可以做人称代词、指示代词和无人称代词之外，还可以做形式主语或宾语，成
为引 导词，改变句子的结构，有时还可以起强调作用。

如：多亏绿色植物，空气中才充满了游离的氧。
It is due to the green plants that the air is full
of free oxygen.
4
）功能词的搭配与正确选用

介词在句中的位置多半 取决于和这个介词相搭配的实义词，如动词、名词、形容词等，
所以，我们需要从这些实义词的角度来掌 握介词在句中的位置及其搭配情况，如
drop in,
contribution…to, prone to, on behalf of
等。

5）实义词的功能化
4
实义的词，特别是动词或动词短语等在汉译英中有时会被功能化，以介词或介词短语等形式出现，作状语、表语或定语等。这是因为有些介词，包括静态和动态，都含有动作或
状态的意 味。

①功能化翻译后作状语：

如：党的干部
吃
简陋的 饮食，
住
寒冷的窑洞，
靠
微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。
Party officials
worked long hours on mean food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. (A.L. Strong)
类似的介词包括静态介词
on, in, by
，动态介词
across, down, up, by, past, against, from,
具
有明显的动词性。

例如：小鸟快速飞行，越过大桥，飞临海面。
The bird flies very fast, across the bridge and
over the sea.
②功能化翻译之后作表语：

如：要是一个人不能一上任就看出谁
支持他，谁
反对
他，那他就不配搞政治。
If a person
couldn't tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasn't much of a politician.
如：他母亲
做梦也没有
想到他的儿子会成为有名的音乐家。
It is beyond the mother’s wild
dream that his son would be a famous musician.
③功能化翻译之后作定语：

如：马克·吐温
写的
第一部小说让人印象深刻。
The first novel by Mark Twain is very
impressive.
如：我远远看到那个小男孩手上
拿着
书本。
I see from afar a little boy with a book in his
hand.

6
）数量词的翻译
①表示陈述达到某数量的句型。除最常用的系动词加数词之外，还可以用
...up to...
，
...as+
adj. +as...
，
...nearly...
，
...rise to...
等。

例：快过年了，大白菜的价格
已接近
3
元一斤。
The New Year is coming, and the price of
the cabbage goes up to nearly 3 Yuan per kilogram.
②表示数量比较 和增减的句型。包括
...as...as...
，
...as...much (many) as...
，
...
数量词
+as...as...
，
...as...as+
数量词，
...
数量词
+
比较级
+than...
，比较级
+than...by...
，
...< br>数量词
+the size
（
length, volume
）
of...
，
...
数量词
+that of...
，
...
表增减的动词
+by tooverdown...
数量词。

例：这种商店的价格是前一种商品的
两倍
。
The price of this product is twice as much as
that of the previous one.
例：这只桶能装那只桶
三倍
的水。
This barrel can hold three times as much water as that one.
例：去年该工厂的产量下
降到
2003
年的
65
％
。
The output of that factory last year fell to
65
％
of the output in 2003.
③特殊词语表示数量比较和增减，此类为非功能词。这些单词比使用某些句型来得更简
洁，也较容易掌 握。

首先是以
-ble
和
-ple
结尾的表示倍数的词。

两倍
double
三倍
treble triple
四倍
quadruple
五倍
quintuple
六倍
sextuple
七倍
septuple
八倍
octuple
九倍
nonuple
十倍
decuple
有读者或许会问：“一倍”怎么说？如果说
A
的数量是
B
的一倍，那不就是
A
＝
B
吗？
即：A equals B
。如果说
A
比
B
多一倍，也就等于
A
的数量是
B
的两倍，就要用
double
一
词了。所以 英文里一般不说
...as one time as...
。但是有
half as much again
的说法，意为“一
倍半”。

例：预计下月我的工资会翻两翻。
It’s expected that my salary will triple next month.
5
例：自
1974
年以来，计算机进口量增加了
7
倍。
The number of computer imports has been
septupled since 1974.
例：这个月水费开支是原来的三倍。
The water rate quadrupled this month.
另外，
-fold
是英文里一个很 管用的后缀。当你想不起来倍数的表达的时候，不妨在数
字后面加上它，准没错！当然这个后缀是表示数 量的增加。请大家用这些特殊数字表达法来
翻译下列句子：

例：这个国家的人口是原来的三倍。
The population in that country is threefold of before.
英语与汉语里数字增减的表述都 是有一定规律可循的。但是这样的句型和表达很多，
因此考生要对这些句型逐个加以记忆以免错译。学会 准确地表达数字，不仅适用于六级翻译
新题型，也同样适用于六级作文题。尤其是图表作文对数字的描述 要求非常高。



（六）答案

1 A computer is a machine whose function is to accept data and process them into
information.
2 The girl standing at the window is his sister.
3 Smoking is prohibited in public places.
4 If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.
5 If winter comes, spring is not far behind.
6 Young as she is, she assumes most of the family’s income.
7 Despite deficiency in workers and increase in expense, he complained nothing, and there
are always smiles on his face.
8 It was very dark, but Mary seemed to know which way to take by instinct.
9 I don't think it advisable that parents should deprive their children of freedom to spend
their spare time as they wish.
10 Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.
11 When we make a mistake, we have to admit it and correct it.
12 The more he tried to hide his scars, the more they are going to be revealed.
13 He is not so much a scholar as a writer.
14 I'll take you to Venice for your honeymoon.
15 Peter drew his knife on the robber.
16 Many new opportunities will be opened up in the course of time for those with a
university education.
17 Passengers will please not speak to the man at the wheel.
18 They, with the approval of President Clinton, flew to Geneva on July 5.
19 Whenever confronted with such question, my mind goes blank.
20 If he had not forgotten the meeting, he would have attended it in person.
21 Considering it being fine today, they must have been going out.
22 He designed the first suspension bridge, which combined beauty and function perfectly.
23 In order to improve the competence of state-run enterprises
，
the central government has
implemented a series of reforms, among which is cutting down the staff.
24 It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.
25 It was with some difficulty that he found the ay to his own house.
26 It was pitch dark outside and was raining cats and dogs.
6
27 Sales in our company have increased up to four-fold in the last five years.
28 This hospital charges three to five times that of ordinary ones.
29 The value of these stamps has multiplied three- fold after I bought them.
30 The car runs as fast again as the truck.


7