潘祖仁语法全解-星火英语

2020年12月22日发(作者：薛克明)
语法复习

第一部分 介词
在英语中，介词（preposition ）虽然是一种小词，但在作用和运用上的复杂性却不可小
看。首先，可以毫不夸张地说，离开了介词的中 介或连接作用，就无法表达某些最基本的思想
或概念。以时间为例，大到年代，小到日月，要表示某些特 定的时间或时刻，离开介词有时就
会寸步难行。比如今年虽然可以说this year，但要表达在2000年，就不能省略介词，而
要说in 2000；这个月是this month，但月里则需要说in June；今天虽然有现成的today
一词，而如果是在6月5日就要说，在星期五就得用on Fr iday（但在某些新
闻报道里这些介词也可以省略不用）。再以位置为例，我们可以随便举出book 和desk两个
词，然后用介词表达出各种位置关系：the book on the desk（桌子上的书）、the book under
the desk（桌子下面的书）、the book near the desk（桌子附近的书）、the book beside the
desk（桌子旁边的书）等等。
介词不仅具有重要 的表达意义的功能，而且在使用上也十分复杂。造成这种复杂现象的
原因是多方面的。首先，单个介词（ 即由一个词语构成的介词，与此相对的是复合介词，比如
upon，into，within，with out等）本身的意义具有相当的复杂性，以in和on为例，in的基本
意义是在里面，表示一种范围 ，on的基本意义是在上面，表示两种东西相接触，然而在speak
in English（用英语说）和on the team（在队里当队员）两种形式中，in和on表达的则是引
申意义；the boat on the lake指的是湖上的船，但the cottage on the lake则表示湖边的小
屋。
其次，英语中的单个介词虽然只有60个左右，但这些介词 却可以同其他词类灵活搭配，
构成为数众多的短语形式：
1．介词加名词构成的短语，由称介词短语，如by accident（偶然地），on purpose（故
意地），for example（例如）in conclusion（总之）等。
2．由名词加介词构成的短语，比如concern for（对……的关心），love for（对……的热
爱），satisfaction with（对……满意），confidence in（对……的信任），loyalty to（对……
的忠诚）等等。
3．由动词加介词构成的短语，例如insist on（坚持要……），differ from（不同于，区别
于），distinguish between（区别，区分），benefit from（从……得到益处，受益于……），
conform to（符合）等等。
4．由形容词加介词构成的短语，比如be keen on（对……很热衷），be worried about
（为……而担心），be fond of（喜欢），be strict with（对……很严格），be loyal to（终于……）
等等。
上述这些搭配形式大都具有固定性，运用时常常来不得半点差错。比如be interested只< br>能和in搭配构成介词短语，according和instead只能分别与to和of搭配构成两种短 语介词。
此外，英语中还有一类短语介词，也即由介词加其他此类构成的短语，但作用相当于一个< br>介词，比如in front意思接近before，in spite of和despite是一个意思，apart from和except
意义也很相近等等。短语介词还有很多，再如according to（根据），along with（随同……
一起），because of（由于），by means of（依靠），instead of（代替），in accordance with
（与……一致，依据），on behalf on（代表），owing to（由于），together with（和……一
起），with regard to（关于），as for（至于），as to（至于），in view of（鉴于），for the
sake of（为了……），on account of（由于）等等。
单个介词还可以用在一起，这种现象称为双重介词，比如from within（从……里边），from
behind（从……后边），from inside（从……里边），from outside（从外边）等等。
其三，同一个介词和不 同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合都可以产生不同的
意义，前者如be good at（善于），be bad at（不善于），后者如agree with sb.（同意某人），
agree on sth.（同意某事）；在有些情况下，同一个介词和不同的 词语搭配或者同一个词语和
不同的介词结合有时也能产生相同的意义，前者如depend on（依靠），rely on（依靠），count
on（依靠），后者如be good at（善于），be skillful in（善于）。
其四，有些结构用不用介词意义完全相同 ，比如consider后面的as就可以省略而意义不
发生变化，而在有些结构中，有无介词意义则不 完全相同，比如《红楼梦》中的刘姥姥初进大
观园时会说：It is beautiful in here. 而贾府的丫鬟则会应酬说：Yes, it is beautiful here. 刘姥
姥的话含有一种对比意义，即大观园和外面相比简直是两个世界，丫鬟已在贾府住习惯了，因
此她的话 就没有这种对比意义，所以刘姥姥就用了带有比较意义的in here，而贾府的丫鬟则
用了没有对比意义的here。
除上面提到的几点外，英汉语不同的表达习惯也增加了介词学习的复杂性，比如英语说in
the sun, in the moon，汉语则说在阳光下（英语的under the sun是普天之下的意思）、
在月光下；英语说The sun rises in the east and sets in the west，汉语则说太阳从东方升起，
从西方落下，或者不用介词， 干脆说成太阳东升西落；英语中的the hole in the wall， the nail
in the wall， the map on the wall三个短语中用了不同的介词，而 汉语则都用一个上字来表
达：墙上的洞、墙上的钉子、墙上的地图；汉语可以直接说打某人的某个部位， 英语则要先说
打某个人，然后再通过介词去打某个部位：beat sb. on the head（ 打某人的头），同样，英
语要说抓着某人某个部位，就得先说抓着那个人，然后再用by来表示被抓着的 部位grasp sb.
by his hand（抓着某人的手）；英语中有besides和ex cept两个词语，汉语可以用除了一
种形式来表达，但汉语的除外既可以指包括，又可以指排除，在这 两种不同的情况下，英语
就得分别用两个介词来表示：
We all went there besides John. 除了约翰我们也去了那里。（即约翰去了，我们也去了）
We all went there except John. 除了约翰我们都去了那里。（即我们都去了，但约翰没去）
最后，为了解释英语介词用法上的复杂性 和灵活多样性，我们特以from一词为例来作进
一步的说明。
1．表示纯粹的分离，作分开、分离、隔开、离开解，常构成下列表达形式：
separate the good from the evil（把好的和坏的分开）
remove from the city to the countryside（从城市移居乡村）
part from a friend（断交）
depart from one's hometown（背井离乡）
keep away from dangerous things（远离危险）
flee from prison（逃离监狱）
keep (stand. aloof from the society（离群索居）
rise from table（离席）
fall from a tree（从树上掉下来）
withdraw from a meeting（离会）
move from one place to another（从一处迁至另一处）
retire from one's work（退休）
live apart from other people（离群索居）

2．表示消失、消除：
The plane soon disappeared from sight. 飞机很快消失不见了。
After hearing this, the smile fled from her face. 听到这里，她的笑容立即消失了。
Let us remove all doubts from our minds. 让我们消除相互间的猜疑吧。

3．表示禁止、戒除、免除、解除、除去、使免除、使脱离 等，有时具有否定
意义，常构成下列表达形式：
remove dirt from a table（除去桌子上的灰尘）
release sb. from his suffering（解除某人的痛苦）
clear the land from trees（伐去地上的树木）
free sb. from debts（免去某人的债务）
dismiss sb. from his service（解除某人的职务）
expel (dismiss) a student from school（开除学生）
be excused from punishment（被免去处罚）
be safe from danger（没有危险）
be secure from danger（没有危险）
be free from anxiety（无忧无虑）
rescue a person from danger（救人于危难）
deliver a person from danger（救人于危难）

4．表示防止、阻止、阻碍等，有时具有否定意义，常构成下列表达形式：
prevent sb. from doing sth.（防止、阻止某人做某事）
keep sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）
stop sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）
hinder sb. from doing sth.（妨碍某人做某事）
prohibit sb. from doing sth.（禁止、阻止某人做某事）
discourage sb. from doing sth.（劝阻某人不去做某事）
dissuade s. from doing sth.（劝阻某人不去做某事）

5．表示不在、缺席等：
be absent from a class（缺课） absent oneself from class（缺课）
be away from home（不在家） stay away from a place（不在某个地方）

6．与protect, guard, shelter, defend等动词搭配表示保护：
An umbrella protects us from rains. 伞可以使我们不受雨淋。
The big tree sheltered them from the rain. 大树保护他们没有被雨淋湿。

7．表示隐藏、隐蔽、隐瞒等，常与hide, conceal等动词搭配：
As a student, you should have no secret from you teachers. 作为学生，你不应该有任何隐瞒
老师的事。
The house was hidden from view by the trees. 那座房屋被树遮着了。
He always tries to conceal his poverty from others. 他总是设法不让别人知道自己的贫困。

8．与tell, know, distinguish, discriminate, differ, different等词语搭配表示区别：
Chinese differs (is different) from Japanese in many ways. 汉语和日语在许多方面存在着差
异。
It's not easy to tell a true friend from a false one. 辨别真假朋友不是件容易的事。
How would know an Englishman from an American? 你是怎么分辨英国人和美国人的？
You must learn to distinguish good from evil. 你必须学会辨别事情的好坏。
A little baby usually cannot discriminate one thing from another. 婴儿通常不能分辨两种东西。

上述情况表明，在英语学习过程中，介 词的确是一种不可忽视的语言现象，首先，介词的
重要性要求我们一定要努力学习与掌握，其次，介词运 用上的复杂性和灵活性又要求我们在学
习与掌握介词的过程中必须抱着慎之又慎态度认真。

第二部分、非谓语动词
定义及构成
非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词 （现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓
语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、
表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语
或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（4 ）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单
独作谓语，它不受主语的 人称和数的限制。
(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
功能及用法
(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语
动词动作之后.
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上
面两 句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+
形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,cleve r,good,foo
lish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,sil ly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的
sb.可作其逻辑主语。
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, prete
nd, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有 宾语补
足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,
wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, f
orce, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，
但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，
如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果)：
He arrived late only to find the train had gone.
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式： Ving
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可 作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语
时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式 宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, con
sider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, ap
preciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）,
think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protec
t…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forw
ard to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动
作同时发生，完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式
表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果
是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用
in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who i
s speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be
+ doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leav
e, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌
吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常
帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾- ed构成。不规则动词的过去分
词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有
组织的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的
人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过 去分词短语，就放在名词的后
面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed
等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走
进山洞。
典型习题
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did?t include women players until
1919.
playing be first played played be first playing
析：根据 题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，
不合题干之用，只有C选 项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sp
ort in the world.
make
析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得 ”，这
都不合题干情景。只有,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所
阻，因而耽误了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
be taken take taken
析：根据this even ing,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然
要用被动式，故答案为A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
wash g be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
eat not not to eat eating
析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓 语动词的否
定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?

try going to go try and go going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项
改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方
是建议甲方尝试 乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
receiving ing not having received not received

析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置 于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于d
ecided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先 ，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
invent ing have invented mvented
析： consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，
这 时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形 式。据
此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
d invite invited been invited
析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项 ，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应
排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除 ，只有d(＝who
were invited)才是正确答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
tied tied be tired
析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D
项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He ca
me in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。

第三部分、部分否定
英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：
1. all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示并非都……、不是所有的都……
例如：Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头
头。
Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长很高。
2. both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) 并非两个……都…… 例如： I don't
want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。
Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。
3. every…的否定式：不是每……都……
例如： Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.)
不是每本书都有教育意义的。
Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。
This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。
4. always的否定式：并非总是（并非一直）……
例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
5. entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式：不完全……，并非完
全……
例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。
He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。
I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。
What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。
6. all the time 的否定式：并非一直……、未必老是……
例如： A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。
7. not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。
例如： He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。
This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。
She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。
如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。
He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。
如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和
all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no
one, never, not (never)… at all 等。例如：
All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.
Both are good.---Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.
He is always late. --- He is never late.
We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.
He was here all the time. --- He was never here.

第四部分、定语从句
定语从句及相关术语：
1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句， 其作用是作定语修饰主
句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所 修饰的
先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系
代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why 等。关
系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。
4.定语：定语用来限定 、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、
短语或句子，汉语中常用?……的?表示 。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分
词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可 以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时
通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放 在所修饰的词之后，
作后置定语。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
关系代词引导的定语从句举例。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词， 并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等
成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和 先行词保持一致。

（一） 限定性定语从句
一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，whic h代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，th
at在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从 句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is t
he book （which）you want。]
2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词 不要丢
掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括
当 先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any,
all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数
词或 形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.
还有句中前面有 which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中 的主语和宾语，whom作宾语
时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的
从句可以修 饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一
样。
二、关系副词（在句中作状语）
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in at on ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during on in ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从
句只用w hen引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, suc
h as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something,
anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰 的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之
间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限
制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年
退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的
那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，
我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词
要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似
乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，
这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom
代表人，用which, whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.；
（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
指人在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们
是一班的.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路
的老人.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略 。（注：who和whom已无太大区
别，基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可 以。）
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公
交车上和你聊天的那个人.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个
男孩.
(3) The man whowhom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就
是我的朋友.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whomwho I talk to.
他就是那个和我聊天的男人.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English b
ook. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.
3. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen 指物时，常用以下结
构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢
的游戏.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.
5. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(1) The number of the people thatwho come to visit the city each year rises
one million.
(2) Where is the man thatwhom I saw this morning?


（四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+
关系代词引导
(1) The school (thatwhich) he once studied in is very famous.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (thatwhich) you asked for.
= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(3) We?ll go to hear the famous singer (whomthatwho) we have often talked
about.
= We?ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take car
e of等
T This is the watch whichthat I am looking for. (T＝正确)
F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物
时用which ，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few
等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone ba
d.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big c
ities.

（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don?t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year whenin which he was going to school he began to know
what he wanted when he grew up.
（六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后
面无宾语，就必须要 求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求
用关系代词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在
关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语 从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择
出关系代词关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯
定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days a
go则做one的定语从句。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又
因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的
不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关
系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，w
hy 原因状语) 。
（七）介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词w
hen ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he came late.
This is the reason for which he came late.
（八）先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone w
ho 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical s
chool. (what 可以用all that代替)
但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行 词，
而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是
定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。
（九）as,which引导的非限制性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，
as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句
中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C。
此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两
个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could ex
pect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性
定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B。
as 和which在引导非限制性定语 从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意
思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处 主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若
为行为动词， 则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
一、“as which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成
分，如：
My grandmother?s house was always of great importance to me, as my own
is.
在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形 容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人
的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词 性质的名词之后，引导定
语从句的关系代词不能用who whom.
2. 动词短语先行成分。
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们 在从句
中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as which一起代替。do可以出现，也可
以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。
3. 句子作先行成分。
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有 时甚
至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“aswhich”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“aswhich”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情
况：
1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成
分，“as which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as which”特殊定语从句置于
先行成分之 后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以
移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之
中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行
成分是否 定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由
于“as”特殊定语 从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，
“which”特殊定语从句 可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“aswhich”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般 说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们
的语义功能则有差 异。
1. 表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果 关系，从句中往往使用
有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising,
delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成 分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那
些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用； 从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然
规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natura l, known to all, usual等。
3. 有无状语意义
“a s”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则
无状语意义 。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，
“which”特殊 定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1. as which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a
rule、 a matter of fact等时，系 动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的
谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be 常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句
中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词
be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：
We thought him a gentleman, aswhich he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：
He talked like a native, whichas he hardly was.
4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代
表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：
I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.

（十）关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land thatwhich we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作
先行词时，只用that，不用which。
(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。.
(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复．
(h)先行词是the way时
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
（十一）定语从句的难点分析
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, li
ttle, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等
修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.
注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) Any man has a sense of duty won?t do such a thing.
2、当先行词被序数词修饰
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have seen.
4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时
(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meetin
g？
5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.
（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从：as和which引导非 限制性定语从句，有
相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, aswhich was natural.
(2) He was honest, aswhich we can see.
2、as 引导非限制性定语从句， 可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个
主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在 主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”
的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don?t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3、当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所
引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary?s wedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿
的一样的裙子。
注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：as在所引导的
定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分
(6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.
(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to by one.
(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
The way in which that. he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
There are very few but understand his idea。 ( but= who don?t )
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1、定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；
同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；
句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much mon
ey. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3、 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不
可以 发展成一个完整的句子，
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
［定语从句］介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词w
hen 和where 互换。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们
俱乐部的那一天吗？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club？

第五部分、名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于
名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此 根据它在
句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从
句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连词：that（无任何词意）
whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）
as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, whichever,whomever
连接副词：when, where, how, why,how many,how much
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：
whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有not
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
二. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代
词w hat，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where ，why等
词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑
问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家
的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚
会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻 ，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把
主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词 一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要
用虚拟 语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

三、宾语从句
名词句用 作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句
的关联词大致一样，在句中可 以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体
中常被省去 ，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要
去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good
in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等
表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队
马上出发。
2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, wha
tever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述
语序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给
予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从 句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句
语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不
用if：
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d.
从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生
命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问
题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有
足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而
使用
不同时态。例如：
he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）
he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）
he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般
过去时 ，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，
则从句仍用现在时态。 例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5. think, believe, imagine, su ppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述
主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形 式移到主句中。例如：
We don?t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don?t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
四、表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句 的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大
致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词
+ that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That?s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn?t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute thi
s morning .
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
五、同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引 导，可用于同位
语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、id ea、information、message、
news、order、problem、prom ise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word
等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激
动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生
病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；
that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。

试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？
（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
六、名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that- 从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的
作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that- 从句在句中能充当主 语、
宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That she is still alive is her luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星
期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见
过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his
office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That- 从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划
注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
七、名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh- 词包括who, whom,. whose,
whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等
连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that- 从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和
间接宾语等，例如：
主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本
人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随
心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问
题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字
就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什
么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh- 从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不
明。
八、if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也
分别被称为yes- no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例
如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还
有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让
我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否
应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是
否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illnes
s. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词ifwhether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典
人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
if和whether的区别：
1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如：
例8 I can?t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
例9 I want to know whether it?s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3 、在介词后，只能用whether。如：
例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是
否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如：
Whether this is true or not, I really don?t know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。
（例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否
能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。－－此例为主语从句，有误，感谢指出）
5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：
例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我 是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，
好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义.
九、否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定
词转移到主句中，即主句的 谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the
street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采
食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定
because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother sa
w her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个
月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。 十、典型试题
1. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
(NMET 1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
答案D。当名词从句在句中作 主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于
句首，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it 只起先行引导作用，本身无实义。此句也可
以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
2．A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do．（NMET2001）

A．how B．after C．what D．when
答案C。从句子结构可知，句子的空白处应该填 引导宾语从句的连词，做主句谓语动
词do的宾语，同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语，因此，此处 的连接词应该用what。
3. He asked ____ for a violin．（MET1992）
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
答案：D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，句子语序要用陈述语序。
4. What the doctors really doubt is ____ my mother will recover from the ser
ious disease soon．（上海2001年春季招生）
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知，所怀 疑的应是是否能治好病，所
以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从 重病中恢复过来。”
5．It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (N
MET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么 是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应
是一个宾语从句，而从句中wants缺少宾语，A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语
的；排除A和D，whichever表示“ 无论哪一个，无论哪些”，应表示一定范围内的人或物，
此处没有涉及事物的范围，所以应选 B．whatever，表示“无论什么”。
6. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
答案C。本题句子的意思是：无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代
词wh oever引导的名词性从句，连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句，并在从句中作
主语，相当 于any person who或The person who, 意为“一切……的人”。而anyone和
the person均非连词，不能引导从句，况who leaves the room last意为“某个最后离开
房间的人”，与题意不符，如果要选A. Anyone或B. The person，都必须在它们后面再
加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。
7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (Shanghai
1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
答案为C。本题句子的意思是：Sarah 希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+e
ver引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词 引导的从句的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性
从句也可以引导让步状语从句；后者只能引导让步状语从句 。首先排除A和D，从句中需
要的是主语，所以whomever也不行。
8. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that ______ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)
A. why B. what C. when D. where
答案A。根据语境，甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请
几天假 的原因，故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境，下
句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗？”
9. I still remember ______ this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993)
A. when B. how C. where D. what
答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语，排除D．what，而答案C, D均与题意
不符，所以应选A．when。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态，本句的意思是“我仍然
记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。”
10．I read about it in some book or other，does it matter ____ it was？（20
01春季招生）
A．where B．what C．how D．which
答案D。这是一个 主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析，应是哪本书，
所以要填which，这句话的意思 是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容，是哪一本书重
要吗？”。
11. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will
be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C when D. as (2001年上海)
答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导，接在fact,
news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后，用来解释或说明名词
的内容。
12. —I think it is going to be a big problem.
—Yes, it could be.
—I wonder ______ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)
A、if B、how C、what D、that
答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句，而从句 中
的谓语动词do是及物动词，可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分，我们可以用排除法排除
不作 成分的if和that，再排除引导方式状语的how，答案是C，句子的意思是“我们能就此
做些什么 ”。

第六部分、倒装句
倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调 某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：
完全倒装和部分倒装。
1. 完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。
例如：In came the teacher and the class began. （老师走了进来，然后开始上
课。）
2) there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接app
ear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等，一般都译成有的含义，构成完全倒装句。

例如：There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.（远处有个穿黑色
衣服的人。）
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句：以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, t
hen 开头，后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand
等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother cam
e.
4）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时
使用完全倒装
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.
注意：
1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是
代词时，就要用部分倒装句。
例：Here comes the postman!（邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。）

Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）
2) 当主语是代词，谓语是系 动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用
完全倒装句，起强调作用。
例：Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.（他真幸运，
被一所名牌大学录取了。）
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains
the audience with word play.（中国典型的是相声表演，两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗
乐观众）
2. 部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的
强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has alway
s dreamt about（疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活）
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至
补充助动词的用法：
例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.（小约翰直到昨天才改变
了主意。）
In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four s
easons in the course of a single day.（据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一
天中感受到四季变化）
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely,
hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no m
ore, nor nearly, not only等以及only。
Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.
4）一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复
合句主句要求使用过去完成式。
注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，
其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5）此外，一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装，这些结构包括at no time;
by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; inunder no ci
rcumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no
point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
注意：
a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装： 例：Only after he had spoken out the
word did he realize he had made a big mistake.（只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识
到自己犯了个大错误。）
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装：
例： It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.（直到
他出国以后才了解到事实真相。）
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时，意义类似almost no not
never（几乎不、从不），则无须倒装。
例：Hardly any people having been invited went there.（几乎没有什么受到邀请
的人去那里了。）
6) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词
或副词通常紧跟在这三个 引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句：

例：I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how dee
p it is.（我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。）
7) 由as引导的部分倒装句：
a) 当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj. adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个a
s省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。
例：Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give
an immediate reply to my question.（正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即
回答我的问题。）
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).（她跑上楼去，跑得象兔子那么
快！）
b) 当 as引导让步状语时，和although, though一样，当用作“尽管”之义时，可以用
于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功，但他还是没及格)

c) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。
例：Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.（因为他太累了，我们决定
不打扰他。）
d) 等于so时，意义是“也，也是”
例：She worked hard, so as did her husband. （她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作
也很努力。）
3. 其它情况的倒装句
1) so, neither, nor除了构成上述 倒装句以外，还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词
甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种 倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也，相同，那样”时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要
求使用完全倒装句：
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.
b) so such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so such和that之间的部
分：
例：So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.
c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调，例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simpl
e man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)
d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为：
完全倒装时：表示也不，和上文a）用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或
一致内容。
例：You don't know what to do now, neither nor do I .（你不知道现在该做什
么，我也不知道。）
和其它否定副词连用，表示也（不），也要求用完全倒装句：
例：The besieged enemy could not advance, nor neither retreat could they .
（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）
注意：若把这句话改成：besieged enemy could neither advance nor retrea
t.（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）就不必倒装。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
1) 用在肯定句里，构成一般否定倒装：
例：All that is true, nor must we forget it.（那全都是真的，我们可不能忘记。）

2) 部分倒装，有承上启下作用，表示同意和赞同：
例：A: I couldn't do anything for her.（我帮不了她。）
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.（你是不能帮
她，但你本可以找人帮她的。）
2) 在进行比较的句子里，如果主语不是代词时，可以倒装：
例：America consumes more energy than did our country.（美国消耗的能源比我
们国家多。）
3）在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.
4）在文学作品中常出现倒装，有些是由于语法习惯，有些是为了简单的修辞，如No
t even one cloud will I bring away（不带走一片云彩）.
注:如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装.
Only Wang Ling knows this .
如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，用倒装结 构；主语是代
词时，一般不用倒装。


第七部分、强调句
强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式,主要有如下几
种形式:
1．用助动词“do（does／did）＋动词原形”来表示强调：
He does know the place well．他的确很熟悉这个地方。
Do write to me when you get there．你到那儿后务必给我来信。
2．用形容词 very，only，single，such, last 等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气：
That's the very textbook we used last term．这正是我们上学期用过的教材。
You are the only person here who can speak Chinese．你是这里唯一会讲汉语
的人。
Not a single person has been in the shop this morning．今天上午这个商店里连
一个人都没有。
How dare you buy such expensive jewels？你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢？
He is the last person I want to see in this world! 我最不想看他了!
3．用in the world，on earth，at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气（常用于疑问
句):
Where in the world could he be？他到底会在哪儿？
What on earth is it？它究竟是什么？
Do you know at all？你到底知不知道？
4．用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感： 见感叹句
How interesting a story it is！这是一个多么有趣的故事啊！
Oh，what a lie！啊，真是弥天大谎！
5. 用重复来表示强调：
Why！why！The cage is empty！啊！啊！箱子是空的。
They walked for miles and miles．他们走了好多英里。
6．用倒装句（也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首）来加强语气：
On the table were some flowers．桌上摆着一些花。（强调地点）
Many a time have I climbed that hill．我多次翻过那座山。
Only in this way，can we solve this problem．只有这样，我们才能解决这个问题。

7．用强调句型：“It is（was）＋被强调的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分”来强调
说话人的意愿：
It was on Monday night that all this happened．所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
It's me who he blamed．他怪的是我。
注意：被强调部分不能是谓语。
8．用If来表示强调：
1）If从句＋I don't know who／what，etc．does／is／has，etc．；主语部分也可
以用nobody does／is／has，etc．或everybody does／is／has，et c．来代替（这里
的if从句往往是正话反说，反话正说）：
If he can't do it，I don't know who can．要是他做不了这件事，我不知道还有谁
能做。（强调只有他能做）
If Jim is a coward，everybody is．要是吉姆是个胆小鬼，那么人人都是胆小鬼。
（强调吉姆不是胆小鬼）
2）if从句＋it be主句（此用法可看成是第8中强调句型的变形，即把所要强调的内
容放在it be的后面，把其它内容放在由if引导的从句中）：
If anyone knew the truth，it was Tom．如果说谁了解事实的真相，那便是汤姆。
If there is one thing he loves，it is money．如果说世界上还有他爱的东西，那便
是金钱。
9．用破折号、黑体字也可以表示强调，加强语气：
It's because of hard work—ten years of hard work．那是因为艰苦的工作-- 十年
艰苦的工作！
He began the work in late May．他在五月底开始的这项工作。（强调时间）
典型例题
1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两
个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 ，其余用that。

原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用
when)
强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that
还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to
Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is was +时间+ since…

第八部分、虚拟语气
1、概述
虚拟语气用来表示说话 人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，
不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚 拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为
陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。

2、简单句中的虚拟语气

一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示 说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，
常用于日常会话中。如：
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路
好吗？
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐！
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如：
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）
(1).God save me．
(2).Heaven help us．
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如：
(1).You?d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I?d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。


3、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法
1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句
eg .
If he doesn?t hurry up, he will miss the bus. ( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气）
If he was free, he would ask me to tell stories. （真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语
气）
If I were you, I would go at once. （非真实条件状语从句）
If there were no air, people would die. （非真实条件状语从句）
总结就是 四个字：主将从现，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。
2、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式

① 表示与现在事实相反的情况

（条件）从句谓语
主句谓语动词形式
动词形式
谓语动词用一般过
shouldwouldcouldmight+
去式
动词原形（过去将来时）
（be用were）

eg.
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不
可能是你）
If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我
就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借
给你些。（事实：没带钱）
If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。
（事实：学习不用功）

②表示与过去事实相反的情况

从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式
shouldwouldcouldmight+
had+过去分词（过 have+过去分词（现在完
去完成时） 成将来时）（过去将来完成时）


eg. If I had got there earlier, I shouldcould have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我
就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他
听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）
③表示对将来情况的主观推测（可能相反或可能性很小）

从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式
If+主语+ ①
should+动词
② did
shouldwould
③were to do



(①通常与一
couldmight+动
个表示时间状语连
词原形
用)其 中were to

do可能性最小，


he would come here tomorrow, I shouldwould talk to him. 如果他哪天来
这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周
日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪）
If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果
她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事得始末。
在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，＋动词
原形构成，should 可省略。
◆ 书面语中,上述)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, w ere或其他助动词,
则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部 分倒装.

Eg. Were he in your position, he?d have done the same.
Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.
Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.

特殊用法：
(1) 错综时间虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能
指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.
Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主
句指现在).

(2) 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表
示.
Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
I was so busy then. Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.

4、名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1）：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时 的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和
were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望
知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如
春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事
实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词
understood)
现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事
实上并不和我们在一起)
二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could,
might+过去完成时。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句，表 达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即
用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过 去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动
词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have
slept是答案
三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词动词原形时间上较后)(请注意 ：主句和从句的主语不
相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)
四）、注意：
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身 隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”
从句应用虚拟语气， 且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故
此从句中谓 语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：
表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order
表示“主张”的：maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist
例如：
doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当
我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see
how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking
country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟
语气.
insists that she is right.
insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、 表明、
坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错:
(错)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对)14. I insisted that you were wrong.
例题分析： is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11
o'clock at night.
A. were not played B. not be played
C. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机 ”。句中的谓语动词request
（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“shoul d＋动词原形”。本句的主语从句
中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。
在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play
是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not pla y也是动词play的过去时形式，
同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式， 而本题要用被动语态。
练习：
16). The chairman requested that .
〔A〕the members studied more carefully the problem
〔B〕the problem was more carefulnessly studied
〔C〕with more carefulness the problem could be studied
〔D〕the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
〔A〕would be discussed
〔B〕will be discussed
〔C〕be discussed
〔D〕may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient .
〔A〕that he not work too hard for three months
〔B〕take it easy for three months
〔C〕taking it easy inside of three months
〔D〕to take some vacations for three months

三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用
“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
练习：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large
army?
〔A〕It is believed
〔B〕Should they believe
〔C〕They would believe
〔D〕If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
〔A〕will leave
〔B〕may leave
〔C〕leave
〔D〕leaves

四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后
的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来
表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语 气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用
过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或对过 去做的事的懊悔。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．经理宁愿她女儿
不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入
这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你没有
必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暂时
先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地
说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床
呢？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把这本书还
了。

注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today．
②would rather．．．than．．．中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today．
五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实 现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词
原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in
China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。

2）主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (wa s)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、
命令、可能、 适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其
表达形式为should ＋动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）
常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可
取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent
(急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)*
desirable (极好 的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desi rable
（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incr edible（惊人的），necessary
（必要的），possible（可能的），stran ge（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的),
desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have)
(表示有需要去散步)
was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,
should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要
在此抽烟)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important,
should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表
示重要的是照顾好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible．这些申请表
应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。
is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project．重要的是募集足够的钱，为
这个项目提供资金。
is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．希望我们今晚一切都准备
就绪。
注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience．汤
姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

二、在It is ＋名词＋that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is ＋名词＋t hat的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、
惊奇等。这类名词
有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，
proposal，recommendation ，
requirement，res olution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建议派他去国外进一步学习。

3）虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作 主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用
虚拟语气，其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：
demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)，
recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期
的建议。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone．由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
(名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
+both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
+some of the criminals there are of guilt only
+the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
+the prisoner be sentenced to death

5、It’s (high) time 后的定语从句中的虚拟语气
例：It?s time we went.
I think it?s time they were taught a lesson.
It?s high time you made up your mind.

强化训练：虚拟语气
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father you permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical
value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you?d think the photograph on the right was
strange.
A. shouldn?t contact B. didn?t contact C. weren?t to contact D. hadn?t contacted
10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn?t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden
loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
16. Jean Wagner?s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his
insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I
______
fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn?t taken such a long time to get dressed, we?d there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun
________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
22. I wish I with her.
A. would be B. am C. was D. were
23. I wish that I the concert last night.
A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.
A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said.
A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
27. I hadn?t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn?t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn?t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.
A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke
36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don?t C. didn?t D. didn?t do
37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are,
some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn?t B. didn?t have had C. hadn?t had D. hadn?t have
38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.
A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm
39. Without electronic computers, much of today?s advanced technology .
A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved
40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .
A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
41. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking
42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every
applicant ______all diplomas from elementary school to university.
A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have
43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldn?t be surprised if he acting for a
living one day.
A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up
45. If I had seen the movie, I you all about it now.
A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told
46. I hadn?t expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him t call me up B. him calling me up
C. that he would call me up D. that he will call me
47. I had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three
months.
A. spends B. spent C. would spend D. will spend
48. I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor, but she wasn?t good enough at science.
A. will become B. became C. would become D. becomes
49. I?d rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn?t do C. don?t D. didn?t
50. I?d just as soon_______ rudely to her.
A. that you won?t speak B. you not speaking
C. you not speak D. you didn?t speak
51. It?s high time they this road.
A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend
52. It?s about time people______ notice of what women did during the war.
A. take B. took C. have taken D. will take
53. Everybody has arrived. It?s time we the class.
A. shall start B. would start C. had started D. start
54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. has received B. ought to have received
C. couldn?t have received D. shouldn?t have received
56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.
A. came B. would come C. would have come D. should be coming
57. He?s working hard for fear that he .
A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fall behind
58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.
A. have been postponed B. has been postponed
C. postpone D. be postponed
59. In the past men generally preferred that their wives______ in the home.
A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working
60. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more mature one, it requires that the
child
psychologically ready for the new idea.
A. is B. were C. be D. would be
61. Tom?s father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more.
A. ask him to stay B. ask he to stay C. asks he stays D. asks he stay
62. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable.
A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited
63. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
64. It was essential that we lease before the end of the month.
A. sing B. singed C. had signed D. were signing
65. It is appropriate that some time ______thorough study of the results of the Apollo
mission.
A. devotes to B. devoted to C. is devoted to D. be devoted to
答案与详解
1．A．条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。
2．B．条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。
3．A．条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。
4．B．条件句表示与未来事实的相反。
5．C．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。
6．D．条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。 7．B．这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件
句 表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对
过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。
8．（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词 had提前到主语
前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选< br>would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达
形式，故为正确答案。
9．（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设 ，该句
是一个混合虚拟条件句。
10．（B）假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、but that、
without, 由连词but、副词otherwise 、比较级、形容词、独立主格 等表示的上下文中。
本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为 英语
考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选But for为正确答案。
11．（C）题目 中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做
但事实上没有做的事，这种情 况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的
是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。
12．D．注意主句now表示现在的时间状语，所以主句是对现在虚拟，从句是对过去虚拟。
13．A．从句对过去的虚拟。
14．B．从句表示虚拟，而主句是事实。
1 5．（D）it是形式宾语，urgent是宾语补足语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语从句，该从
句的内容被认为是urgent（急迫的），这样从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气形式，即should
（可以省略）+动词原形。因此，本题正确答案是（D）。
16．（C）在表示要求、愿望、建议、 请求、命令等含义的名词同位语从句中，从句谓语动
词要用虚拟语气形式，即should(可以省略) +动词原形。
17．（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而 事实上
没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。
18．（B）此题要 求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式，以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来
看，if从句中表 达的内容应该是过去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因为（A）是现在时。（C）
中should+ha ve+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事，在此不合题意。（D）选项
中的might+hav e+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测，它表达的内容还不能
成为事实，所以藉此道歉真是 不知从何说起，因此此处也不合题意。（B）had offended表
示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句：apologize 是现在，而条件句是表示对过去
假设的条件句。
19．（A）该句也是一个复杂条件句（或 称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的
假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此 相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。
20．（A）as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时 或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be
动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本 句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去
式，故（A）是正确答案。
21．D．
22．D．
23．C．
24．A．
25．D．
26．（B）had not occurred表示对过去的虚拟，条件句中要用过去完成式，主句中 要用
should(would, could, might)+动词原形的过去分词。
27．（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动
词原形。
28．（C）表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, m ight)+have+过
去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。 （B），（D）的表
达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。
29．（A）sug gest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式，其形式为should（可以省略）+动词原
形。
30．A．表示与现在相反的虚拟。
31．A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
32．D．felt是过去式，所以该句是由as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
33．D．as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。
34．A．as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
35．C．
36．（D）would rather后接从句要求用虚拟语气，形式为过去式，表示对现在或将来的 假
设，或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设。
37．（C）who引导的定语从句中的 现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟
是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式 表示对过去的虚拟。
38．（B）
39．（C）这是一人含蓄虚拟条件句，通过介词短 语without,表示潜在的一种假设，而主句
中的情况也早已经发生，所以是对过去情况的一种假设 ，因此用would not have been
achieved这一形式。
40．（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原
形。
41．（B）It is time that是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过
去式。
42．（C）
43．（C）otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设，因为是对过 去(yesterday)的情况的假
设，所以应该用would have come形式。 44．（B）所给的四个选项中没有一个表示对未来的情况的虚拟的形式should+动词原形，
或是were to do，因此可以断定if引导的条件句在这里最真实的条件句，用一般现在时表
示 一般将来时，故（B）是正确答案。
45．（A）这是一个混合虚拟语气的句子，if条件句表示的 是对过去情况的假设，而主句是
对现在（now）的情况的假设，故用would tell形式。
46．C．
47．C．
48．C．
49．B．would rather引导的虚拟语气其谓语用过去式。
50．D．would as soon引导的虚拟语气，其谓语动词也用过去式.
51．B．
52．B．
53．B．
54．B．
55．C．注意单词otherwise引导虚拟语气。
56．C．同上。
57．A．注意词组for fear that
58．A．注意without
59．C．
60．C．
61．D．
62．B．
63．D．
64．A．
65．D．