娜娜莉英语文章及汉语翻译

2020年12月28日发(作者：仇子长)
The development trend of advanced manufacturing technology and production mode
With the advent of the information age, global economic integration and the formation
of unified market, as a pillar of the national economy, manufacturing industry is
facing more fierce competition. 2l century manufacturing industry has been
experiencing new technology revolution, through continuous change, rapid response,
strengthen in the whole life cycle of products quality, function, service and pay
attention to environmental protection and enhance market competitiveness, therefore,
use of highly integrated, agility, intelligence and green manufacturing technology
is an irreversible trend.
1 the developing trend of advanced manufacturing technology
Advanced manufacturing technology is the United States in the late nineteen eighties,
according to manufacturing industry faces the challenge of Japan, in order to enhance
the competitive capacity of manufacturing industry and revitalize American economy
put forward, it is supported by information technology, research and transformation
of the role in the entire life cycle of products all the technical term, it integrates
mechanical, electronic, information biology, optics, materials, energy,
environmental protection, management and the latest achievements in the field, to
obtain high quality, high efficiency, low consumption, cleaning products. 2l century
the development trend of advanced manufacturing technology embodied in the following
aspects:
A ) precision: nineteen sixties, general machining accuracy of 100 ~ m, l ~ m
precision machining precision, precision of 0.1 M; to the end of twentieth Century,
general machining accuracy 1 u m, precision machining accuracy of 0.01 M, ultra
precision machining accuracy for 0.00l m. In the modern precision machinery, to
high precision, such as satellite instrument bearing, its roundness, cylindrical,
surface roughness are in nanometer scale. For example, the electronic manufacturing
required in the control accuracy, precision tends to nanometer to sub-nanometer
level.
Technique of precision and ultra precision machining precision and ultra precision
cutting, grinding, polishing and processing of special and complex processing ( such
as chemical mechanical polishing and electrolytic polishing, ultrasonic grinding )
three big fields. Ultra precision machining technology has been to nanotechnology
development, in recent years the emergence of nanotechnology, prompted the ultra
precision machining to the ultimate precision atomic level processing challenges.
Nanotechnology promotes science, materials science, mechanical and optical science,
measurement science and the development of electronic science.
B ) automation: automation technology since twentieth Century after appearing at
the beginning, experienced by a single varieties suitable for mass production of
rigid automation, to more varieties of small quantities of flexible automation,
multiple species and batch of integrated automation in the development process, the
successful application of automation technology, greatly improving the product
productivity, effectively to users to provide quality products, but also can
complete risk environment task. As the car engine production, so the bulk of the
larger industries automation, through the machine automation, the use of automatic
machine, combined machine tool, automatic production line to complete the. Small
batch production automation through NC, IMS, MC, CAM, FMS, CIM, IMS to complete.
The future of automation will more consider
relationship.
C ) network: the manufacturing process of market development, raw materials
procurement, product design, parts manufacturing, machine assembly, sales and other
links, are not confined to a business, a group or a nation, with the aid of the network
technology, especially the Internet, across different enterprise space exists
between the gap, organization, management and utilization of scattered around in
the manufacturing resource, establish flexible and efficient, mutually beneficial
use, transnational enterprise dynamic alliance, through the enterprise between
information integration, process integration, resource sharing, for enterprises to
carry out collaborative design and manufacturing, marketing, supply chain
management to provide technical support for the environment and means, realization
of product business affairs in coordination, product design, product manufacturing
and supply chain coordination, greatly shorten the product development cycle, reduce
development cost, improve the industry chain and manufacturing groups
competitiveness.
D ) integration : over time, the traditional manufacturing technology on the basis
of constant development, computer technology, information technology, new material
technology and management technology of organic integration in the product life
cycle to form multiple disciplines, interdisciplinary technology complex, advanced
manufacturing technology and its connotation across the traditional manufacturing
technology and business and processing plant boundary, it is a demand from the market,
innovative design, technology to the process of production organization and
monitoring, feedback market information, enterprise culture, engineering system;
with advanced manufacturing technology, computer application technology as the core
of information, design, technology, and energy engineering the corresponding
project management integrated technology in modern manufacturing engineering.
E ) of intelligence: the information age with the machine to achieve the person's
mental labour part of mechanization and automation, make the people get rid of the
tedious calculation and analysis, have more energy to engage in creative labour.
Intelligent manufacturing technology development trend of intelligent
manufacturing system, promote the flexibility, so it has better judgement and the
ability to adapt, guarantee the manufacturing system to the best state in the
operation process.
F ) green: green manufacturing is a sustainable development strategy of human society
in the modern manufacturing industry in embodiment, green manufacturing is mainly
related to the optimal use of resources, cleaner production and waste minimization
and the use of green manufacturing, product, design, production, products covered
packaging, transportation, distribution, consumption and scrap the product life
cycle.
In green design, selection of green non-toxic, no pollution, easily recycled, reused
or easily degradable materials; improve product disassembly, product only by
removing and classification can be thoroughly carried out material recovery and
recycling of parts; the design takes full account of the various products of material
components of recycling possibility, recovery process and technology, recycling
costs associated with the product a series of problems, thereby simplifying the
recovery process, reduce the waste of resources, no environmental pollution or less
pollution to.
During the Gulf War, the United States Army Support Battalion in just 3 months, using
the remanufacturing technology restored theater 70% of damaged equipment, Japan Fuji
Xerox company on the reusable parts repair after treatment and recycling,
utilization rate has reached more than 50%, with the old parts of the copier
production reached 25% of the total output. American of iron and steel scrap product
remanufacturing has obtained remarkable effect; to save energy 47% ~ 74%, reduce
air pollution 86%, reduce water pollution 76%, reduction of solid waste water saving
97%, 40%.
In order to reduce the cutting process of cutting fluid on environment pollution,
appeared the minimum quantity lubrication cutting, dry cutting, grinding,
low-temperature spraying liquid nitrogen cooled gas jet cutting of green cutting
and grinding technology, machining process with no or only a trace of the cutting
fluid. Compared with traditional wet cutting, the processing cost is reduced,
avoiding the waste liquid treatment.
2 advanced manufacturing mode
In the rapid development of the social economy and the increasingly fierce
competition in the market today, manufacturing enterprises to rely solely on the
improvement of technology, improve the level of equipment is can't meet above
requirements, must from overall strategy, organization structure, management mode,
to adapt to market requirements, manufacturing mode is to show the enterprise system,
management, management, organization of production and technical system
configuration and operation mode.
A ) lean production (LP ) : in 1990 the United States Massachusetts Institute of
Technology James took 5 years to study global nearly 100 car manufacturing plant,
in theTheMachineThatChangedtheworldin one book put forward the concept of lean
production. And so to describe the Toyota mode of production, that Japan nineteen
eighties success lies in using the new mode of production.
Lean production is characterized by: 1) the people-oriented, mobilize the enthusiasm
of all staff and creativity; 2) pay attention to the needs of customers, according
to customer 's need to provide marketable products, and provide quality services;
3) be very careful in reckoning, elimination of the manufacturing process of all
people, objects, redundant activities, post, time, space, require workers to
multi-skill, achieve perfect production; 4) refine on, the pursuit of manufacturing
process each link and the whole process of ceaseless and perfect, solve the problem
in time, realize zero waste, zero inventory and product diversification.
B ) ( AM ) and agile manufacturing virtual enterprise ( VE ): nineteen eighties,
in order to restore the American manufacturing industry in the global leadership
position, by the United States Department of defense organized by Lehigh University
and GM 13 large company as the core has more than 100 companies involved in the joint
study group, finally completed in 1991.
strategy of manufacturing industryreport and submit to the United States Congress,
this report presents
The features of Agile Manufacturing: 1) demand response fast, quick response to the
market current and future needs of development, predictable, production in line with
the user design or order products; 2) manufacturing resource integration, enterprise
is not only the internal resource sharing and information integration between
enterprises, also includes a variety of resources integration, technology,
management and human integration, thus in the product life cycle, the maximum to
meet the needs of users; 3) organizational form of dynamic, to win the opportunity
of market competition, the use of information technology and network technology,
to achieve different organization and enterprise's dynamic organization, it
increases with the task of producing, and with the mission ended, beyond the
interrogation of the mutual benefit, fight in coordination, resource complementary
coalition, known as virtual enterprise, also known as dynamic alliance.
In 1993, the United States of America Sandia National Laboratories, the combined
signal company joint implementation of telemetry device agile manufacturing
demonstration projects, in 13 months to design and manufacture of a new integrated
telemetry processor, project cost than budget decreased more than 30%, the
production time than the previous mode of production decreased by 50%, improves
production efficiency several times.
In 2000 February, GM, Ford and Daimler Chrysler terminate at respective parts
purchasing plan, to jointly build parts procurement e-commerce market ( procurement
dynamic alliance ), in April the same year, Renault - Nissan company decided to join
the e-commerce market, transaction cost by original every 100 ~ 150 dollars lower
to $$5 per car, the manufacturing cost can be reduced at least $$1200.
C ) integrated manufacturing ( CIM ) and intelligent manufacturing ( IM ) : 1974,
the United States Dr. Harrington inComputerIntegratedManufacturing ) a book made
computer integrated manufacturing ( CIM ) concept. Integrated manufacturing of two
basic points are: 1 ) the system view, enterprise each management link, from the
market, product development, manufacturing, management, sales and service are an
integral whole, need to consider; 2) manufacturing information view, enterprises
throughout the production process, is actually information acquisition,
transmission and processing of the process.
CIM is the enterprise organization, management and modernization of production of
the new model, it will be the person of the enterprise, technology, three elements
of management and the information flow, material flow, value flow organically
integrated together, the progressive realization of enterprise whole process
computer integrated, it can make the enterprise overall optimization in the premise,
to seek local optimization and to achieve global optimization operation, in order
to obtain the biggest benefit.
IM is in the nineteen eighties artificial intelligence technology is widely used
in the foundation, it is characterized by : the manufacture of all aspects of the
highly flexible, highly integrated and intelligent, through the computer to simulate
human experts intelligent activity, to manufacturing issues analysis, judgment,
inference, ideas and decision, replace or extended manufacturing environment the
human part of mental labour, and a human expert on manufacturing intelligence
collection, storage, sharing, perfect, inheritance and development.
3 conclusion
In recent years, Chinese advanced manufacturing technology in the government's
guidance and support, to get rapid development and breakthrough. Computer aided
design ( CAD ) technology in the manufacturing industry uses generally in our country,
the development of a number of excellent 3D CAD, CAPP and CAM system, CNC machine
tools and flexible manufacturing system has achieved fruitful results. Basic
technology and technical aspects of system development, greatly promoted the
modernization of manufacturing industry. Development and promotion of advanced
manufacturing technology should stand in the information technology revolution of
science and technology, nano science and technology revolution and revolution of
science and technology of biology of height, sufficient understanding of advanced
manufacturing technology innovation is the need for talents, the implementation of
advanced manufacturing mode of talents training is the key.
汉语翻译
先进制造技术的发展趋势与生产模式

随着信息时代的到来，全球经济的一 体化和统一市场的形成，作为国民经济支柱产业的
制造业面临更加激烈的竞争。2l世纪的制造业不断经 历新的技术革命，通过持续变革、快速
响应、加强产品全生命周期内的品质、功能、服务和注重环保等增 强市场竞争力，因此，采
用高度集成、敏捷、智能和绿色的制造技术是不可逆转的趋势。
1先进制造技术的发展趋势
先进制造技术是美国在20世纪80年代末，根据制造业面临日本 的挑战，为增强制造业
的竞争能力和振兴美国经济提出的，它是以信息技术为支撑，研究并改造作用于产 品整个生
命周期的所有技术的总称，它综合了机械、电子、信息生物、光学、材料、能源、环保、管理等领域的最新成果，目的是获得优质、高效、低耗、清洁的产品。2l世纪先进制造技术的
发展趋 势体现在以下几个方面：
a)精密化：20世纪60年代，一般加工精度为100μm，精密加工精度 为lμm，超精密加工
精度为0.1μm；到20世纪末，一般加工精度1μm，精密加工精度为0．0 1μm，超精密加工精
度为0．00lμm。在现代超精密机械中，对精度要求极高，如人造卫星的仪表 轴承，其圆度、
圆柱度、表面粗糙度等均达纳米级。譬如，电子制造中所要求的控制精度趋于纳米级、加 工
精度趋于亚纳米级。
精密和超精密加工技术包括精密和超精密切削加工、磨削加工、研磨加 工以及特种加工
和复合加工(如机械化学研磨、超声磨削和电解抛光等)三大领域。超精密加工技术已向 纳米
技术发展，近年来纳米技术的出现，促使超精密加工向其极限加工精度一原子级加工进行挑
战。纳米技术促进了机械科学、材料科学、光学科学、测量科学和电子科学的发展。
b)自动化：自动 化技术自20世纪初出现以后，经历了由适合于单一品种大批量生产的刚
性自动化、到多品种小批量的柔 性自动化、多品种变批量的综合自动化的发展过程，自动化
技术的成功应用，极大地提高了产品的生产率 ，有效地向用户提供优质产品，同时还可以完
成高危工作环境的任务。对于像汽车、发动机这样生产批量 较大的行业的自动化，可通过机
床自动化改造、使用自动机床、组合机床、自动生产线来完成。小批量生 产自动化可通过
NC，IMS，MC，CAM，FMS，CIM，IMS等来完成。未来的自动化将更多 的考虑“人一机
一环境”等的协调关系。
c)网络化：制造过程中的市场开发、原料采购、产 品设计、零件加工、机器装配、成品
销售等环节，已不局限于一个企业、一个集团或者是一个国家，借助 网络技术，特别是
Internet，跨越不同的企业之间存在的空间差距，组织、管理和利用分散在各 地的制造资源，
建立灵活有效、互惠互利的异地、跨国界动态企业联盟，通过企业之间的信息集成、业务 过
程集成、资源共享，对企业开展异地协同的设计制造，网络营销、供应链管理等提供技术支
撑 环境和手段，实现产品商务的协同、产品设计的协同、产品制造的和供应链的协同，极大
地缩短了产品的 研制周期，降低了研制费用，提高整个产业链和制造群体的竞争力。
d)集成化：随着时间的推移，在 传统制造工艺技术不断发展的基础上，将计算机技术、
信息技术、新材料技术和管理技术等有机融合于产 品生命周期中去，形成多专业学科的交叉
渗透的技术综合体，先进制造技术其内涵跨越了传统制造技术和 企业及加工车间的边界，它
是一个包含从市场需求、创新设计、工艺技术到生产过程组织与监控、市场信 息反馈、企业
文化在内的工程系统；是以先进制造工艺、计算机应用技术为核心的信息、设计方法、工艺
技术、能源工程及相应的工程管理技术集成的现代制造工程。
e)智能化：信息时代借助机器 实现人的脑力劳动部分机械化和自动化，使人摆脱繁琐的
计算和分析，有更多的精力从事创造性劳动。智 能化是制造技术的发展趋势之一，智能化促
进了制造系统的柔性化，使它具有更为完善的判断与适应能力 ，保证制造系统以最佳的状态
在运行过程。
f)绿色化：绿色制造是人类社会可持续发展战略 在现代制造业中的体现，绿色制造主要
涉及到资源的优化利用、清洁生产和废弃物的最少化和利用，对产 品而言，绿色制造覆盖产
品的设计、生产、包装、运输、流通、消费及报废等整个产品生命周期。 在绿色设计方面，选择绿色无毒、无污染、易回收、可再用或易降解的材料；提高产品
的可拆卸性能 ，产品只有通过拆卸和分类才能较彻底地进行材料的回收和零部件的再循环利
用；设计时充分考虑产品的 各种材料组分的回收利用的可能性、回收处理方法及工艺、回收
费用等与产品有关的一系列问题，从而达 到简化回收处理过程、减少资源浪费、对环境无污
染或少污染的目的。
海湾战争期间，美国陆 军支援大队在短短3个月时间内，利用再制造技术恢复了战区
70％的损坏装备，日本富士施乐公司对可 再利用的零部件进行修复和处理后循环再使用，
利用率达到50％以上，拥有旧零部件的复印机产量达到 总产量的25％。美国对钢铁材料报
废产品的再制造已经取得显著效果；节省能源47％～74％，减少 大气污染86％，减少水污
染76％，减少固体废料97％，节省水量40％。
为减少切削加 工过程中切削液对环境的污染，出现了最小量润滑切削、干切削、低温喷
射液氮磨削、气体射流冷却切削 等绿色切削和磨削加工技术，切削加工过程中没有或只有微
量的切削液。与传统的湿切削相比，降低了加 工成本，避免了废液的处理。
2先进生产制造模式
在社会经济快速发展和市场竞争日益激烈 的今天，制造企业仅仅依靠改进工艺、提高装
备水平是满足不了上述要求的，必须从总体策略、组织结构 、管理模式等方面适应市场的要
求，制造模式是指企业体制、经营、管理、生产组织和技术系统的形态和 运作模式。
a)精益生产(LP)：1990年美国麻省理工学院詹姆斯等花了5年时间考察全球近百 家汽车
制造厂，在《TheMachineThatChangedtheworld》一书中提出精益 生产概念。并依此来描
述日本丰田汽车公司生产方式，认为日本20世纪80年代成功的原因在于采用了 新型的生产
模式。
精益生产的的特点是：1)以人为本，调动所有员工的积极性和创造性；2 )重视顾客需要，
按顾客的需要提供适销对路的产品，并提供优质服务；3)精打细算，消除制造过程中 一切冗
余的人、物、活动、岗位、时间、空间，要求工人一专多能，实现完美生产；4)精益求精，追求制造过程中各个环节和全过程的不断完善，及时解决问题，实现零废品、零库存和产品
的多样化 。
b)敏捷制造(AM)与虚拟企业(VE)：20世纪80年代，为了恢复美国制造业在全球的领导
地位，由美国国防部组织了里海大学和通用汽车公司等13家大公司为核心的有100多家公司
参与的联合研究组，最终于1991年完成了《21世纪制造业发展战略》报告并提交美国国会，
此报告 提出了“敏捷制造”的概念。
敏捷制造的特点：1)需求响应的快捷性，快速响应市场当前和未来可预 知需求，开发、
生产符合用户设计或订货要求的产品；2)制造资源的集成性，不仅是企业内部的资源共 享与
信息集成，还包括企业间的各种资源集成起来，实现技术、管理和人的集成，从而在产品的
生命周期内，最大限度地满足用户的需要；3)组织形式的动态性，为赢得机遇性市场竞争，
利用信息技 术和网络技术，实现不同组织和企业间的动态组织，它随任务的产生而产生，并
随任务的结束而结束，这 种超越审问的互利互惠、协同作战、资源互补的联合组织，被称为
虚拟企业，又称为动态联盟。
1993年，美国圣地亚国家实验室、联合信号公司联合实施了遥测装置敏捷制造示范项
目，在13个 月内设计和制造了新型集成遥测处理器，项目成本比预算降低了30％多，生产
时间比以前的生产方式减 少50％，生产效益提高好几倍。
2000年2月，通用汽车公司、福特汽车和戴姆勒一克莱斯勒终止 各自的零部件采购计划，
转向共同建立零部件采购的电子商务市场(采购环节的动态联盟)，同年4月， 雷诺一日产公
司决定加盟该电子商务市场，交易处理成本由原来的每笔100～150美元降低到5美元 ，每台
汽车的制造成本至少可以降低1200美元。
C)集成制造(CIM)与智能制造(I M)：1974年，美国的哈林顿博士在
《ComputerIntegratedManufactu ring)一书中提出计算机集成制造(CIM)的概念。集成制造
的两个基本观点是：1)系统观，企 业的各个经营环节，从市场、产品的开发、加工制造、管
理、销售及服务都是一个不可分割的整体，需要 统筹考虑；2)制造信息观，企业整个生产经
营过程，实际上是信息采集、传递和加工处理的过程。 < br>CIM是企业组织、管理和实现现代化生产的新模式，它将企业的人、技术、管理三要
素以及信息 流、物料流、价值流有机地集成在一起，逐步实现企业全过程的计算机化综合，
它能使企业在总体优化的 前提下，寻求局部优化并达到全局优化运行，以获得最大效益。
IM是在20世纪80年代人工智能技 术广泛应用的基础上产生的，它的特点是：制造的各
个环节的高度柔性化、高度集成化和智能化，通过计 算机来模拟人类专家的智能活动，对制
造问题进行分析、判断、推理、构思和决策，取代或延伸制造环境 中人的部分脑力劳动，并
对人类专家的制造智能进行收集、存储、完善、共享、继承与发展。
3结语
近年来，中国先进制造技术在政府的引导和扶持下，得到快速的发展和重大突破。计算
机辅助设计技术(CAD)在制造业普遍应用，我国开发了一批性能优异的三维CAD，CAPP
和CAM系统，数控机床和柔性制造系统也取得了丰硕的成果。基础技术和系统技术方面的
发展，极大 地推动了制造业的现代化。发展和推广先进的制造技术要站在信息技术科技革命、
纳米科技革命和生物科 技革命的高度，充分认识先进制造技术需要的是创新型人才，实施先
进制造模式的人才建设是关键。