农村住户调查方案现代语言学名词解释

2020年12月31日发(作者：马瑞熙)
现代语言学名词解释

现代语言学名词解释
现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of
language
2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics
communication is called example,vowels and consonants
3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in
communication is called example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.
4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged
to form words is called example,boy and “ish”---boyish,
teach--- teacher.
5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to
form sentences is called esample,”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.
For example,:The seal could not be zoo keeper became worried.” The
seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal
means different things.

！
7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called example,
“I do” The word do means different context.

8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is
called example,regional dialects,social variation in language.
9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of
mind is called psycholinguistics.


二 音系学
1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic
communication is called phonetics.
2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in
communication is called phonology.
3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use
when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It
does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.
4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which
distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is
a unit that is of distinctive value.
5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in
different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that
phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same
phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.
7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way
except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the
stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the
syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.
9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different
rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish
meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental
feature.
10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the
sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known
as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning
in almost every language,especially in a language like English


三 形态学
1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the
internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the
inflections of word-formation.
3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of
word-formation.
4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are
independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces
or in combination with other morphemes.
6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which
cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other
morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself
although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with
another root or an affix to form a word.
8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the
meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of
speech.
11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a
can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.
12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and
important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be
viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words
to creat new words.


!

四 句法学
1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal
user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the
actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually
comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question
or command.
3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by
transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules
may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic
representation. One exists before movement take place, the other
occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration,
these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as
D-structure.
5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure
rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule
accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.
This movement rule is called Move а







五 语义学
1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of
meaning in language.
2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic
form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the
real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the
linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of
meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.
5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may
have more than one word having more than one meaning is called
a polysemic word.
6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning.
Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words
having different meanings have the same form,. different words are
identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more
general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze
wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.
10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence
refers to its grammaticality,. its grammatical well- formedness. The
grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of
the language.
11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is
governed by rules called selectional restrictions.
12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is
called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning
of a sentence.

[





七 历史语言学
1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield
of linguistics that studies language change.
2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the
deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon
called apocope.
3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a
consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is
known as epenthesis.
4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound
movement is known as metathesis.
5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining
two or more words into one lexical unit.
6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which
new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the
roots.
7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word
by combining parts of other words.
8 back- formation: Back-formation is a process by which
new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an
existing word.
9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the
process in which the meaning of a word becomes general
or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..
10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in
which the meaning of a word becomes less general or
inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic
change in which a word loses its former meaning and
acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.
12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.
13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a
series of phonemes.



。


absee
管理员


#8
使用道具
发表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料 个人空间 短消息 加
为好友





八 社会语言学
1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language
in social context.
2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined
as a group of people who form a community and share the
same language or a particular variety of language.
3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language
variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used
by a speaker or group of speakers.
4 language planning: One way out of the communication
dilemma is language standardization known as language
planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the
government or government agency of a country, choose a
particular speech variety and spread the use of it,
including its pronunciation and spelling system, across
regional boundaries.
UID 5
精华 0
积分 3990
帖子 1111
阅读权限
200
注册 2007-
6-4
状态 离线

5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.
6 standard language: The standard language is a
superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is
the language employed by the government and the
judiciary system,used by the mass media.
7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than
the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular,
languages.
8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language

that serves as a medium of communication among groups
of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally
used by native speakers of other languages as a medium
of communication.
10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has
become established as a native language in some speech
communication.
11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in
which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a
speech communication, each with a distinct range of
purely social function and appropriate for certain
situations.
12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation
in which two standard languages are used either by an
individual or by a group of speakers, such as the
inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social
dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional
differences.
14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of
language used by people belonging to particular social
classes.
15 register: Registers are language varieties which are
appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in
contrast to language varieties that are associated with the
social or regional grouping of their customary users. For
that reason, registers are also known as situational
dialects.
16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of
expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of
arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure
of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by
raciness.
17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression
that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word
euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A
euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word
or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears
more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct,
or offensive.



absee
管理员




UID 5
精华 0
积分 3990
帖子 1111
阅读权限
200
注册 2007-
6-4
状态 离线

#9
$$


使用道具
发表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料 个人空间 短消息 加
为好友

九 心理语言学
1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of
language in relation to the mind. As the suggests,
psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of
psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the
language we acquire, produce and comprehend.
2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is
the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral
cortex.
3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of
cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular
hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.
4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain
lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested
in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological
specialization for language.
5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization
for language in the left hemisphere comes from
researches in dichotic listening tasks
6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are
reported less accurately than those heard in the right car.
This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.
7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis
refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age
two to puberty during which the human brain is most
ready to acquire a particular language and language
learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit
instruction.
8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all
higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That
is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion
of linguistic determinism.
9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers
of different language perceive and experience the world
differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background,
hence the notion
10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are
identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard
thought as “subvocal speech”.
of linguistic relativism.



absee

|
#10
使用道具
发表于 2007-7-26 21:20 资料 个人空间 短消息 加
为好友

十 语言习得
1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned
with language development in humans. In general,
language acquisition refers to children’s development of
their first language, that is, the native language of the
community in which a child has been brought up.
2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of
children have a special characteristic. They typically lack
inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.
管理员




UID 5
精华 0
积分 3990
帖子 1111
阅读权限
200
注册 2007-
6-4
状态 离线
Because of their resemblance to the styly of language

found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are

often called telegraphic speech.
3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance
are also called holophrastic sentences.
4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to
the gradual and subconscious development of ability in
the first language by using it naturally in daily
communicative situations.
5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious
process of accumulating knowledge of a second language
usually obtained in school settings.
6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their
L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known
as language transfer.
7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs
when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a
target-language pattern.
8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs
when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart
pattern of the target language.
9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach
was founded on the belief that, by establishing the
linguistic differences between the native and target
language system, it was possible to predict what problems
learners of a particular second language would face and
the types of errors they would make.
10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative
construction, in which a learner constructs a series of
internal representations that comprises the learner’s
interim knowledge of the target language, known as
interlanguage.
11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in
classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s
consciousness about the nature of target language rules in
order to aid learning.
12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental
motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.
13 integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs
when the learner’s goal is social.
14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative
motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in
the process of adapting to the new culture of the
12community. This adaptation process is called
acculturation.
?