钟汉良官网考研英语真题及参考答案完整版

2020年12月31日发(作者：文天祥)

2018考研英语（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）
来源：文都教育

Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child
care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an
institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding
instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts
us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those
subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who
inhaled something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that
children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers
were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before
looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half
of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in
learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired
with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.
1. [A] on


[B] like
[B] concern
[B] debt
[B] Then











[C] for






[D] from
[D] interest
[D] price
[D] Again
[D] When
[D] maintains
[D] compare
2. [A] faith
3. [A] benefit
[C] attention
[C] hope
4. [A] Therefore
5. [A]Until
6. [A] selects
7. [A] consult



[C] Instead
[C] Although
[C] applies
[C] connect
[B] Unless
[B] produces
[B] compete
8. [A] at

[B] by
[B] mood















[C]of












[D]to
[D] circle
[D]supporters
[D] Ironic
[D] delight
[D] over
[D] entrusted
[D] inside
[D] .remembered
[D] mocked
[D] entitled
[D] For instance
[D] unsuitable
9. [A] context [C] period
10.[A] counterparts
11.[A] Funny
12.[A] monitor
13.[A] between



[B] substitutes
[B] Lucky
[C] colleagues
[C] Odd
[B] protect
[B] within
[B] added
[B] back



[C] surprise
[C] toward
[C] introduced
[C] around
[C] insisted
[C] fooled
14.[A] transferred
15.[A] out
16.[A] discovered
17.[A] betrayed
18.[A] forced
[B] proved
[B]wronged
[B] willing
[B] As a result
[B] incapable
[C] hesitant
19.[A] In contrast
20.[A] inflexible
[C] On the whole
[C] unreliable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in
the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of . jobs are at high risk of being automated,
according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class
occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will.
The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the
past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized
looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise,
automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free
workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle- class workers may need a lot of help
adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be
rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to
focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools
should do a better job of fostering problem- solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.
Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction
affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the . to revive its fading business
dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change,
entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses
of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The . needs the new companies that will invent
them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,
taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage
subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage
work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little
comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.
Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will
be indispensable.
will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs.
[D]cooperative spirit.
author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from widening.
this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming impacts.
[D]its major variations.
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of
President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to
be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all
media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During
the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically
critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted
for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction
in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they
use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different
perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of
personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey
concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the
United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media
led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also
permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more
conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason
given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or
factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or
exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media
may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this
problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in
thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the news- filtering practice.
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.
[C] the administrations ability to handle information.
[D] social media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ made-up stories.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service
(NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the
leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare
is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that
background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against
the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of million
patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights
and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and
there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all
necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are
lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even
the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law
it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed
processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.
Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That
misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when
it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice
does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit
patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them
using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be
expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small
choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a
future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.
is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous.
[B] cautious.
[C] appreciative.
[D] contemptuous.
Text 4
The . Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $$ billion for fiscal
2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $$120 billion
in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies.
Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently
decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies
management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self- interested pressure
on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,
aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation
have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital
modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions
and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving
through the House that would save USPS an estimated $$ billion over five years, which could help pay for
new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter
permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset
the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long- standing complaint
by the USPS and its union.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is
bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,
not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission
considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of
eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would
save the USPS $$2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the
House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a
politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting
serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A]. its unbalanced budget.
[B] .its rigid management.
[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.
[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.
37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A]. the interference from interest groups.
[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.
[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.
[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.
long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.
[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.
[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.
the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect.
[B] tolerance.
[C] discontent.
[D] gratitude.
of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the
numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.
(10 points)
A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost
estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible
arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival
twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French
Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all
three departments began in June of 1871.
B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant
four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with
carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in
1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the
Secretary.
C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch
Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the
last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the
United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most
significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken
place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight
D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building
before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24
Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with
Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the
national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of
the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War,
and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture
in the country.
F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished,
it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors.
Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire
safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters
are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.

G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices
were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and
overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction
of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.

【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)

Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the
drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the
creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first
mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western
Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it
should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs,
and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47)
no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave
glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time
literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school
or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well
as at court.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men
with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time
Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and
literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to
triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native
literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its
great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to
students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and
decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays
produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred
thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that
hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
【参考译文】
46.到莎士比亚出 生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧
形式的产生。
47. 每个进入文法学校学习的少年都知道戏剧是一种文学形式，这种文学形式赋予希腊和罗马以荣< br>耀，并且可能给英国带来荣耀。
48. 但是这些专业公司在其永久剧院中兴起来了，进而，一 些有文学抱负的大学生很快投身到这些
当作谋生手段的剧院中。
49. 这些文学巨匠创造出 了具有本土特色的文学戏剧，并使其与公共剧场结盟起来，至少一些伟大
的传统已经开始了。
50. 为了认识到戏剧行为的伟大性，我们必须进一步牢记许多戏剧形式已经消失了，而且可能没有< br>一位着名作家的全部作品得以存留至今。


Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions：
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony.
In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
【参考范文】
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing this letter in order to invite you to attend the forthcoming graduation ceremony.
The ceremony will be hosted in the auditorium on our campus, at 10 o'clock in the morning on next
Monday, January 15. It is advisable for you to dress formal. Please let us know your decision as soon as
possible so that we could send you further details concerned. Since you are so popular among us that we
sincerely hope you could accept this invitation and give the graduates a wonderful memory of our campus.
If you are available, we request the honor of your company. It will be highly appreciated if you could
give us an earliest favorable reply.

Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1）describe the pictures briefly.
2）interpret the meaning, and
3）give you comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)

【参考范文】
As is vividly depicted in the graph that sitting in front of a computer, a student is selecting the
curriculum, taking numerous elements into consideration including the innovation, the freshness of
knowledge and the level of difficulty as well as the scoring, the qualified rate and burden of assignment.
The caption says: The course selecting is on the way, indicating the importance of well-rounded
consideration while making a choice.
We can deduce from the portrayal that well-rounded contemplating, a significant quality, serves as an
indispensable capability bringing about positive influence toward different aspects of our lives. It is
commonly known that the value of comprehensiveness and sophistication of thinking has been proved by
countless examples around us, such as the governmental policy making and selection of compulsory and
optional course. If we can put this notion into practice, it would exert profound and constructive influence.
Therefore, well-rounded and thorough thinking will create huge benefit to the prosperity of community as
well as personal development.
Whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the ability of analyzing the
ingredients and integrating them together are nearer to success. Therefore, well- rounded consideration is
the wisdom we should live up to.