专业洗发水三、引言写法范文

2021年1月1日发(作者：季允石)
三、引言写法范文

引言的写法
引言部分对于引起读者的兴趣至关重要， 应写得引人入胜，最主要的一点
是让人读后能明白你的论文写什么，让人觉得你的日的明确。引言没有固 定的
程式，主要取决于论文的对象、论题和写作的方法。下面是几种最基本的方法。
1) 引语 (Quotation)
“Two cheers to democracy” was E.M. Foster's not-quite-wholehearted
judgement. Most Americans would not agree. To them, our democracy is one of the
glories of civilization. To one American, , in particular, democracy is

the high hat ... the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right
more than half of the time (915) American democracy is based on the oldest
continuously operating written constitution in the world – a most impressive fact
and a testament to the farsightedness of the founding fathers. But just how
farsighted can mere humans be? In Future Shock, Alvin Toffler quotes economist
Kenneth Boulding on the incredible acceleration of social change in our time:
world of today ... is as different from the world in which I was born as that world
was from Julius Caesar' we move toward the twenty- first century, it
seems legitimate to question the continued effectiveness of a governmental
system that was devised in the eighteenth century, and it seems equally legitimate
to consider alternative.
以两句引语展开讨论，这两句精妙而带煽动性的评论颇 能激发读者的兴
趣。接着又引用Boulding的话，有助于引向论文的中心。
2）回顾历史（Historical review）
有时，读者在不了解相关的历史背景 的情况下不能立即抓住你探讨的问
题。请看下面这段开头的写法：
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Sex and violence on the screen are not new issues. In the Roaring Twenties
there was increasing pressure from civic and religious groups to ban depictions of
“immorality” from the screen. Faced with the threat of federal censorship, the film
producers decided to clean their own house. In 1930, the Motion Picture and
Distributors of America established the Production Code. At first, adherence to
the Code was voluntary; but in 1934 Joseph Breen, newly appointed head of the
MPPDA, gave the Code teeth. Henceforth all newly produced films had to be
submitted for approval to the Production Code Administration, which had the
power to award or withhold the Code seal. Without a Code seal, it was virtually
impossible for a film to be shown anywhere in the United States, since exhibitors
would not accept it. At about the same time, the Catholic Legion of Decency was
formed to advise the faithful which films were and were not objectionable. For
several decades the Production Code Administration exercised powerful control
over what was portrayed in American theatrical films. By the 1960s, however,
changing standards of morality had considerably weakened the Code's grip. In 1968,
the Production Code was replaced with a rating system designed to keep younger
audiences away from films with high levels of sex or violence. Despite its
imperfections, this rating system has proved more beneficial to American films
than did the old censorship system.
这篇论文在引言之后，紧接着谈收视率等级法（rating system）的好处。
作者觉 得提供等级法的某些历史背景，有助于读者理解他的论述。请注意提供
背景应按时间顺序。
3）回顾论争（Review of controversy）
回顾过去的争论或论争，是历史性回顾的一种特殊形式。请看下面一段引
言的写法：
The American Heritage Dictionary's definition of civil disobedience is rather
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simple: “the refusal to obey civil laws that are regarded as unjust, usually by
employing methods of passive resistance.” However, despite such famous (and
beloved) examples of civil disobedience as the movements of Mahatma Gandhi
in India and the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. in the United States, the
question of whether or not civil disobedience should be considered an asset to
society is hardly clear cut. For instance, Hannah Aren't, in her article
Disobedience minorities as rebels and truants is
against the letter and spirit of a constitution whose framers were especially
sensitive to the dangers of unbridled majority the other hand, a noted
lawyer, Lewis Van Dusen, Jr., in his article Disobedience: Destroyer of
Democracy “civil disobedience, whatever the ethical rationalization, is
still an assault on our democratic society, an affront to our legal order and an attack
on our constitutional government. These opposite views are clearly incompatible.
I believe, though, that Van Dusen's is the more convincing. On balance, civil
disobedience is dangerous to society.
这篇文 章的题目是写“非暴力反抗”的消极面，而不是Dusen那样持完全
反对意见的文章。但在引入这个论 题时，作者提供了反面的意见，同时简要地
提到两个参与论证的人及其观点。文章从一开始就针对这个论 题的具体方面，
而不是抽象的方面，作者这样做是希望让读者一起来关注这一争论，而非暴力
反 抗的争论正是这篇文章的论题。
4）从一般到具体（From the general to the specific）
另一种办法是从一般到具体。文章是讨论1968年发生在越南的一次大 屠
杀，下段引言就是从概述开始引入正题。
Though we prefer to think of man as basically good and reluctant to do evil,
such is not the case. Many of the crimes inflicted on humankind can be dismissed
as being committed by the degenerated of society at the prompting of the abnormal
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mind. But what of the perfectly
acts simply because he or she has been ordered to do so? It cannot be denied that
such acts have occurred, either in everyday life or in wartime situations.
Unfortunately, even normal, well-adjusted people can become cruel, inhumane, and
destructive if placed in the hands of unscrupulous authority. Such was the case in
the village of My Lai, Vietnam, on March 16, 1968, when a platoon of
American soldiers commanded by Lt. William Calley massacred more than 100
civilians, including women and children.
5）从具体到一般：掌故、实例（From the specific to the general: anecdote,
illustration）
上面一段引 言是从一般性的问题（人是否基本上是好的）到具体的问题（发
生在越南的一次大屠杀）；而下面这段引 言是从具体的（科学家研究数据）到
一般性的问题（减少核威胁的迫切性）。以逸事、趣闻开头，是你用 来吸引读
者注意力最有效的一种手法。
In late 1971 astronomer Carl Sagan and his colleagues were studying data
transmitted from the planet Mars to the earth by the MarineL9 spacecraft. Struck by
the effects of the Martian dust storms on the temperature and on the amount of light
reaching the surface, the scientists wondered about the effects on earth of the dust
storms that would be created by nuclear explosions. Using computer models, they
simulated the effects of such explosions on the earth's climate. The results
astounded them. Apart from the known effects of nuclear blasts (fires and radiation),
the earth, they discovered, would become enshrouded in a “nuclear winter”
Following a nuclear exchange, plummeting temperatures and pervading darkness
would destroy most of the Northern Hemisphere's crops and farm animals and
would eventually render much of the planet's surface uninhabitable. The effects of
nuclear war, apparently, would be more catastrophic than had been previously
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imagined. It has therefore become more urgent than ever for the nations of the
world to take dramatic steps to reduce the threat of nuclear war.
6）设问（Question）
作者常常通过提出一个问题或一连串的问题，来吸引读者的注意力：
Are gender roles learned or inherited? Scientific research has established the
existence of biological differences between the sexes, but the effect of biology's
influence on gender roles cannot be distinguished from society's influence.
According to Michael Lewis of the institute for the Study of Exceptional Children,
early as you can show me a sex difference, I can show you the culture at
processes, as well as biological differences, are responsible for the
separate roles of men and women.
7）开门见山（Statement of thesis）
开门见山是最直接的引言写法，即一开头就提出论文论点：
Computers are a mixed blessing. The lives of Americans are becoming
increasingly involved with machines that think for them.
era of the smart machine,say the authors of a cover story on the subject in
Nezvsweek,
revolution that will be to the brain what the industrial revolution to the hand. Tiny
silicon chips already process enough information to direct air travel, to instruct
machines how to cut fabric -- even to play chess with (and defeat) the masters. One
can argue that development of computers for the household, as well as industrial –
will change for the better the quality of our lives: computers will help us save
energy, reduce the amount of drudgery that most of us endure around tax season,
make access to libraries easier. Yet there is a certain danger involved with this
proliferation of technology.
这段引言以一个挑战性的论断开头：计算机并不只有好处。许多读者或许
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觉得这 个论断有点突兀，因为他们原先理所当然地认为计算机只有好处没有坏
处。以这样一个带刺激性的论断开 头的好处，在于能迫使读者全神贯注，甚至
使他坐不住而开始反对。提出论点后，紧接着列举电脑化的一 些好处。但作者
在结束这一段的时候，却警告说存在与这种技术相关的“某种危险；——好奇
或 愤愤不平的读者有充分的理由得出结论：在接下来的段落里，会对这里所说
的“危险”做出更充分的阐释 。
你或许会觉得上面列举的引言，有的比较长，应该分成两段，如“nuclear
winter”那段，应在“The results astounded them”这个句子之前 或其后分段。
大多数作者和读者都偏爱简短和更有刺激性的引言。一般而论，开门见山的是
较好 的开头方式。




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