屎烂帮英语的三大从句语法讲解

2021年1月6日发(作者：祝应玑)
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英语三大从句
在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语 从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同
位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句, 包括时间、条件、结
果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分， 可以作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：

先行词
人
物
人或物

（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法
who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。
An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。
Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图
书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？
whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师
的那个女学生过去在国外留学。
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那
个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指 代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of
which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）
（二）关系代词which的用法
which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。
I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）
（三）关系代词that的用法
that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语 从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还
可省略。： Is she the girl that sells newspapers?
她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）
主格
who
which
that
宾格
whom
which
that
所有格
whose


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Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）
Is this the book that you want to buy?
这是你要买的那本书吗？ （that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略）
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。
（一）关系副词when的用法
关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。
In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.
北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）
（二）关系副词where的用法
关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.
春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where的先行词是town）
（三）关系副词why的用法
关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。
The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why先行词是reason， 当代英< br>语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why< br>省略）
三、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句
（一）在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引导定语从句
You may take as many books as you want.
你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第 一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代
替先行词books，在定语从句中作 宾语）
（二）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句
As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳
旋转。
（As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）
Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.
你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。）
四、关系代词who, which与that的区别
（一）关系代词who与that的区别
1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。He who loses hope loses all.
失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.
我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）
2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时， 只能用
宾格whom，不可用主格who）
注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介 词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，
也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句 话还可以有如下四种说法：
(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
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(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。
He is a man that is never afraid of failure.
他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）
4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?
用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）
（二）关系代词which与that的区别
1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关
系代词多用that。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。
She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any,
no等时，关系代词一般都用that。
This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。
He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。
3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。
Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾
馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）
4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。
Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.
北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。
5. 介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。
She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票，其中
60％是德国邮票。
五、定语从句的位置
如前所述， 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行
词之间插入了其他的短语 ，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。
There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.
楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰
the girl，被upstairs所隔开）
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）
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名词性从句
宾语从句
一、引导词
（1）由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe,
agree, expect, hear , feel 等动词后。连词that
只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分
，也
无词汇意义，在 口语中常被省略。如：I told him that he was wrong.
在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定
意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。（见语法：否定转移）
如：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移 到句子的后面，而用it做形式
宾语。
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
（2） 由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。
Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导
Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
（3）由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when,
where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句
子的成分。
Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二、宾语从句的语序，
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 I believe that they will
come soon.
特例：有下列常见的问句，作为从句出现，是“不改变语句顺序”的。
1. What's the matter?
2. What's wrong?
3. What's up？
4. What's the problem?
5. What's your trouble?
三、宾语从句的时态。
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是
一般现在时态
，从句根据实际情况而定；主句是
一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过
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去完成时态。
1) She says that she is a student.→ She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. → She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already. → She said that she had finished her
homework already.
（1）如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2）Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?
注意事项：
（3）由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
She said: “I have been to England before.” → She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: “Do you like maths?” → She asked me if I liked maths.
（4）宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主 语和主句的主语是同一个人时，
可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
I don’t know what I should do next. → I don’t know what to do next.
DO SOME EXERCISES:
you see A?
A. what he’s reading B. what is he reading
C. what does he read D. he reads what
2. Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)
Do you know ___that__Jack __come___from Japan?
3._What did your son say in the letter?
_He told me that he_D__ the Disney the next day.
A. will visit B. has visited
C. is going to visit D. would visit
4. He didn’t know___A____
A. what’s the matter B. what the matter is
C. what was the matter D. what the matter was
5. Somebody called you just now, but I didn’t know__D__
A. who were they B. who they were
C. who was it D. who it was
6. I want to know___D__
A. what is his name B. what’s his name
C. that his name is D. what his name is
7. ---Could you tell me __C__she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C .who D. which
8. ---What are you searching the Internet for?
---I’m trying to find out____.
A. What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU
B. How many persons have died in Iraq
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