launch是什么意思初中完成时态

2021年1月6日发(作者：元慧)

完成时态：现在完成与过去完成基本内容、深层理解与综合运用
★总复习练习：
1. --___ she ___ the flowers yet? --Yes, she ___ it an hour ago.
A. Did; water; did B. Has; watered; did C. Has; watered; has done D. Was; watering;
was doing
2. He ___ the bike for two years. A. bought B. has bought C. had D. has had
3. Jim has made many friends since he ___ to China. A. came B. comes C. has come D. will
come
4. He’s never worked in this factory, ___ he? A. is B. isn’t C. has D. hasn’t
5. He __ a teacher when he was twenty years old. A. is B. was C. has been D. is being
6. –Where’s Li Lei? --He __ Beijing. A. goes to B. went to C. has gone to D. has been to
7. I like Guilin. I ___ there twice. A. go B. went C. have gone D. have been
8. He went to Toronto two years ago, so he has __ Toronto for two years. to B. gone to C.
been in D. gone
9. At the end of last week, I __ the news. A. have heard B. was hearing C. heard D. had
heard
10. By the end of last week, I ___ 100 new words. A. have learned B. was learning C. learned D.
had learned
__ while I __ some washing that day.
A. was cooking; did B. cooked; was doing C. was cooking; was doing D. cooked; did
12. Mum ___ when I ___ back home.
A. was cooking; got B. cooked; was getting C. had finished cooking; got D. had finished
cooking; had got
13. We __ a lot from you during the last two years. A. were learning B. have learned C. learned D.
learn
14. They __ all their money, so they have to walk back home A. spend B. spent C. have spent D.
will spend
15. When I got to the cinema, the film __ for ten minutes. A. had begun begun been
on been on
16. Can you tell us where___? A. have you gone B. you have gone C. have you been D. you have
been
17. An accident _ to him since he left in 1999. ed happened been happened
happened
18. He asked if I __ the Great Wall. A. had been to B. had gone C. have gone to D. have been to
19. Bob had finished writing the letter __ his mother came back. A. after B. before C. since D.
while
20. I didn’t see this film yesterday because I __ it before. A. see B. had seen C. have seen D. saw
得分：__________ 认真领会下面内容：
一 现在完成时态有两个主要用法，“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。“已完成”是指
动作或过程发生在说 话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间（常指最近的过去时间），现在已
完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。 如：
He’s turned off the light. (含义是：
_______ _______________________________________________)
“未完成”用法是指动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能


刚刚结束。如：
He’s lived here since 1960. ( 含义是：
__________________________________________ __________)
这两种用法的主要区别：“已完成”用法通常不与表示一段时间的状 语连用，用不可持
续性动词。而“未完成”用法通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，用可持续性动词。
二 关于since/for
since+时间点，for+时间段，也可互换。
★基础练习：用since或for改写句子
1. I last saw him on his birthday.
_______________________________ _since___________________.
2. The last time I smoked a cigarette was a week ago.
____________________ since_______________. _________________________ for
____________.
3. It’s ten weeks since I last had a good night’s sleep. _________________________
for_____________.
4. He last took a bath the day before yesterday. _________________________ since
_______________.
5. It’s three months since he wrote to me. _____________________________ for
_________________.
6. Alice left Tianjin a year ago. ________________________________ for
__________________.
7. The door was opened an hour ago.
_________________________ since ______________. ________________________ for
__________.
三 过去完成时态
1过去完成时态与现在完成时态相同， 只是把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，即过去的
过去，与现在时间不发生联系。过去完成时态常出现在S b. said 的宾语从句或when，before，
after，until等句子中，或根据上 下文的语境要求；而这些句子之间常有时可互换。如：
When the bell rang, we had finished our homework.→The bell rang after we had finished our
work.
When I reached the station, the train had already left. →I reached the station after the train
had left. →
I didn’t reach the station until after the train had left. →The train had left before I reached
the station.
★理解练习：用when，before，after，until等改写句子：
1. When I met Tom, he had already heard the news. __________________ after
_____________________.
2. When I met Tom, he had not yet heard the news. ______________
before________________________.
3. They cleaned the room and then we arrived. When________________,
_________________________.
4. She only noticed it after he’d pointed it out.
She_____ ________________unitl____________________.
5. I got to the cinema after the tickets were sold out.


When______________,________________________. < br>2但必须记住：过去完成时态所用动词的动作必须发生在某个一般过去时态所用动词的
动作之前， 这个一般过去时态的动作可能在句中出现，可能含在上下文里。比较：
He has lived in Tianjin for ten years.
( )
He lived in Tianjin for ten
years.( )
He said he had lived in Tianjin for ten
years.( )
★综合运用练习：改错：
1. I’m living in Tianjin since 1993. 2. Have you had good weather last
weekend?
3. I can’t go on holiday because I broke my leg. 4. What have you been doing before you
left that school?
5. I’m waiting for three quarters of an hour. 6. I studied English all my life.
7. Who has given you that lovely necklace? 8. I’ve just now fallen downstairs.
9. I haven’t been known him for long. 10. I’ve spoken to the boss today about
my holiday.
11. It’s a long time since you didn’t come to see me. 12. Tom sees a lot of Alice lately.
四 完成时在It is the first time +that分句”中的用法
在It is/was/will be the first time+that结构中，当主句动词为is/will be时， that分句动词
一律用现在完成时态，引导词可以省略。如：
It’s the first time I’ve been here. Don’t forget, it will be the first time I’ve taught.
当然，主句的主语还可以用this, this evening, yesterday等，first也可用其它序数词，time可
由其它名词代替。如：
This is the second time that____________________________________.
It’s the first month that _______________________________________.
(思考：当主句动词为was时， that分句动词用什么时态呢？答
__________ __________________________.)
★提高练习：填空：
1. A: Is your new car going OK?
B: Oh, yes, very well. It’s the first Ford we ___________(have) and I must say I’m very happy
with it.
2: I was lucky because that _____ (be) the second time I _____________(visit) Guilin that year.
3. A: Are you going to Japan for holiday this year?
B: No, we __________ (stay) at home. It __________(be) the first holiday I ____________(not
be) abroad.
4. A: I’m worried about teaching next ________ (be) the first time I _________(teach)
children.
B: Don’t worry, it’ll be a bit difficult the first time you ________(teach) them, but the second
time it’ll be OK.





现在完成时态 ： 定义 ：现在完成时（Present perfect）过去发生并且已经完成的动作对
现在造成影响或 后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或
状态。 基本结构 ：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed） e.g done ①肯定句：
主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词
的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)
（V-ed）+宾语. ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分
词（V-ed）+其 他） （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但
其结果却 用法 ： 和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，
也就是说，动 作发生在过去，而对现在造成的影响和结果. I have spent all of my money.(现
在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(简已经摆好了桌子) Michael has been ill.(现在仍
然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发
生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为 动词表示）或状态（be 动词表示）常与 for
（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句 子）连用. ①for+时段 为…时间 ②since+过去
一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时） ● ⑤ It
is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since
1998. ●注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与 for since 连用。要改变动词
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in go out----be out finish----be over open----be open
die----be dead Buy---have Fall ill---be ill Come back---be back Put on ---be on/wear
Worry ---be worried Catch a cold---have a cold ………………


★ ve 代替 buy My brother has had(不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four
years. ★2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrow I have kept(不能用 have borrowed) the book
for quite a few days. ★3、用 be 替代 become How long has your sister been a teacher?
★4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
★5、用 wear 代替 put on b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词 1、be+married 代 marry 2、
be+ill 代 fall (get) ill 3、be+dead 代 die 4、be+asleep 代 fall (get) asleep 5、be+awake
代 wake/wake up 6、be+gone 代 lose,die,sell,leave 7、be+open 代 open 8、be closed
代 close/shut 9、be+missing(gone,lost)代 lose c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词 1“be+on”代
start,begin 2“be+up”代 get up 3“be+back(to)”代 return to,come back to,go back to 4“be
here (there)”代 come(arrive,reach,get) here 或 go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等 d)用
“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替 go to /come to 2.用 be in the army 代
替 join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替 move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表 常 用 瞬
间 动 词 变 延 续 性 动 词 表 ： 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw.
come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at…相应的介词 2. have come/gone
back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become
have been5. have closed / opened have been closed/opened6. have got up have been
up； 7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen
asleep/got to sleep have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been
over； 11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done
sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have
lost haven’t had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold；
18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have
taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have
been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier… 用法注意： 1.现在完成时不能
单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语） 如 yesterday(mo rning、
afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与 for,since 连用. 2.现在完成时往往同表示不
确定的过去时间状语连用 ,如 already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still,
lately,never 等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him
recently (lately).


We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ? 3. 现在完成时常常
与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如 often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion
等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I
have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on
several occasions. 4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如
now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today,
up to present, so far 等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to
release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San
Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries
have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been
successful. 5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动
作. We have had four texts this semester. 6.现在完成时的完成用法现在完成时的完成
用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束， 但该动作对现 在产生了影响，与现在情
况具有因果关系。 例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但
说明的是现 在的情况-- 灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，
该时态只能与表示不定的过去 时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently 等)、频度时
间状语(如：never，ever，once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning / month
/year...，today 等)连用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的未完成用法现在完成时的未完成用法指的 是动作开始于过去某一时刻，
一直延续到现在，或 可能还要继续下去。 例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978
年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始 于 1978 年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开 始于
5 年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的
状语(由 since 或 for 引导)，或表示与现 在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)
等。 例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注
意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词， 即瞬间完成
或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die 等。 8.一段
时间+has passed+since 从句 9. 现在完成时常和短语 意思
是从过去某一确定


的时间一直延续到现在.) Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故
事书。 I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。 10 has gone
(to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 gone:去了没回 been to :去过 been in：呆了很久
10.不能与 when 连用 过去完成时态： 过去完成时态 ： 定义： 定义 ：)①表示发生在
过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果②过去某一动作 一直持续到过去晚些时候将
来可能还要延续。发生在前的那个动作【过去的过去】 基本结构 ： 主语+had+过去分词
vpp.(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词. ③一般
疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？ ⑤被动语态：主
语+had（hadn't)+been+过去分词 用法 ： （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的
动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的 动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用 by, before 等介词
短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也 可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下
文来表示。 例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had gotten 200 pictures from the
spaceship. 到昨晚 9 点钟，我们已经收到 200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的
某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for, since 构成的时间状语连
用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的
时候，我在车站已等了 20 分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说
自从 1949 年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发
生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以 前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如： Mr. Smith
died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我
的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词
一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述
的是过去的事，先发生的动作 常用过去完成时。 例如： I returned the book that I had
borrowed.