backgrounder英语知识

2021年1月6日发(作者：娄坚)
1. 求职信的内容顺序
(1) the connection you have with the company；
(2) details of your current studies；
(3) what you did at school；
(4) details of your interests, which are relevant to the job applied for；
(5) examples of your work；
(6) when you are available for the interview.
2.求职信的格式
(1) 信的右上角是与发信人相关的信息（如地 址、邮政编码，电话/传真/email、写信日期），左上角是收信人的地址。英文
中的邮政编码由字 母和数字组合而成。日期的书写上又有着英式和美式写法，英式日期先写日期，再写月份，最后再写年，
而美式写法则先写月，再写日，最后再写年。
(2) 左起顶格写称谓。
(3) 左起顶格写信的主题。
(4) 信的正文。
(5) 敬语及写信人签名。
3.求职信中常用的句式
★ I am writing to …
(1) I am writing to enquire about the possibility of a placement on the Sports Desk of your newspaper during the summer period.
我写信是为了询问暑期是否有可能在贵报社的体育编辑部实习。
(2) I am writing to apply for the position of Senior Secretary at your company that was advertised in the Classified Section of the
Business Post on 7 December.
12月7日<商报>分类广告上刊登了贵公司的招聘启事. 本人欲申请高级秘书一职。
★ I hear from sb. that…
(1) I hear from my colleagues that you sometimes take on students for work experience during the summer vacation. My friend and
colleague Jack White worked for you last summer.
我听我同事说贵处有时接收学生进行暑期实习。我的一位朋友也是我的同事Jack White去年暑假就在您那儿工作过。
(2) I hear from my uncle that you need a typist. He is working with the Foreign Languages Department at your university.
我听我叔叔说贵处需要一名打字员。 他在贵校的外语部工作。
★ I am currently studying…
(1) I am currently studying Sports Journalism at Lancaster University.
我目前在兰卡斯特大学学习体育新闻学。
(2) I am currently studying Education Management at Birmingham University.
我目前在伯明翰大学学习教育管理。
★ I would be interested in doing sth.
(1) I would be interested in working for the Liverpool Echo during July and August.
我有兴趣在七、八月份为利物浦之声工作。
(2) I would be interested in working for the Human Resources Department in your company.
我对贵公司的人力资源部的工作较为感兴趣。
★ My main specialization is…
(1) My main specialization is racquet sports, but I am happy to work across a full range of sports. 我的专长是（报道）拍类运动，
但是我很乐于报道各类运动。
(2) My main specialization is English literature. 我的专长是英国文学。
★ I particularly enjoy…
(1) I particularly enjoy film and photography, I am able to support my journalistic writing with appropriate photographs when
required. 我尤其喜欢电影和摄影。如有必要，我可以为我的新闻稿配上恰当的照片(2) I particularly enjoy singing, I am able to
arouse my students’interest in learning English by teaching them English songs. 我尤其喜欢唱歌，我能通过教同学们唱英文歌曲
来提高他么学习英语的兴趣。
★ I am enclosing some examples of …
(1) I am enclosing some examples of my writing from my course work, including a feature article on
won the end-of-term prize last term.
随函附上 课程作业的一些样本，还有一篇有关―斯诺克中的女性‖的特稿。该篇特稿上学期获得了期末奖。
(2) I am enclosing some of my recent photographs, which were taken at my university.
随函附上新近在大学拍的一些照片．
★ I am available for an interview …
(1) I am available for an interview at any time.
我随时可以接受面试。
(2) I am free for an interview at any time, if you can give me at least two days’ notice.
我随时可以接受面试，请至少提前两天通知本人。
(3) I can come to an interview any afternoon, between 3.00 and 5.30, if you can give me one week’s notice.
我每天下午3：00至5：30都可以接受面试，请至少提前一周通知我。
★ Thank you for your consideration of this application. 谢谢您对于此申请的考虑。
★ I look forward to hearing from you. 期待着您的回信。
课文讲解
★ my brothers and I 我和我的兄弟们
(1) Mary, Kate and I went to the cinema yesterday evening.
(2) This is just between you and me.
★ used to过去常常做某事
(1) She used to bring home all the new stamps. 她过去总是将所有的新发行的邮票带回家
(2) My mother didn’t use to work during the week. 我妈妈过去在一周的工作日内不上班。
★ on 与时间连用:
on Saturdays; on 8 July; on 8 July, 2004 on Monday; on his seventieth birthday;on the day of the World Cup football final.
★ 使用了this, last或next，则不用介词on。如：this/last/next Saturday afternoon
★ ―在早上/下午/晚上‖，一般要用介词in：in the morning/afternoon/evening
★ ―在夜晚‖,at night, 当指某个特定的早上/下午/晚上，则需使用介词on。如：on Monday morning/afternoon/evening on Sunday
night on a rainy/sunny afternoon
★ as soon as 一……就……
(1) As soon as she got out of bed the telephone stopped ringing. 她一下床，电话铃就不响了。
(2) As soon as we get the tickets we’ll send them to you. 我们一拿到票就给你们送过来。
(3) I’ll write to you as soon as I get there. 我一到那里就给你写信。
★ straightaway径直
★ as usual和平常一样
(1) As usual, he arrived last. 和平常一样，他最后到达。
(2) I have forgotten something as usual. 和平常一样，我又忘了一件事。
★ family 集合名词 the rest of 其他的
Some students are cleaning the floor, while the rest of the class are playing football. 一些学生在清洁地板，而班里的其他学生在
踢足球。
★ to burst in突然进入（房间等）
(1) As we burst in, my mother was standing behind the counter.
(2) The police burst into the room and arrested the thief. 警察突然闯进房间逮捕了那个小偷。
★ to be waiting to do sth. 正等着做某事
She was waiting to sell us a very special limited edition with ENGLAND WINNERS on each stamp.
★ over the moon 高兴极了
★ worth值得
(1) is worth a lot of money值很多钱
(2) be worth the trouble 虽然麻烦但是值
(3) be worth all the effort 值得付出努力
(4) The dress is worth at least seventy dollars, I guess. 我猜那件衣服至少值70美元。
(5) The film is really worth seeing. 那部电影的确值得一看。
1. 课文讲解
★ worrying 让人担忧的
★ expert（有专门的知识和技术的）专家 specialist （专门从事某项研究的）专家
★ It was… who，强调结构。
(1) It is the doctor who saved his life. 是那位医生救了他的命。
(2) It was three weeks later that I knew he had married Lucy.
★ to take care of = to look after照顾，照看
★ to get on = to get along相处得好
★ to look like看起来像 to take after 性格、气质、脾气等像
★ to hate doing sth. 讨厌做某事
★ in the country 在乡下，农村地区
★ good-natured 本性好
★ to bring up把孩子带大，养大
She was easy to bring up. 她很乖。
★ to remember to do 记住要做什么 to remember doing 记得做过什么
(1) Remember to take an umbrella with you. It’s going to rain soon. 记着带上雨伞，很快要下雨了。
(2) I remember taking an umbrella with me, but I can’t find it now. 我记得带了一把伞，但现在却找不着了。
2.一般过去时的被动语态
2.1 构成：主语（动作承受者）+ be 动词的过去式（was/were） + 过去分词（ by + 施动者）
(1) She was seen first by the local doctors. 最初是当地医生给她看的病。
(2) The thief was caught by the police. 贼被警察抓获。
2.2 在不必强调或不知道施动者，或施动者不言而喻的情况下，被动语态的句子不需加 by + 施动者。
(1) She was sent to a specialist in Cardiff. 她被送到加的夫的一位专家那里。
(2) She was diagnosed as diabetic. 她被诊断患有糖尿病。
3.短语动词
3.1 短语动词指动词和小品词（介词或副词）组成的固定结构。
(1) to bring sb up 将某人抚养成人 (2) to put up with sb 容忍某人 (3) to settle up with sb 与某人结清账目
(4) to give up 放弃
3.2 由两部分组成的短语动词有及物和不及物之分，在词典中通常分别用 T 和 I 来表示。 及物的短语动词的 前后两部分
有的可以分开，一般是由动词与副词构成的。有的不可以分开，通常是由动词与介词构成的。 不可分的短语动词后面带宾
语时，宾语必须置于短语动词之后。
(1) My brother looks after his children very well.
(2) He looks after them very well.
(3) I take after my grandmother.
★ 3.3 可分的短语动词带宾语时， 如果宾语是名词，那就可以放在两词之间，也可以放在短语动词之后。宾语如果是代
词，那就必须紧跟动 词之后。
(1) He brought up the children alone.
(2) He brought the children up alone.
(3) He brought them up alone.
(4) He often tells off his son.
(5) He often tells his son off.
(6) He often tells him off.
3.4 由三部分组成的短语动词一般是及物不可分的，宾语无论是名词还是代词都必须跟在短语动词之后。
(1) She takes care of the children on Tuesdays.
(2) She takes care of them on Tuesdays.
(3) I get on with Sally very well.
(4) I get on with her very well.
to和would的用法
4.1 used to是用来描述过去习惯性的或反复发生的动作。否定式可以由used not to 或didn’t use to 构成，never也可以用于构
成否定式。
(1) When I was younger, I used to cycle to work, but I don’t now. 我年轻的时候常常骑自行车上班，但是现在不骑了。
(2) My brother used not to come to the fair with us.
(3) My brother didn’t use to come to the fair with us.
(4) My brother never used to come to the fair with us. 我哥哥过去不曾和我们一起去游乐场。
4.2 used to 可以与状态动词连用，表示曾经一度怎样。 (1) I used to like the fair. 我曾经喜欢（去）游乐场。 (2) My friends used
to like him. 我的朋友们曾都喜欢着他。 (3) We used to live near a big park. 我们曾经住在一个大公园附近。
4.3 would加上动词原形可以用来描述过去习惯性的或反复发生的动作。否定式由would + not 构成， 常和ever 连用。would
在表示过去的习惯时不可与状态动词连用。
(1) When I was younger, I would cycle to work, but I don’t now. 我年轻的时候，常常骑车上班，现在不了。 (2) Then we would
go up to my bedroom and listen to pop. records. 然后我们总是会上楼到我的卧室里听流行唱片。(3) My brother wouldn't ever
come to the fair with us. 我哥哥过去从来不与我们一起去游乐场。
1. 课文讲解
★ in her late sixties 在她快七十的时候 in one’s early twenties 在某人20岁出头的时候
★ to go on doing sth. 继续做某事 to go on to do sth.一件事之后接着去做另一件事
(1) She went on living with her parents. 她继续和父母住在一起。
(2) After I watched the TV play, I went on to do my homework.看完电视剧后，我接着做作业。
★ life of the extended family 大家庭的生活
★ the corner shop 在街角的商店
★ help in some other way在其他的方面帮助
★ to poke one’s nose into other’s business打探别人的事 to put up with 容忍
2.评论他人习惯
2.1 ―always/forever + 动词的进行时‖可以用来 表示说话者对所谈论人物的不满或批评，也可用与赞扬别人，意思是说谁―总
是干什么，老是怎么‖。
(1) She was always borrowing money from me. 她总是向我借钱。
(2) He's forever checking his hair in the mirror. 他老是照镜子看头发（是否乱了）。
(3) She’s always smiling. 她总是面带笑容。
(4) She was forever coming up with good ideas. 她总能想出好主意来。
1. 课文讲解
★ there be的现在完成时：there have been
★ we have had 我们有
We have a lot of snow here in winter. 我们这儿冬天常下雪。
★ rapid – rapidly 迅速的，飞快的 steadily 稳定地，平稳地
★ high proportion 高比例，很大比例
★ born to 生于什么的家庭
(1) born to couples who aren't married 出生自没有结婚的一对
(2) born to lone parents 出生自单亲家庭
★ head n. 头 v. 负责，领导（= be in charge of = lead）
★ average 平均数
★ which means 这就意味着，也就是说
★ birth rate 出生率 结婚率 marriage rate 离婚率divorce rate
★ to decline in sth. 在某方面有所下降
2.描述发展趋势
★ 描述发展趋势常会用到动词，可以使用表示增减的动词的一般过去时来 描述过去某一时间或某一阶段发生的变化趋势。
(1) Inflation fell from 8% in 1992 to 6% in 1995. 通货膨胀（率）从1992年的8%降到1995年的6%。
(2) The average wage increased slightly last year.
★ go up，rise，increase都是常见用来表示增长趋势的动词，go down，fall，decline，decrease是常见用来表示下降、减少
趋势的动词。
★ ★ 动词的现在完成时则可以用来描述发生在过去，但现在还在持续的变化趋势。
(1) During the last ten years women’s wages have risen significantly.
(2) Since last October inflation has fallen slowly.
★ 词的名词形式也可以用来描述发展趋势。
(1) Since last October there has been a slow fall in inflation.
(2) Last year there was a slight increase in the average wage.
★ 在描述发展趋势的句子里，还常会用到修饰限定变化趋势的词语 — 副词和形容词。
(1) Adjectives：
slow、slight、steady、rapid、sharp、significant；
(2) Adverbs：
slowly、slightly、steadily、rapi dly、sharply、significantly
★ 有些形容词和副词可以用来限定、修饰变化趋势。
(1) Unemployment has gone up slowly.失业率上升缓慢。
(2) There has been a slight rise in population. 人口一直缓慢增长。
★ 描述变化趋势还会用到介词，如：from 用来描述变化的起始点，to 用来描述变化的终止点，by 用来描述量的变化
(1) Unemployment fell by 1.5 million last year. It fell from 4.5 million to 3 million. It has already fallen by half a millionthis year, to
2.5 million this month.
(2) Inflation rose by 4% in ten years: it was 5% in 1991, but it rose from 6% in 1992 to 9% in 1999. In 2000,however, it fell from 9%
to 7%. In 2001 it decreased further by 3% and at the end of the year it was 4%.
3.爱恋关系的表达
(1) to fall in love with sb.
(2) to be in love with sb.
(3) to go out with sb.
(4) to get engaged
(5) to be engaged
(6) to get married
(7) to be married
(8) to get on (well) with sb.
(9) to break up with sb.
(10) to split up with sb.
(11) to separate from sb.
(12) to be divorced
(13) to get divorced
例句：
(1) I fell in love with her on that first date.
(2) At first, it was great. We liked doing the same things and we got on very well together.
(3) We got engaged on my birthday later that year.
(4) We were married for five years before things went wrong.
(5) We separated for six months, and I went to France to work.
(6) I went out with Martine in France.
(7) Holly and I broke up finally when I came back.
(8) We have been divorced for three years.
和so的用法
4.1 先看but的例句：
There has been a steady rise in production, but we have not employed more staff. 生产稳步增长，但是我们没有雇佣更多员工。
4.2 so 作为连词常用来连接因果关系的分句，一般放在结果分句的前面，与这种用法类似的还有and so。
(1) There has been a steady rise in production, so we have employed more staff. 生产稳步增长，因此我们雇佣了更多的员工。
(2) There has been a steady rise in production, and so we have employed more staff.
4.3 如果but 或 so 所连接的两个分句主语是一致的，第二个分句的主语则需用代词。
(1) The minimum wage has increased. The minimum wage is not enough to stop poverty.
The minimum wage has increased, but yet it is not enough to stop poverty. 虽然最低工资提高了，但还是不足以消除贫困。
(2) The Prime Minister is very popular. The Prime Minister will win the next election.
The Prime Minister is very popular, so he will win the next election. 首相很受欢迎，因此他会赢得下次选举。
1. 课文讲解
★ 91-year-old adj. 91岁的
★ my mum是Tilly的同位语，即两者表达同一个概念。
★ as 当……的时候
★ to walk by / to go by / to pass by 走过，经过
★ 动名词的被动语态结构：be -ing＋动词过去分词
(1) He remembered being hit on the head. 他记得头上挨了打。
(2) We couldn't stand being treated like that. 我们不能忍受那样的待遇。
★ to arrange for sb. to do sth. 安排某人做某事
(1) I have arranged for the photographer to take some pictures of the party．我已经安排摄影师为聚会拍些照片。
(2) I've arranged for a car to pick them up at the airport．我已安排了一辆车去机场接他们。
★ now and again 时不时的，偶然
★ live 长期居住 stay暂时居住 stay in a hotel 住饭店
★ to keep in touch保持联系 collect 收集，接（某人）
★ journey 长途旅行 trip 短途旅行，去了趟……
★ to calls in来访 to call on sb. 拜访某人 call at some place 拜访某地
(1)to call on John.去拜访John。
(2)to call at John’s house. 去John家坐坐。
★ to be…for one’s age 相对于年龄来说……
He is too short for his age. 对于他的年龄来说，他太矮了。
★ to do sth. to sb. 对某人做某事
How could you do this to me? 你怎么能这样对我？
2.描述现在的习惯
2.1 描述现在的习惯，常会用到这些表示频度的副词：always, now and again, once a month，every day。表示频度的副词常常
放在实意动词前，to be 或其他助动词之后。
(1) Jack often calls in.
(2) It’s usually about 6:30 a.m.
(3) He has usually finished before 6 o’clock.
2.2 较长的表示频度的副词短语常常放在句首或句尾。
(1) She goes to the hairdresser’s once a month.
(2) Once a year he collects mum and takes her to stay with him.
★ 2.3 表示频度的短语有一种构成是：“次数”＋“时间单位”，即“多长时间，几次”。
如：
once (twice, three times etc.) a day / a week / a month / a year
every Sunday / Monday
every morning / day / weekend / week / six months
1. 课文讲解
★ a good businessman生意做得好的人 a fast speaker讲话快的人
★ used to do sth 过去做某事情
He used to own three petrol stations. 他过去有过属于自己的三个加油站。
★ to carry on (doing) sth 继续做某事情
★ to enjoy old age 安享晚年
★ to hand over 交出去
(1) to hand over the business to his son 把业务转交给儿子
(2) to hand over the thief to the police 把窃贼送交警方
(3) to hand over the responsibility 移交责任
★ what to do with sb./sth. 怎么对待，怎么处理
★ without doing sth. 没有做某事
without telling his wife不曾/没有跟妻子商量
★ too + adj. + to do sth. 太……而无法做某事
too old at 71 to start work again不能以71岁的高龄再重新开始工作
★ expand (在尺码、数量、体积、程度上的)扩大
to expand the company 扩大公司的规模
★ improved profits by 200% 利润增长了200%
(1) Production rose by 30%. 产量增长了30%。
(2) Production fell by 15%. 产量减少了15%。★ open 开设，开办
(1) to open an office 开办一家办事处
(2) to open a school 开办一所学校
(3) to open a new shop 开办一家新商店
★ Most importantly = It’s most important that…
(1) Luckily, she was in when I called. 幸运的是，当我打电话时她恰好在家。
(2) Frankly, she is not the right person to do the job. 坦率地讲，她不适合做这个工作。
2. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
2.1 一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。
一般过去时通常要与表示过去的时间状语连用，比如
像:yesterday（昨天），last week（上星期），3 hours ago （3小时前），in 1997（在1997年）这样的时间短语。
He hasn’t been bored since he bought the factory. 自从买下工厂以来，他就不感到生活枯燥了。
2.2 现在完成时用来谈论发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作或事件。
试比较：
(1)One day, he saw an advertisement in the newspaper. 有一天，他在报纸上看见了一则广告。（一般过去时，表明事实）
(2)He has seen an advertisement in the newspaper. 他已经看到了报纸上的广告。（现在完成时，言外之意是―他知道了广告上
的内容‖。）
★ 只要句子中有了具体的表示过去的时间，要用过去时态，常用一般过去时，而不用现在完成时这样的现在时态。
第八讲1. 课文讲解
★ hate 憎恨
(1)I hate cabbages. 其实就是表示我特别不喜欢吃圆白菜。
(2)He hated being retired. 不喜欢过退休的日子。
★ to cancel the contract 中止合同
★ cover story 封面专题报道
★ by chance 碰巧
★ to see sth./sb. doing 看见某人做某事
(1)I saw the train coming into the station. 我看到火车正在进站。
(2)I saw the boys running out of the classroom. 我看到那些男孩从教室里跑出来。
★ to be excited about sth. 因某事而感到兴奋
★ to give up 放弃 to give up a job 辞去一份工作 to give up smoking 戒烟
★ to go out with sb. 和异性交往
★ child-minding 照顾孩子
★ to amuse each other 玩得开心
★ It doesn’t matter 不重要，不要紧
★ to watch sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事 to watch my children grow up 看着我的孩子成长
2. 定语从句
2.1 学习定语从句，要了解定语从句放在哪儿，还要了解用哪个关系代词。
英语的定语从句要放在被修饰词的后面。
I started looking after other children whose parents went out to work. 我开始照看那些父母外出工作的孩子。
从句中最常用的关系代词是 whose, who, that 和which。这些词起的是关联作用。whose，―……的‖，who指的是被修饰的这
个人，that可以表示被修饰的人或物，which指被修饰的物。who和which在从句中做主语时关系 代词不能省略。
(1)I listened to journalists who were excited about the changes in Russia. 我听到别的记者兴奋地谈论俄国发生的变化。
(2)It hit the police car which was stopping the traffic. 它撞在了正在拦截车流的警车。
2.2 起关联作用的关系代词在从句中做宾语，这个关系代词就可以省略。
Do you know the girl__________ I am meeting tonight?
Do you know the girl who I am meeting tonight?
= Do you know the girl that I am meeting tonight?
= Do you know the girl I am meeting tonight?
3. 现在进行时
3.1 现在进行时可以表示说话的此时此刻发生的事 情，也可以表示最近的将来，说明最近的打算，意图和安排等。在这样的
句子中常可以有表达将来时间的 短语。
比如next week, next month, a week tomorrow, in three days’time等。
(1)I’m flying to New York today. 我今天将要飞往纽约。
(2)Tomorrow I’m meeting Mr Jones. 明天我要与Jones先生会面。
(3)A week tomorrow I’m returning to London. 从明天算起一周后我将回到伦敦。
3.2 谈论将来，还可以用be going to do sth这个句式。be going to do sth 主要用于表达意图，主观的打算，但用现在进行时
则强调客观上已经安排好的事情。
(1)We’re flying to New York tomorrow. 我们定于在明天飞往纽约。
(2)We are going to do some shopping there. 我们打算在那儿买点东西。
1. 课文讲解
★ raise 提高，增长，筹集 raise money 筹款 raise money for 为……而筹款
★ retire 退休
★ to bring up 养育 to grow up成长，长大
★ round-the-world 环球的
(1)a round-the-world race环球航行大赛
(2)a ten-month journey 为期10个月的旅程
(3)a five-year plan一个五年计划
★ to be bored 感到厌烦的-ed分词可以当形容词来用
to bore使/让人厌倦 to be bored 感到厌倦
to worry 使/让人焦虑 to be worried 感到焦虑
to please 讨好人，使/让人高兴 to be pleased 感到高兴，感到满意
★ to take part in 参加
★ say 用于引出举例
(1)Can you come to dinner, say, 7:30? 你能来吃晚饭吗？7点半怎么样？
(2)We could stay there for, say, three days. 我们可以哪儿待上一段时间，比如三天吧。
★ to prepare sb for sth 使（某人）为某事做准备
★ One of the men couldn’t move because he had broken his leg. 其中一人动也不能动，因为他的腿摔断了。（his不译）
I lost my way. 我迷路了。（my不译）
I have had my lunch. 我吃过午饭了。（my不译）
★ to take to hospital 看病 go to university上大学 ★ go to bed去睡觉 He's at table now. 他在吃饭。
★ more than超过 more than 10 new words 十几个生词 more than a hundred people 一百多人
★ the same as… 跟……一样
(1)Your jacket is the same colour as mine. 你的上衣的颜色跟我的一样。
(2)You gave me the same answer as before. 你的回答和以前相同。
★ to keep fit 保持健康 to feel fit 感觉健康 to look fit 看上去健康 to get fit 变得健康
2. 过去完成时
2.1 过去完成时常用来描述在过去某一时间以前完成的动作和事件，用于谈论在过去的过去发生的事情。
过去完成式的肯定句：had ＋ 过去分词。
(1)By the end of October last year, she had raised more than ￡50,000 for charity. 在去年年底之前她已经为慈善事业筹集到
了５万英镑。（时间短语）
(2)She had done a lot of training before she sailed. 航海前她经过了大量训练。（时间从句）
2.2 过去完成时否定式的构成：had not ＋ 过去分词 Before Molly left she did a lot of training, but it hadn't prepared her for the
worst weather. 她去航行之前，她已经经过了大量的训练，但是训练并没有为她后来遇到最糟糕的天气做好准备。
2.3 过去完成时的疑问式直接将助动词had提到句子的开头，特殊疑问句把疑问词放在开头。
A: What had Molly done before she joined a pop dance team? 在去流行舞舞蹈队之前，Molly做过什么？
B: She had trained a ballet dancer. 她在进行芭蕾舞舞蹈训练。
A: Had the children left home before Molly sailed? 在去航海之前Molly的孩子已经离开家了吗？
B: Yes, they had. 离开了。
1. 课文讲解
★ to leave school 毕业
★ to be going to do sth. 打算做某事
★ artificial intelligence 人工智能
★ would like to do sth. 想要做什么事
(1)I would like to study in North America.
(2)I would like to be in a rock band.
(3)I would like to go to the North Pole.
★ to hope to do sth. 希望做某事 want to do sth. 想要做某事
(1)I hope to get good grades in all my exams. 我希望在考试中取得好成绩。
(2)I want to go to university next year to study earth sciences. 我想在明年去上大学，学习地球学专业。
★ to spend (time) doing sth. 花时间做什么事情
例如：
I'd like to spend a year studying in North America. spend （time）doing sth.
★ 表达花时间做什么事情，注意这里花时间做某事情后面这个做什么，动词得用-ing形式。
例如：
(1)He spent half his life writing this book. 他花了半辈子的功夫写这本书。
(2)We spent the whole afternoon talking with the tourist guide. 我们跟导游交谈了整个一下午。
★ to look forward to (doing) sth.
(1)I'm looking forward to your party. 我期待着参加你将要举办的聚会。
(2)I'm looking forward to your answer. 我期待着您的答复。
这句话还可以改写成:
(3)I'm looking forward to receiving your answer. 这是在信件的结尾常用的一句话。
★ a well-paid job 高薪工作 a well- dressed man 打扮得/穿得讲究的人 a well-informed man 消息灵通的人士
a well-read student 一个博览群书的学生
★ 情态动词can比could可能性大。2. 谈论将来
2.1 谈论意图: to be going to do sth.，谈论计划: to plan to do sth.
(1)I'm going to get married next year. 我打算明年结婚。
(2)I left school last year and I plan to go to university later this year.我去年毕业，今年过些时候计划上大学。
2.2谈希望: I’d like to do sth.，I hope to do sth.，I want to do sth.。
(1)I'd like to go to the North Pole. 我很想去北极。
(2)I hope to get good grades in all my exams. 我希望所有科目都取得好成绩。
这也是在表达良好的愿望。
3. 不同职业对所需素质和能力的描述
3.1 描述一个人的性格，可以用be + 形容词这个结构。
(1)What's Karen like? Karen 这个人怎么样？
She's hard-working, but she's moody. 他工作很勤奋，但情绪不稳定。
(2)What's Jack like? Jack 这个人怎么样？
He's bright, but he isn't calm. 他很聪明，但不够沉稳。
3.2 描述一个人的性格，还可以用 be +名词这种结构 (1)a team leader 团队的领导 a motivator激励者（能激励别人的人） a
good organizer 组织能力强的人 a good team worker能与人团结合作的人
(2)I was simply a good team member. 我和团队里的其他成员合作的好。
3.3 描述一个人的性格，还可以用to have ＋表示特点的短语。
(1) to have a sharp mind思想敏锐
(2）to have a good eye for detail 细致缜密
(3) to have an excellent memory记忆力强
3.4 来看几个多个句式混合一起，更接近日常生活的例子：
(1) What's John like? John 这个人怎么样？
He has a sharp mind, but he isn't good team worker.他思维敏捷，但不善于与人协作。
(2) What's Milly like? Milly 这个人怎么样？
She’s easy-going, but she doesn't have a good eye for detail. 她很随和，但不够细致。
1. 课文讲解
★ detached house独立式的房子 Letting agent房东代理 at the moment此刻
★ on the other hand另一方面
We could buy a new carpet, but on the other hand a new shower might be more useful.
我们可以买新地毯，但是，另一方面，新的淋浴器也许会更有用。
★ to have more space 有更多的空间
★ drawback 不便之处，缺点
★ commute 上下班的路上奔波
2. need的用法
2.1 to need + v-ing 意思是―某物（事）需要……‖，表示被动意义。
(1)The door needs repairing. 门需要修理了。
(2)My hair needs cutting. 我该理发了。
2.2 to need + to do 意思是―某人（主语）需要做某事‖。
(1)They need to repair the roof. 他们需要修补屋顶。
(2)We need to study English. 我们需要学习英语。
举几个例子说明：
The window frames need painting.
A lot of things need repairing.
We need to fix the gate and repair the path.
2.3 To need有两种否定和疑问形式
(1)He doesn’t need to study English. 这句中need用作实意动词
(2)He needn’t study English. (用作情态动词)
(3)Does he need to study English? 这句中need用作实意动词
(4)Need he study English? (用作情态动词)
3. to have something done的用法
3.1“to have + 宾语 + 过去分词” 这个结构表示动作并非主语所为，而是使人或安排人做某事，尤其可指安排专门的人来做。
(1)We haven't had the broken windowpanes replaced yet. 我们还没换那些破了的窗户玻璃。
(2)The agent had the windows painted two years ago. 房东代理两年前油漆过窗户。
3.2 疑问句的构成形式 没有什么特别的，只要把have当作实意动词来看待就行了
(1)Have they had the broken windowpanes replaced yet? 他们把那些破了的窗户玻璃换了吗？
(2)When did the agent have the windows painted? 房东代理什么时候油漆的窗户？
3.3 在口语中，也常用 “to get + 宾语 + 过去分词”表达同样的意思。
(1)He got the gutter replaced.
(2)Have you got the gate mended yet?
看几个例句。
(1)We replaced the gate ourselves, but we had the chimney replaced.
(2)They cleaned the windowpanes themselves, but they had the floors cleaned.
12讲1. 课文讲解
★ to be dissatisfied with sth. 对什么不满意 to be dissatisfied with sth. 居民对公寓的状况不满意:
The residents were dissatisfied with the condition of the property.
★ private property 私有财产，私家房地产private property, intellectual property 知识产权intellectual property
★ a residents’ committee居民委员会
★ to suggest doing sth.
(1)He suggested our returning home as soon as possible. (2)I suggest leaving for the honeymoon directly following our wedding.
(3)She suggested going out once a week.
★ activity 活动 inactivity 静止，不作为
★ so + adj. + that 太…以至于…
(1)I'm so happy that I can't stop crying.
(2)It was so cold that the air froze in my nose as I breathed.
(3)The exercise was so difficult that most of the soldiers gave up.
★ to be tired of 厌倦了，厌烦了 to be responsible for 为…负责
(1)They were tired of telephoning the agent and tired of complaining about the flats.
(2)The agent was responsible for the flats.
★ to write to sb. 给某人写信
★ not … until … 直到……才……
You cannot leave until your work is finished. 你不能走，直到你把工作做完。意思是把工作做完你才能走。
2. 写信的方法
2.1 书信正文开始前要先将写信人的地址写在信的右上角。日期写在地址的下面。书信开头的称呼语 的格式是Dear+ Mr / Mrs
/Ms + 姓 (如：Dear Mr Hall) 或Dear + 名 (如：Dear Mary)。如果不知对方姓名，只知道对方是男性，称呼语可以是Dear Sir,；
只知道对方是女性，可称呼为Dear Madam。若不知对方性别，可写 Dear Sir / Madam。
2.2 书信的正文开头通常要说明写信意图。例如：
I am writing to you to complain about…
或表明这是回复来信。例如：
(1)Thank you for your letter of 5 January about the flats. (2)I am writing in response to / in reply to your letter of 5 January…
2.3 正文结束后，通常用 I look forward to hearing from you. 表示希望收到对方的回信。
2.4 在署名前，一般会附上 Yours sincerely, 或Yours faithfully,等类似于中文书信里“此致，敬礼”的客套语。
3. 形容词和介词的搭配
3.1 英语中有些形容词或作为形容词使用的过去分词常与某些介词搭配使用，构成固定结构。
形成了固定结构，也就是说介词是不能随便换的。
(1)He was very worried about his two teenage children.
(2)He was very angry about it.
(3)When he went to complain about the noise, he was very surprised at their attitude. They said they weren’t responsible for the noise.
(4)Bill was appalled by this.
(5)The children said they were very sorry for the party, and they were upset by their friends’ behavior.
(6)They agreed to go and see Jim and to take him a bottle of wine and apologize about the noise. Bill was pleased with them for this.
4. therefore, although 和 however
4.1 therefore和so一样，也表示“所以，因此”，但比so更正式一些。
(1)They thought that the agent didn’t do enough, therefore John was asked to write to him. 他们认为房东代理做得不够，所以，要
求John给他写信。
(2)He worked day and night, and therefore he was able to buy a new sports car. 他日夜工作，所以有能力买辆新跑车。
4.2 although意思是―虽然……, 但是……‖，所引导的从句可以放在主句的前面，也可以放在主句的后面 。在主句前面时，
要用逗号与主句隔开。 (1)Although they were 85 years old, they still played tennis every day.虽然他们已经85岁了，但仍每天
打网球.
(2)They still played tennis every day although they were 75 years old. 他们仍然每天打网球，虽然他们都75了。
4.3 however 意思是 “然而，但是”，表示转折，与but意思相同，但是较正式的说法。however在句中的位置较灵活，在句
首时，后面常用逗号。
(1)They were 85 years old. However, they still played tennis every day. 他们已经85岁了，但仍每天打网球。
(2)He was wealthy. However, he was very mean.他很富有，但很吝啬。
5. 表示不满和表示歉意
5.1 表示不满
(1)I’m not pleased with it at all.
(2)I am unhappy about the path.
(3)I am appalled by the mess in the garden.
(4)I am very dissatisfied with the work.
5.2 表示歉意
(1)I’m very sorry about the mess.
(2)I must apologise about the painting.
1. 课文讲解
★ after hours 工余时间
★ survey（统计）调查 investigation（细节）调查 probe（悬疑）调查
★ to spend time doing something
(1)They spend an hour each day exercising.
(2)Jack spends a third of his free time doing housework.
★ decade 十年 century 百年 millennium 千年
★ decrease减少
(1)Traffic decreases on holidays.
(2)The workmen want to decrease the number of working hours and increase pay. 工人要求减少工作时间而增加工资。
★ to range from … to … 表示―在一定幅度或范围内有所变化。‖
(1)ages that range from two to five两岁至五岁年龄段
(2)The increase ranged from several to several dozen times. 增长几倍到几十倍不等。
★ to be used to sth 习惯于某事 used to be (do sth) 曾经是(做某事)
I am still not used to Sichuan food though I've been living in Chongqing for two years. 尽管我已经在重庆住了两年，我还是不习
惯吃川菜
★ a large proportion = majority 大多数
★ who own a dog/cat养狗/猫的人
2. 数量表达法
2.1 常见一些数量的表达：
(1)a large proportion of 很大比例的
(2)a small proportion of 很小比例的
(3)the majority of 多数的
(4)a minority of 少数的
来看几个句子。
(1)A large proportion of households have a microwave oven.
(2)A small portion of households have a dishwasher.
The majority of men have done sport in the last week.
(3)A minority of women have done DIY in the last four weeks.
2.2 表示数量，还会说到“多于”，“少于”。“多于”可以说over…; more than …；“少于”可以说under…;less than …
(1)Over half the dogs in the UK are pedigree.
(2)Under a quarter of people can swim.
(3)More than a third of cats are grey.
(4)Less than 50% of the population owns a dog.
2.3 表示发展趋势的词：
(1)动词，有： to increase, to rise, to decrease, to fall
(2)名词，有： an increase, a rise, a decrease, a fall
(3)形容词和副词，有： slight, slightly；steady, steadily；sharp, sharply；dramatic, dramatically
3. 现在完成进行时
3.1 现在完成进行时与现在进行时的 区别。在强调动作的结果，并表示动作已经结束的时候，使用现在完成时。强调动。
作从过去某个时间一直持续到现在，使用现在完成进行时。
(1)She's sorted out all the books and pictures. 她已经把书和照片整理好了。
(2)I have been learning English for 26 years. 学英语，我已经学了26 年了。
3.2 现在完成进行时的构成：主语 + have (has) + been doing。 I' ve been working here for three years.
3.3 现在完成进行时的否定句的形式是在have (has) 后面加not。 He has not (hasn't) been working here for very long.
3.4 现在完成进行时的疑问句形式是：Have (Has) + 主语＋been doing?
Have you been working here for these years？
3.5 特殊疑问句是将疑问词置于句首。
(1)Where has he been living ?
(2)Who have they been working for?
3.6 状态动词，如：love, hate, be, think, feel, hear, want，通常不用于现在完成进行时，而可以用于现在完成时。
(1)I've always liked animals.
(2)I've always wanted to do something.
1. 课文讲解
★ Elderly people who are separated from their own pets or have had to give up their pets.这里who 引导的是一个定语从句，修饰
elderly people，是与自己的宠物分开，或是不得不放弃自己的宠物的那些老年人。
(1)Dogs that / which help sick people work in hospitals.
(2)Doctors who / that have seen dogs help people begin to recognise the benefits.
(3)Volunteers whose dogs and cats help people work in the hospitals with the animal.
★ 修饰的是人，定语从句要用who或是that引导，所有格，用 whose。修饰非人的事物，东西，动物，定语从句用that 或
是which 引导。
(1)The person who / that the dog fetched gave Alan an injection.
(2)Dogs that / which disabled people use are specially trained.
★ to look forward to后面要跟名词或是动名词，不能跟动词。
(1)to look forward to graduation 期待着毕业
(2)to look forward to meeting you期待着与您见面。
★ working dogs为人类工作的狗 guard dogs看门狗 police dogs警犬 hunting dogs猎狗 dogs for the blind导盲犬
★ to take the case of sb 以某人的情况为例
★ to go into a coma 昏迷过去，进入昏迷状态 to give sb an injection给某人打针. 2. 现在完成时中的since和for
since 用在现在完成时，或是现在完成进行时里，后面一般 跟一个时间点，或是表示时间点的句子，意思是―从那一刻起‖。
for也常用在现在完成时的句子， 或是现在完成进行时里，for后面跟的是个时间段。表示动作持续了多长时间。
(1)He's been visiting hospital every month for four years.
(2)He's been training dogs for five years.
(3)He's been having injections since he was sick.
(4)He's been working in the police force since 2001.
1. 课文讲解
★ in honor of为了向…表示敬意；为纪念
(1)They gave a banquet in honor of the delegation. 他们设宴招待代表团。
(2)They put up a monument in honor of the killed in the battle. 为纪念阵亡将士，他们建造了纪念碑。
★ sanctuary 避难所
a bird sanctuary 鸟类保护区 nature sanctuary 自然保护区
★ as far as远到……，一直到……；到……那么远
★ BC = Before Christ公元前 AD = Anno Domini公元
★ worth相当于……价值，值……钱
(1)a house worth 50,000 pounds 一幢价值五万英镑的房子 (2)a car worth $$20, 000 价值2万美元的一辆小汽车
(3)– How much is this bicycle worth? 这辆自行车值多少钱？ – It's worth ￡50. 值50英磅。
★ introduce介绍，引进，引入
(1)to introduce new techniques 采用新技术
(2)to introduce a new subject in the school 在学校开设一门新课程
★ competition 公平竞争 rat race 非公平竞争
★ to name after以…来命名
(1)This street is named after the general. 这条街道是以将军的名字命名的。
(2)It was named after a village called Marathon. 马拉松项目是以那个村子的名字命名的。
★ torch relay 火炬传递
2. 一般过去时的被动语态
2.1 有三种情况，常用被动语态：
(1)强调动作的承受者，而不强调施动者；
(2)不必提及施动者；
(3)不知道施动者。
2.2 结构：主语＋be的过去式＋动词过去分词
(1)He was arrested yesterday. 他昨天被捕了。
(2)The festival and games were held in Olympia. 庆典与比赛在奥林匹亚举行。
(3)The marathon was introduced in the modern Olympic Games in 1896. 马拉松于1896年成为了现代奥运会的比赛项目。
2.3 如果需要说明施动者，用介词by引出；如果需要表明使用了什么方式和手段，用介词with。
(1)The modern games were founded in 1896 by the Baron de Coubertin. 顾拜旦男爵于1896年创办了现代（奥林匹克）运动会。
(2)The ceremony was opened by the baron with a speech. 男爵的讲话宣布了仪式开始。
(3)The man was attacked with a knife. 那人遭（持）刀（者）袭击。
2.4 被动语态的否定式是在be的过 去式后加not；一般疑问句的构成是将be的过去式置于句首；特殊疑问句则要使用特殊
疑问词，而且 be的过去式要置于主语之前。
(1)The Olympic torch relay was not introduced until 1932. 奥林匹克火炬传递接力直到1932年才引入。
(2)Were the Olympic Games founded in Olympia? 奥运会创办于奥林匹亚吗？
(3)When were the Olympic Games founded? 奥运会是何时创办的？
16讲
1. 课文讲解
★ The International Olympic Committee国际奥林匹克委员会
★ host n. 东道主，主人 v. 主办，主持
★ in advance 提前
(1)Can I send it to you so you can read it in advance of my interview?
(2)It’s a really nice apartment. But ther owner wants two-month rent in advance.
★ prepare 准备某事 to prepare for sth. 为某事做准备
At the end of the term, teachers prepare the exam papers, and students prepare for the exams. 在期末，教师们准备考试试卷，学生
们为考试做准备。
★ infrastructure 基础设施
★ tube (美) = subway (英) = underground (英)
地铁motorway (英) = freeway (美) 高速公路
★ the extension of the underground 地铁线路的延长the improvement of the airport 机场的改善
the building of new motorways 修建新的高速公路
★ to have an effect on sth. 对什么有影响，有效果
2. 动名词
2.1 动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。动名词是名词性的，它同时具有动词特征和名词特征， 在逻辑上表达的是一个动作
或状态，在语法上体现的是名词特征。动名词的名词特征体现在可以用作主语 、宾语等。
(1)Preparing for the Olympic Games is a huge undertaking. （preparing 作句子的主语）
(2)Without preparing a strong bid, a city will not win the competition to host the games.（preparing 作介词without的宾语）
(3)Do you like watching football games? (watching作动词like的宾语)
2.2 动名词的动词特征体现在可以有宾语和状语。
(1)Hosting the games has a major effect on the economy. （hosting作句子的主语，同时带有宾语the games）
(2)After winning the bid, Beijing began major construction projects. （winning作介词after的宾语，同时带有宾语the bid）
(3)Before going to college, he hadn’t acted or sung. （going 作介词before的宾语，同时带有状语to college）
3. 真实条件句
3.1 条件句表示“如果……，那么……。”我们先来了看看真实条件句的构成形式。真实条件句的构成是：If + 从句主语＋一
般现在时，主句主语＋will/won't + 动词原形。
(1)If she trains hard, she’ll win the competition.
(2)If a country wins a lot of medals, the people will feel proud.
3.2 if 引导的从句在主句前时，需用逗号与主句隔开，如在主句之后，一般不用逗号。
(1)If we win the bid, it will encourage huge economic growth.
(2)It will encourage huge economic growth if we win the bid.
171. 课文讲解
★ key 钥匙，关键 the key to this door 这个门的钥匙 the key to long life 长寿的关键
★ irrespective of不管，不考虑
(1)He send us information every week, irrespective of whether it's useful or not. 他每星期都给我们送送信息,不管信息是否有用。
(2)They decided to drive on, irrespective of the consequences. 他们不管后果，决定继续开车,继续前进。
★ Researchers discovered that people who exercise live longer than those who do not, even if they are overweight and smoke. 这句
话里有三个从句，that引导一个宾语从句，who引导了一个定语从句，修饰people，e ven if 引导一个状语从句。
★ the least fit 最不健康的 the fittest 最健康的
★ 5 five times more likely 其可能性5倍于 whether or not 不论是不是
★ to be better off 境况更好
★ I want to tell you … 我想告诉你（口气较生硬） I’m trying to tell you … 我是想告诉你（口气较委婉） I’m trying to tell you
我试着去告诉你（口气很委婉）