learn是什么意思英语单词速记--词根词缀法

2021年1月6日发(作者：孔宪彝)
三、英语单词构词法
Example
internationalization
↑
internationalize
↑
internationalist, internationalism←international→internationality, internationally
↑
internationale←
nation
→nation-hood, nation-state, nation-wide
↓
nationally, nationality←national→nationalize, nationalization, nationalism
↓
nationalist
↓
nationalistic
↓
nationalistically
1． Prefixes
1) dis- (not, the opposite of） disadvantage, dislike, disagree, disappear, disarm, disaster,
disastrous, disappoint, disable, disability, discharge, disclose, discount, discourage, discover,
discovery, discrepancy, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dishonor, dishonest, dismay, disorder,
dispatch, disperse, displace, displacement, displease, disregard, dissatisfy, distort , distract,
disintegrate
2) in- (not, in, into） inability, incorrect, incapable, indirect, inhuman, injustice, informal,
inside, include, inclusive, income, increase, increasingly, incredible, indefinite, independence,
independent, indifferent, indirect, indispensable, individual, indoor, inertia , inevitable, infamous ,
infinite, inhabit , inhabitant, inherent , inject, inland , inlet , inner, innocent, innumerable , input,
inquire, inquiry, insane, insensitive, insert, insight, insist, inspect, inspiration , inspire, install,
installation, installment , instance, instant, instinct, insulate , intense, interior, internal, into,
intrinsic, invade, invalid , invaluable , invariably , invasion, invert , investigate, invisible, involve,
inward, incomplete, indecisive, inedible, inept, inevitably, infection, infirm, injection, innate,
insecurity, insider
3) im- (not, in, into） impossible, imbalance, immature, immoral, impatient, implicit ,
impress, impression, import, immigrate, imprison, immerse
4) il- (not） illegal, illiterate, illogical
5) ir- (not） irregular, irresponsible, irrespective
6) un- (not） unable, uncover, undo, undoubtedly, undress , uneasy, unemployment ,
unexpected, unfold , unfortunately, unimportant, unlike, unload, unusual, unaware, unenlightened,
unparalleled, unsustainable
7) non- (not） nonsmoker, nonexistence, non- cooperation, nonstop, nonmetal, nonresident,
nonsense, nonspecialist
8) mis- (wrong, wrongly） misjudge, misunderstand, mislead, misspell, misstep, misfortune,
misuse, misguided, misinformation
9) de- (showing the opposite, to remove, to reduce） deform, deface, demobilize,
destruction, deforest, denationalize, depress, depression, devalue, decode, decrease, degenerate ,
degrade , descend, descendant , descent
10) pre- (before, in advance） prefix, pre-historic, precaution, precede , preceding, preclude ,
predecessor , predict, predominant , preface, prejudice, preliminary, premature , premier , premise ,
premium , preparation, prepare, prepay, preside , president, presumably, presume , pretext , prevail,
prevent, previous, prewar, prediction, pre-scientific, preconception
11) ante-, (before, in advance） anteroom, ante- Christian, antemeridian, anticipate, antique
12) fore- (in advance, before, in or at the front） forearm, forehead, foreman, foretell ,
foresee , forefather , foreleg, forerunner , fore , foremost, forecast, forewarn
13) ex- (out, out of, former） ex-minister, ex-president, ex-Soviet Union, ex-wife, export,
exclude, exclusive, excursion, exhibit, exile , exit, exotic , expand, expansion, expedition , expel ,
expend , expenditure , expense, explode, explosion, explosive, expose, exposition , exposure,
express, expression, extend, extension, extensive, exterior, external, extinct, extra, extract
14) post- (later than, after） postgraduate, postwar, postmeridian, postpone, postscript
15) sub- (under, below, less important） sub, subject, subway, subtitle, subdivide,
submarine , sub-zero, submerge, submit, subordinate , subscribe , subsection, subsequent,
subsidiary , subsidy , substance, substantial, substitute, subtract, suburb, subconsciously, subtly
16) infra- (below in a range, beyond） infrastructure , infrared
17) re- (again, back to a former state） react, reaction, recall, recede , receipt, recipient ,
reclaim , recognize, recognition, record, recorder, recover, recovery, recreation, recur , recycle ,
redundant , reflect, reflection, reflexion, reform, refrain , refresh, refreshment , refund , refute ,
reinforce, reject, remember, remind, removal, remove, renaissance , renew, repay , repeat,
repeatedly, repel , repetition, replace, replacement, reply, report, reporter, represent, representative,
repression , reproduce, respect, respond, response, responsibility, responsible, restore, resume,
return, reunion , reuse, review, revise, revive, revolt, revolution, revolutionary, revolve, reward
18) co-, col-, com-, con-, cor- (with together） co-existence, cooperate, cooperative ,
co-author, coalition , coherent , coincide , coincidence , collaboration , colleague, collide ,
collision, collocation, compassion, compassionate, concentric, confederation, conjoin, coordinate,
correlate, correlation, correspond
19) inter- (between, among） international, interchange, interchangeable, interdependent,
interpersonal, interview, interact , interaction, intercourse , interface , interfere, interference,
Internet, interrupt, interval, intervene
20) macro- (large） macroeconomics , macrocosm , macrostructure
21) micro- (extremely small） microcomputer, microeconomics , microscope, microphone,
microelectronics, microbiologist
22) super- (greater or more than） super, supermarket, supersonic , superman, superpower,
supernatural, supervise , superb, superficial, superintendent , superior, superiority , supreme
23) sur- (more than, beyond） surplus, surtax, surface, surpass , surround, survival, survive,
suspect
24) ultra- (beyond, very, too） ultramodern, ultrasound, ultra-violet
25) auto- (of or by oneself） auto, autocriticism, autoland, automobile, automation ,
automatic, autobiography , autonomous , autonomy
26) mal- (bad, badly） malfunction, maltreat , malnutrition , malpractice
27) tele- (at or over a long distance, by or for television） telegram, television, telegraph,
telephone, telecommunications , telescope, telescreen, teleswitch, televise
28） semi-, hemi- (half） semicircle, semiconductor, semi-colony , semifinal, hemisphere
29） uni-, mono- (one） uniform, unify , union, unique, unit, unite, unity, universe, universal,
university, monologue , monoplane, monopoly , monotone, monotonous , carbon monoxide
30） bi-, di- (two） biweekly, bicycle, bilateral , billion, bilingual, dialogue, carbon dioxide
31） tri- (three） tricycle , triangle, triangular, trilogy , triple, trigonometry
32） quadri-, quadru- (four） quadruple, quadrangle
33） penta- (five） pentagon, Pentagon, Pentium
34） hexa- (six） hexagon, hexangular
35） sept- (seven） September, Sept-Wolves
36） octa- (eight） octagon, octave, octopus, October
37） nona- (nine） nonagon, November
38） deci-, deca- (ten） decade, decimal
39） centi- (hundredth part） centigrade, centimeter, centipede , century
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40） kilo- (thousand） kilo, kilometer, kilogram(me）, kilowatt
41） mill- (thousand） millennium , millimeter
42） multi- (many） multipurpose, multinational, multiple, multiply, multitude,
multiculturalism
43） counter-, anti-, contra- (opposite, against） counteract, counterattack, counterclockwise,
counterrevolutionary, antibiotic, antigravity, antimatter, antiwar, antinuclear, contradict,
contradiction, contramissile, contranatural, contrary, contrast, anticonsumerism
44） mini- (smallest, short） minibus, miniskirt, minimum, minister, minimize, ministry, minor,
minority, minute
45） max- (greatest） maximum, maximal , maximize
46） out- (outside, beyond） outdo, outwit, outlive, outnumber, outdoor, outstanding, outskirts ,
outward, outcome, outer, outing , outline, outlook, output, outrage , outside
47） over- (too much, above, additional） overwork, overuse, overtake, overpass , overthrow ,
overturn , overall, overdue , overhead, overhear , overlook, overseas, overtime
48） trans- (across, on or to the other side of） transaction , transatlantic, transcend , transfer,
transform, transistor , transit , transition , translate, translation, transmission, transmit, transmitter,
transparent, transplant, transport, transportation
49） under- (too little, below） underdeveloped, underdevelopment, underestimate,
undergraduate, underground, underlie , underline, undersea, underlying , undermine , underneath,
underwear
50） neo- (new） neo-Nazism, neolithic
51） be- (cause to be or have） befriend, belittle
52） bio- (life） biology, biography , autobiography, antibiotic, biochemistry, biosphere,
biomedical
53） en- em- (cause to become, put into the stated condition） embody, empower, endanger,
enlarge, enrich, encompass, enthrone, entrench
54） extra- (outside, beyond） extracurricular, extraordinary
55） mid- (middle） midday, midnight
56） poly- (many） polycentric, polydirectional, polysyllabic
57） pseudo- (not real, false） pseudonym, pseudoscience
58） thermo- (heat） thermochemistry, thermometer
59） vice- (next in rank below） vice-chairman, vice-president
60） aero- (air） aerial , aeroplane, aeronautics, aerospace
61） cross- (across, going between the stated things and joining them） cross-country,
crossbreed
62） intra- (inside, within; into） intracity, intra-department, intranet
63） pro- (in favor of, supporting） pro-America, pro-abortion
64） self- (by means of oneself or itself, of, to; with, for or in oneself or itself）
self- employed, self-taught
65） step- (not by birth but through a parent who has remarried） stepmother, stepchildren
66） by-, bye- (less important） by-product, byway
67） a-, (on, in; not, without; intensive） aboard, abroad, ahead, ashore, aside, ashamed, awake,
aware, abed, aflame; amoral, anarchy, anonymous, asocial, atom, apolitical, acentric; abide,
alike, amaze, arise, arouse, await
68） ab-, abs- (the opposite of, away from, off） abnormal, abrupt, absent, abstract, abuse,
abortion
2. Suffixes
Nouns
1） –ant, -ent applicant, component, servant, student
2） –er, -or, -ar employer, interviewer, trainer, painter, New Yorker, Northerner, lighter, cooker,
conductor, beggar, arbiter, shipper
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3） –ee absentee, abandonee, employee, interviewee, trainee
4） –eer engineer, pioneer
5） –an, -ian, -arian historian, humanitarian, librarian, musician, Canadian
6） –ese Chinese, Japanese
7） –ist artist, Marxist, capitalist, creationist, extremist, futurologist, manicurist, neuroscientist,
oncologist, purist
8） –ism socialism, capitalism, mechanism, ableism, ageism, individualism, collectivism,
creationism, optimism, pessimism
9） -ability, -ibility ability, flexibility, availability, capability
10） –age postage, shrinkage, wastage
11） –al arrival, refusal, revival
12） –ance, -ence appearance, reference
13） –ancy, -ency emergency, expectancy, delinquency
14） –cy accuracy, bankruptcy
15） –dom freedom, kingdom, wisdom
16） –ery bravery, cookery
17） –ess actress, lioness
18） –ette cigarette, novelette, cassette
19） –ful handful, spoonful
20） –hood childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood
21） –ics economics, electronics, mechanics, physics, mathematics, politics
22） –ion(-sion, -ssion -ition, -ation） decision, discussion, inflation, translation, action,
correction, allegation, connotation, depletion, distortion, elimination, emulation,
formulation, immunization, integration, manipulation, radiation, recitation, vaccination
23） –ity, -ty reality, curiosity, purity, security, certainty, cruelty, difficulty, loyalty, poverty,
safety, municipality, triviality, affinity, diversity, ingenuity, maturity, mediocrity, mobility,
sovereignty, timidity
24） –ment movement, agreement, harassment, refinement
25） –ness carelessness, greatness, friendliness, weakness, tiredness, inventiveness
26） –ology futurology, geology, biology, musicology, psychology, anthropology, cosmology
27） –ship hardship, friendship, sportsmanship, editorship
28） –th birth, death, breadth, strength, truth
29） -ure closure, exposure
Adjectives
30） –able, -ible acceptable, admissible, avoidable, eatable, countable, notable , suitable,
variable, accessible, sizable, tangible, negotiable
31） –al educational, additional, normal, natural, essential, detrimental, emotional, parental,
patriarchal, promotional, spatial, surgical
32） –an, -arian, -ian suburban, disciplinarian, Canadian, partisan
33） –ant, -ent different, resultant
34） –ary, -ory advisory, customary, complementary, parliamentary
35） –ate considerate, fortunate, passionate
36） –en golden, wooden, woolen
37） –ern northern, southern
38） –ese Chinese, Japanese
39） –free carefree, troublefree
40） –ful careful, painful
41） –ic, -ical atomic, biological, economic, economical, historic, historical, classic,
classical, scientific, medical, mechanic, mechanical, hypocritical, strategic, volcanic
42） –ish selfish, childish, womanish, greenish, reddish, yellowish, Swedish, Danish
43） –ive creative, decisive, supportive, adaptive, competitive, hyperactive, persuasive,
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pervasive, speculative
44） –less useless, fruitless, boundless, groundless, hopeless, jobless
45） –like childlike, ladylike
46） –ly, –y, -ry manly, monthly, hairy, noisy, scary
47） –ous, –ious, -uous, -eous various, continuous, courageous, courteous, harmonious
48） –proof airproof, bulletproof, fireproof, waterproof
49） –some tiresome, lonesome, quarrelsome, troublesome, worrisome
50） –ward downward, homeward
51） –ed purified, farfetched
Verbs
52） –en deepen, fasten, lengthen, strengthen, harden, liken, tighten
53） –ify beautify, classify, electrify, horrify, identify, modify, simplify, justify, testify, verify,
rectify
54） –ize, -yze, -ise, -yse analyze, modernize, industrialize, popularize, specialisation,
professionalisation, penalize, urbanize, urbanization, normalize, normalization, politicize
Adverbs
55） –ly clearly, easily, quickly, ironically, radically
56） –ward, -wards inward, outward, upward, downward, homeward, northwards
57） -wise clockwise, otherwise

3. Stems
1）vis (to see）visible, vision, visual, visit, visitor, advice, supervise, television
2）agri (land）agriculture, agronomy
3）ann (year）anniversary, annual, semiannual, centennial
4）astro, aster (star）astrology, astronomy, astronaut, astrophysics, disaster, asteroid, astronomer
5）audi (to hear）audience, auditorium , audit , auditor , auditory, audio-visual
6）bell (war）rebel, rebellion, rebellious, belligerent
7）ced (to go）precede, precedent, unprecedented, exceed, proceed, succeed
8）cid, cis (to cut, to kill）decide, decision, decisive , concise, suicide, homicide, pesticide
9）claim (to cry, to shout）exclaim, proclaim, acclaim, clamor
10）clar (clear）declare, clarify, clarity
11）cord (heart）cordial, concord, discord , accord
12）cred (to believe, to trust）credible, incredible, credulous, credit, credential
13）dent (tooth）dental, dentist
14）dict (to say）contradict, dictate, dictator, predict, indicate, indicative
15）fact (to do, to make）factory, manufacture, benefactor, malefactor
16）flu (to flow）fluent, influence, influenza (flu）, fluid
17）geo (earth）geography, geometry, geology , geopolitics
18）gram, graph (to draw, to write）diagram,telegram, program,photograph,geography, telegraph
19）insul (island）insulate, insulator , insular, peninsula
20）ject (to throw）project, inject, reject, subject, eject
21）liber (free）liberate, liberty (at liberty）, liberal, liberalism
22）liter (letter）literate , literacy, illiterate, illiteracy, literature, literary, literal , literally
23）log (to speak）dialogue, apology, prologue, monologue, logic
24）manu (hand）manuscript, manufacture, manufacturer, manual,manage, management, manager
25）medi (middle）immediate, medium, media, mediate, medieval, median
26）mort (death）mortal, immortal, mortality
27）nov (new）novel, novelty, novice, innovate
28）ori (to rise）orient, oriental, Oriental, orientation, origin, original, originate, disorient
29）pend (to hang, money）depend, dependent, dependency, dependable, independent, suspend,
expend, spend, expenditure, expense, expensive, pension
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