according是什么意思考博英语翻译技巧：示例详解

2021年1月6日发(作者：柳道伦)
博士入学考试/备考辅导

2016年考博英语翻译技巧：示例详解
1.改变词类(Conversion)
英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。最常见的是将英语的名词或形容词转换
成汉语的动词。
Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes. 胰岛
素用于治疗糖尿病。
This issue is of paramount importance. 这个问题
极其重要。
Formality has always characterized their
relationship. 他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是相敬如
宾。
As the war progressed, he would symbolize their
frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进
行，他成了受挫的象征，成了万恶的化身。
It leads the discussions to extremes at the outset:
it invites you to think that animals should be treated
either with the consideration humans extend to other
humans, or with no consideration at all. (34 words )
(1997. 73)
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们
认为该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类 自身一样关切体
谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
Interest in historical methods has arisen less
through external challenge to the validity of history as
an intellectual discipline and more from internal
quarrels among historians themselves. (27 words)
(1997. 72)
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要 是因为史学
界内意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学
问。
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,
combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought
to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes
this study a unique and distinctly important social
science. (2003. 63)
强调收集第一手资料，加上在 分析过去和现在文化形
态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非
常重要的社会科 学。
2. 选词用字(Diction)
Before Hugo could protest, he and the others
were led away. (*→分辩)
Put a teaspoonful of tea in the pot and then you
just add the boiling water to it and let it stand. (稍等片
刻再喝)
It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. (憾事)
There will be television chat shows hosted by
robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will
disable them when they offend. (2001.71)
届时将出现由机器人主持 的电视谈话节目以及装有污
染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就
会使其 停驶。
3.语序调整(Inversion)
一个句子中词和分句的顺序，英汉两 种语言往往不
同。如表示时间和地点，英语常常是先小后大，而汉语是
先大后小。
His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia,
PA 19001, USA. Don’t hesitate to come when you
need help.
Black and white TV, iron and steel company, 李梅
亭(Mate in Lee)
He remains one of the greatest historians, despite
his apparent prejudice and his untrustworthiness in
detail, because of his artistic mastery of historic
theme.
尽管他在 历史细节描写上有明显的偏见和不值得信任
之处，但由于其对历史题材艺术般的运用，他仍不失为最伟大的历史学家之一。
句子结构的整体调整
That our environment has little, if anything, to do
with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is
central to this theory.
这种理 论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能，性格
特征和行为，即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
Arguing from the view that humans are different
from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of
this kind think that animals lie outside the area of
moral choice.
这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不
相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
4.省略(Omission)
You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if
you don’t know how to make a design or how to
read it.
不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船，架桥或盖房
子。
It took him a long time to reach the bottom and
to couch behind a little dwarf palm. 他费了很长时间才
从山上爬下来，蹲到一棵矮小的棕榈树后面。
Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was
the first person to turn the newly invented telescope
on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve
around the sun rather than around the Earth. (1994.
74)
伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个 把新发
明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不
是围绕地球。
5.增词(Amplification)
英语中没有量词，助词，翻译时应根据上下文的需要< br>予以增加。有些英语的不及物动词必须增加宾语意思才完
整。 No Smoking!
I could knit when I was seven.
Without a sense of your fault, how can
repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己
的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢?
—Walking past the Garden of Eden, Adam’s son
asked his father, “Who owns that large estate?”
—“That’s where your mother and I used to
live,” replied Adam, “before she ate us out of
house and home.”
It should, however, be borne in mind that this
process itself might involve a chain of difficulties, in
this case of a political nature.
但是应该记住， 这个过程本身也许会带来一系列的困
难，在此情况下，这些困难是政治性的。(短语→句子)
6.重复(Repetition)
Practically every river has an upper, a middle and
a lower part. 上游，中游，下游 If an atom contains
three protons, it must have three electrons to be
electrically neutral. 如果一个原子含有三个质子，这个原
子必然有三个电子，使之不带电荷。
And it is imagined by many that the operations of
the common mind can by no means be compared
with these processes, and that they have to be
required by a sort of special training. (35 words)
(1993. 74)
许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家 的
思维过程相比较，他们并且认为这些科学家的思维过程必
须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
7.反译法(Negation)
The Organization has not, so far, justified the
hopes which the people set on it. 到目前为止，这个组
织辜负了人们对它寄予的希望。
Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and
realized he was not alone in the garage. 他突然听到背
后有声响，便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。
8.分译法(Division)
英语长句多，为了符合汉语表达习惯，可将英语长句
拆成短句。 It was a real challenge that those who had
learned from us now excelled us.
过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我
们确实是一个鞭策。 It has been rightly stated that this
situation is a threat to international security. 这个局势
对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won,
disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed
refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their
team.
1998年世界杯被捧走以后很久，失望的球迷们还在咒
骂那些有争 议的裁定，因为这些裁定使他们所支持的球队
无法获胜。
Probably there is not one here who has not in the
course of the day had occasion to set in motion a
complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,
though differing in degree, asthat which a scientific
man goes through in tracing the causes of natural
phenomena. (1993. 75)
在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行
一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探 索自
然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但
在类型上是完全一样的。
9.常见短语和重要句型的翻译
1)It goes without saying that...不言而喻的是……
2)It is common knowledge that...众所周知的是……
3)It occurs to me that...我突然想起
4)It is not that...but that...并不是说……而是说
It is not that the scales in the one case, and the
balance in the other, differ in the principles of their
construction or manner of working; but that the latter
is a much finer apparatus and of course much more
accurate in its measurement than the former. (1993.
72)
这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用
的天 平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者
相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上 必然
更准确得多。
5) 某些含蓄否定的翻译
While he liked the work, he pointed out areas
where improvement was possible. 他在欣赏这幅作品的
同时，又指出了它的不足之处。 He is at a loss what to
do. 他不知道该做什么。
To criticize it for such failure is roughly
comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not
measuring wind velocity. (1992. 72)
批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就像批评温度计不能
测风速一样。
Plants which refine crude ores are often located
in countries other than those in which the crude ores
are mined. (1984)
提炼矿石的工厂通常不是设在开采矿石的国家，而是
设在其它国家。
6)more...than...与其说……不如说……
She is more like his mother than like his teacher.
7)no more...than...和……一样都不……
There is no reason they should limit how much
vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how
much water you drink.
他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，就像他们不能
限制你喝多少水一样。 The laws of Political Economy
can no more be violated than those of physical
science.
8)not...all..., all is...not...并不是……都……
All that glitters is not gold.
Both of the books are not helpful.
Everyone doesn’t want to go to the concert.
9)cannot...too...无论……也不过分
We can’t praise him too much. You can’t be
too careful.
10)much less, still less, to say nothing of, not to
mention, let alone更不用说……
He knows little of mathematics, and still less of
chemistry.
In old China, there was hardly any machine-
building industry, to say nothing of an electronic
industry.
All they have to do is to press a button, and they
can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind,
not to mention political discussions and the latest
exciting football match.
11)so...that...如此……以至于……
However, the world is so made that elegant
systems are in principle unable to deal with some of
the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
(1996. 74) 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是
无法解决世上某些更加引人人胜的课题的。
And home appliances will also become so smart
that controlling and operating them will result in the
breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen
rage. (2001. 75)
家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它
们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁。
12) not so much...as...与其说……不如说……
Science moves forward, they say, not so much
through the insights of great men of genius as
because of more ordinary things like improved
techniques and tools. (1994. 71)
13)not...because...(否定转移)并不是因为……
The police didn’t arrest me because I committed
any crime. They said I was