have是什么意思如何记口语部分的笔记

2021年1月6日发(作者：雍泰)
如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记

众所周知，为了模拟北美大学课堂的学术气氛和学 生在校园生活的方方面
面，新托福考试的口语部分首次允许考生做课堂笔记（笔记考完要上交，但笔记< br>不算分）、并要求考生能够发表自己的意见和看法，而且必须具备对教授推荐的
参考书写出读书报 告、阐明自己观点的能力以及其他处理校园生活中可能遇到的
各种情况的能力。本文拟对新托福口语考试 （包括独立口语任务和综合口语任务）
中如何做笔记的问题做深人地分析和探讨。

Note-taking in the Independent Task
该部分要求考生就某一自己熟悉的话题阐述自己的观点。一类问题是自由回
答间题（Free- choice Response），如：If you could have any job in the world, what
would it be? Use details to support your. response；另一类是选择类问题
（Paired-choice Response），如：Do you like to try new kinds of food or eat the same
kind of food all the time? Use details and examples to support your response,准备时< br>间为15秒，回答问题时间为45秒。问题会被朗读出来，且同时出现在屏幕上。
考生可以不用理 会电脑的朗读，迅速阅读完问题。这样可以争取大概5秒，那么
在这大约20秒内，考生可在草稿纸上迅 速记下自己所要表达的关键信息。这里
记笔记的方法为“TST表格”。TST ( Topic- Supporting ideas--Transitions）意思是
考生须在草稿纸上用一到两个 词写下欲表达的Topic（主题），Supporting ideas（分
论点）和Transitions（信号词）。下面试举一例：

Question:
Where would you want to be professionally in ten years? Use details to support
your response.
考生应迅速在纸上写下“own bus...”、“master”、“work com...”、“start”等信息
见以下TST( Topic—Supporting ideas—Transitions )表格。
Topic statement: own bus... (I would like to own my own business) Supporting
ideas: ( How I will work toward owning my business)
* master (Will get master's in business )
* work com... (Will work in company while planning my business)
* start (Will start my own business when I am ready)
Transitions: 10 next because 3 within 10 y (可用y代替 years)

Sample Answer
In ten years I would like to win an import business of my own. Next year, I will
be starting a master's program in business with a specialization in entrepreneurship. I
will be getting this degree because I hope to start my own business and make it
successful some day. After I finish my master's degree three years from now, I will
most likely take a position in another company for a few years to make some money
and to spend some time planning my own business. Within ten years, I hope to own
my own company and be on the way to making it a success.
再举一例：
Question:
Sometimes students have to write papers. Sometimes they have to give oral
presentations. Which activity do you think is better for students, and why? Include
details and examples in your explanation.
考生应迅速在纸上写下“pap”、“strong read write exams”、“more time think
deeply”等信息。见以下TST( Topic—Supporting ideas—Transitions )表格：:
Topic: pap (writing papers is better for students) Supporting ideas: (Why writing
papers is better)
* strong read write exams (need strong writing skills for reading and writing and
prepare for exams)
* more time think deeply (show understanding for more time to explain and
think deeply)
Transitions: firstly because, so also

Sample Answer
I think writing papers is better for students. Firstly we need to develop strong
writing skills. We go to school mainly to learn reading and writing, so we need a lot
of practice. Examinations require a lot of writing, so writing papers is good reparation.
Also, I think writing is a better way to show that I understand. When I write a paper, I
can think deeply because I have more time to explain my ideas.

为了给读者更多机会练习使用“TST表格”，特提供一下6个问题供大家练习。

补充练习：
1. Describe a place that you consider to be beautiful. Explain why certain qualities
of this place make it beautiful. Include details and examples to support your
explanation.
2. Some people relax by staying home. Others relax by going out. Which type of
relaxation is better for your and why? Include details and examples in your
explanation.-
3. Describe an occasion when you were surprised. What happened to you, and why
did you feel surprised? Include details and examples in your explanation.
4. Some students prepare for tests by studying alone. Others prepare for tests by
studying with other students or a tutor. Which study method do you think is better,
and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.
type of home would you like to live in? Describe the characteristics of such a
home and explain why you would like to live there. Include details and examples in
your explanation.
6. Some people exercise early in the morning. Others exercise in the afternoon or
evening. Which time of day do you think is better for exercising and why? Include
details and examples in your explanation.


Note-taking in the Integrated Tasks
1. Reading—Listening—Speaking
第3题和第4题以试题中的阅读和听力材料为基础，要求考生回答相关问题。
即Reading －Listening－Speaking，具体步骤是首先要求考生在45秒内阅读一篇
短文，一般只 含一个段落，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文相关的对话或课堂演
讲，其长度大约为1分半钟（比lis tening section中的材料篇幅要短）。最后，要
求考生根据先前阅读的短文和所听到的材 料回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准
备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。而第5题和第6题要求考生先 听一段听力材
料，然后回答相关问题。即Listening- Speaking,听力材料通常有一段是情景对话，
另一段是课堂演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟。 < br>考生有20秒钟的准备时间，之后进行60秒钟的回答。在综合口语任务里，
你所需要记笔记的内 容就是在读短文和听材料的过程中记下材料中的“main
points”、“examples”、 “reasons”等等。．而是否能很快识别“信号词”（Signal
Words）成为其中的关键。“信号词”（Signal Words或Transitions）是 我们用
来“追踪”说话人的思路的词汇，它就像“路标”一样指引着旅行者的方向。有
了信号词 ，我们就知道说话人何时要举例子，何时要下结论，何时要解释原因等
等。
1）信号词
*
信号词的分类

种类
时间顺序
Time-
Sequence
例词 所表达的含义
举例
Example
列举
Enumeration
补充
first, later, next, finally, before,
after, now, previously, last,
then, when, immediately,
说话人想按时间顺序叙述事件
formerly, subsequently,
presently, initially, ultimately
meanwhile
举例子说明： Black English used to be considered
simply poor English until linguists realized that the
so-called errors were actually consistent alternative
grammatical forms, some of which originated in
for example, such as,
African linguistic patterns. For example, the word
for instance, illustrate
in standard English is primarily used as part of the
infinitive in Black English, can also
be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state
(Labov, 1972).
说话人罗列观点（有时想暗示各观点不同的重要
性 ): Firstly, I would like to talk about classical music
and, too, finally, furthermore,
and its representative composers. Next I would like to
first(ly), second, third, last,
talk about Jazz music and some influential albums in
another, next
the history of Jazz. Finally, I will move on to pop
music in the last century.


also, in addition, and, 说话人在继续讨论同一话题，并欲补充更多的信息:
Continuation further, another, as well as A computer is often called a “thinking machine,” and
in many ways it is just that. Computers perform
difficult and timesaving mathematical computations, as
well as problems in logic and reasoning. In addition,
computers run other machines and answer questions.
Also, they are used to guide astronauts on take-off.

说话人想说出一个与之前的观点相同，不甚相同甚
至是相反的观点：The sex of the instructor affected the
extent of active student participation. In classes taught
by men with roughly equal proportions of male and
female students, male students were responsible for
about 75% of all class discussion. Similarly, with
women as instructors, female student participation rose
from 25% to 42%; in contrast, male participation
slipped from 75% to 58%.
比较或反差
Comparison
or Contrast
强调
Emphasis
比较类like, likewise, as,
similarly, at the same time,
as well as, both, all,
in comparison,
反差类 on the other hand,
in contrast, despite,
nevertheless, yet, instead,
rather, notwithstanding,
though, regardless, unlike,
although, even though,
whereas but, in spite of,
on the contrary, however,
important to note,
most, above all,
especially valuable,
a central issue,
especially relevant,
should be noted,
the most substantial issue,
remember that, a major event,
the principal item,
pay particular attention to,
the chief factor, most of all,
a significant factor,
a primary concern,
a key feature, the main value
说话人想说出最重要最核心的内容，说话人用这些
词引起听众的注意: Although the resources of our
world are limited, the wants of people are not. Indeed,
one of the most important assumptions of economics
is that the total human wants can never be satisfied. No
matter how much we have, we seem to want more. As
people's income increase, so does their desire for more
and better goods and services.
因果
Cause-Effect
because, accordingly,
for this reason, hence,
resulting, as a result,
so, then, thus, therefore,
since, consequently
总结 thus, in short, to conclude,
说话人欲表现两个或多个事物之间的联系,尤其是它
们之间的因果关系: Atherosclerosis is the result of
the buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and
calcium on the inside of the arteries. No one knows
what causes this disease, but a number of things can
speed its development. These include smoking
cigarettes and eating animal fat and cholesterol. Others
include age, hypertension, diabetes, stress, heredity,
and sex (males have more heart attacks).

说话人欲复述或总结之前的话语：Euthanasia is
Summary in brief, in the end,
in summary, to reiterate,
in conclusion, to sum up,
finally, therefore, thus,
as already stated
定义
Definition
define, is defined as,
known as, that is,
the term means, we mean,
we can state, we refer to
defined as mercy killing, either by the sick people
themselves or by their relatives or close friends. One
controversial doctor is a strong proponent of this act:
Dr. Jack Krevorkian. Dr. Krevorkian has publicly
admitted to giving assistance to people who have
committed suicide. As a result, he has been called a
saint by some, a murderer by others.
说话人欲给术语下定义：Our country has been
obsessed with youth for far too many years. Age has
been defined only as a decline from a peak of youth.
Age is a fate worse than death. Negative stereotypes of
older people are reinforced daily in the popular media,
which contain very few examples of anyone 60 or older
doing anything active or dynamic in society.

*
信号词识别练习
为了让大家具有迅速识别信号词的能力，提供以下两则 练习，大家做这两则
练习时关键要在尽量短的时间内完成。
将下表中的信号词添人适当的横线中
for example differ consequently
therefore alike most significant
moreover as a result however
most important in addition such as
but for example similarly
also just as especially valuable
Emphasis _________________ ___________________________________________
Addition (Continuation)_______________________ __________________________
Comparison ________ __________________________________________________
Contrast______________________________________ _______________________
Illustration (Example) __________________________________________________

请大家尽快划出下列短文中的信号词。短文后的数字暗示该短文中信号词的
数量。
*One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in
mood-hanging and pleasure-giving practices. For instance, diverse cultures have
engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverages of all descriptions. But as with most
pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone
agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure.
(4 signal words)
* Energy is used to cause chemical changes. For example, a chemical change occurs
in the electroplating of metals when electrical energy is passed through a salt solution
in which the metal is submerged. A chemical change also occurs when radiant energy
from the sun is utilized by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Moreover, as we