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improves《新编大学英语》由浙江大学编著,应惠兰主编,外语教学与研究出版社出版第二册教案

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-07 05:06
tags:新编大学英语, 浙江大学, 教案

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2021年1月7日发(作者:师顽)
Unit One
Is There Life on Earth?
I. Teaching Objectives and Requirements
1. Teaching Objectives: The teaching of the text aims to enable the students
① to master the new target words and useful phrases
② to acquaint themselves with the main idea of the essay.
③ to acquaint themselves with the writing style of the essay.
2. Requirements:
① Study and the key language points of the text
② Have a discussion on the issue of environment protection.
③ Do the exercises in the textbook.
II. Introduction
1. Lead-in and Introductory Remarks
2.
Key or Difficult Language Points
① Manage to do sth. ②
Be named after ③ As to ④ For one thing
⑤ As far as … be concerned ⑥
Hover over ⑦ Be unfit to do/for sth.
⑧ Stick up ⑨
Give off ⑩ Set back
3. Outline of the Essay
This is a humorous and satirical essay, and yet the author is most serious in his intention. Art
Buchard tells us that Venusians are researching the human being and trying to explore the
possibility of life on Earth. Venusian scientists have come to the conclusion, based on their
satellite findings, that there is no life on Earth.
The author’s aim is to bring our attention to the fact that man has polluted his environment to such
a degree that he might destroy himself in the end, unless he takes effective measures to protect the
environment.
4. Procedure and Approach
III. Detailed Study of the Story
1. For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth: For the
first time, Venusian scientists succeeded in landing a satellite on the planet Earth.


for the first time
/from the (very) first: from the (very) beginning, at once
/It be the first time that
It is the first time that I have taught
English in this classroom.
/It is (about/high) time that

manage to do sth.: succeed in accomplishing or handling, esp. with an effort, e.g.
-The box is very heavy, but I can manage (to carry it).
-“How did you manage to persuade him to come?” “I tried, but failed.”
2. and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.

signal: (n.)message, device, etc. used to convey information
(v.)send signal or signals to
-Observing traffic signals is what a driver should always keep in mind.

-Sailors signal SOS by flags.
-The chairman signaled silence to some of the audience who were busy talking.

Ever since: from then till now












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-We have been good friends ever since we met at school.
-He had on operation this Tuesday and has been in hospital ever since.
3. The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian
astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago).
①known as: generally recognized as; called
-Bach has been known as a successful world famous musician or music composer.
②Manhattan

be named after: be given the same name (of) as
-The teaching building was named after Shao Yifu, a famous donor, who has donated millions of
dollars to colleges or universities in his life
-The Hudson River is named after the English explorer Henry Hudson.


20,000 light years
A light year is the distance light travels in one year at the speed of 186,282 miles per second. In a
non-scientific context “many light years away” is often used as a vogue expression meaning “an
immeasurably long time away”. (e.g., The realization of such a utopian brotherhood is many light
years away.) It is not considered acceptable to say “20,000 light years ago”. The unconventional
usage here may be deliberate, however. It might be a way for the author to demonstrate his
cleverness in using language for satirical purposes. The intended meaning is only “ a very long
time ago”.
4. Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientist
were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on
Earth.

extremely: very
-I am extremely sorry for my inability to help.
extreme→
extremely→e xtremity→extremism→extremist
go from one extreme to the other; go to extremes; go to the extreme of; in the extreme

as to: about; concerning; regarding
-As to doing that, we haven’t decided yet.
-There is no doubt as to his honesty.
-As to accepting their demand, I have not thought about it yet.

feasibility: possibility of being carried out or done
-A feasibility study is required before the bank agrees to finance a project.

-Although many people doubted the feasibility of the experiment, he was determined to go on.
5. We have come to the conclusion, based on last week’s satellite landing, that there is no life on
Earth.

come to the conclusion; jump to a conclusion

base … on: build or found … on; use … as a basis for
-We should always base our opinions on facts.
-The text “Going Home” is based on a true story.

“That there is no life on Earth” is the apposition clause of “conclusion”. The following
nouns are usually followed by an apposition clause, they are: belief, fact, hope, idea, news,
evidence, decision, information, opinion, etc.
-The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
6. For one thing, Earth’s surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete and





答< br>案





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no thing can grow there.

for one thing: in the first place (used to introduce a reason, often the reason that first comes
to the mind; sometimes followed by “for another”)
-We don’t think this house is worth the price they are asking for. For one thing, the interior design
is not very good. For another, it is too close to downtown areas.

-I didn’t think much of his speech; for one thing, the subject was uninteresting; for another, his
delivery was not so good.


Be composed of: be made up of
-Our college is composed of seven departments and 24 subjects.
-Class Two is composed of 12 boy students and 58 girls.
7. What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned?


as far as … be concerned: as for; in respect of; when it comes to …; in the case of
-As far as the weather is concerned, Hainan Island may be the best winter resort in China.

-As far as your qualities are concerned, you had better choose to work as a clerk.

8. Are there any other hazards that you discovered in your studies?


hazard: danger
-There were many hazards in his journey across Africa.
hazard→
hazardous
/at all hazards不顾一切风险,在任何情况下
; at hazard胡乱地,随便地; by hazard偶然,碰运
气; make a hazard猜测,碰碰运气; on the hazard在危险中,受到威胁; run the hazard冒险
9. You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of Earth?: Have you noticed the dark
black cloud floating over the surface of Earth?

①Hover over: continue to float over; remain in the air at one place
-He fired at the hawk hovering over its prey.
-We saw a helicopter hovering over the house.
②Dark: dark修饰,
可用来表示“深色的”,又如dark blue深蓝色。浅色用light表示,如light
yellow浅黄色,light green浅绿色。
10. We call this the Consolidated Edison Belt.
Please see Note 4
11. and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there.

Venus being: “Venusians”, it is a coined word after “human being”.
12. but the satellite findings indicate it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink.

be unfit (to do sth./for sth.): be not suitable for sth/doing sth.
-He is unfit for military service because of poor eyesight.
13. They emit gases, make noise and keep crashing into each other.

emit: send out
-The tail exhaust pipe of the motor vehicle emits poisonous smoke.
-To find E.T.s, some scientists have been emitting radio signals to outer space for a long time.
emit→
emission→emitter(发射器或发射装置)

keep crashing into each other: hitting each other repeatedly

keep doing sth.: continue doing sth.; do sth. Repeatedly
-My tutors kept encouraging me to work hard.
-He kept asking silly questions of the lady, which made her annoyed.
Note: “keep” and “keep on” have almost the same meaning, but “keep on” puts more emphasis on












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the idea repetition or determination.
-He keeps on phoning me but I really do not want to talk to him.
-Don’t give up hope; keep on trying.

crash: fall or strike suddenly, violently, and noisily
-The car lost control and crashed into a tree.
-The waiter fell down and the dishes crashed to the floor, broken into little bits.
14. What are those stalagmite projections sticking up?

stick up: be upright, project upwards
-The girl’s hair has stuck up straight with fright.
-The branch was sticking up out of the water.
-Stick up your hand if you know the answer.
15. They are some type of granite formations that give off light at night.

type: class or group having sth. in common
-Do you know your blood type?
-He is not the type of man I like.

give off: send out; emit
-The wet paint gives off an awful smell.
-This chimney gives off a lot of waste gas every day.
16. If all you say is true, won’t this set back the flying saucer program several years?


set back: cause to put off or get behind schedule; reverse the progress of
-Bad weather set back the construction of the building by one month.
-The flight for Hangzhou was set back by heavy fog.
17. but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.


proceed: continue after having stopped
-Let us proceed with our lesson.
-After looking through the students’ homework, he proceeded to have the history class.
-As soon as he came in, he proceeded to complain about all his troubles.

Grubstart: This is a word coined by the author. It is not difficult to figure out from the
context that it must have been some governmental agency on Venus in charge of financial
budgeting. Grubstart is a “twisted” form of “grubstake”(资助金,供给探矿者的贷款), an
American English word meaning “money or supplies advanced to a person seeking oil, gold or
other precious metals in return for a share in his findings or profits.
18. Why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth when
there is no life there?

①zilch: a colloquial term in American English meaning “zero” or “nothing”
-“Can I borrow $$5?” “Sorry, I’ve got zilch.”
-I expected to win a hundred dollars in that poke game but I came away with zilch.
Unit Two
The Dinner Party
I. Teaching Objectives and Requirements
1. Teaching Objectives: The teaching of the text aims to enable the students
① to master the new target words and useful phrases
② to acquaint themselves with the main idea of the story.
2. Requirements:












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① Study and the key language points of the text
② Retell the story.
③ Do the exercises in the textbook.
II. Introduction
1. Lead-in and Introductory Remarks
Refer to Page 12 of the Teacher’s Book.
2.
Key or Difficult Language Points
① Shortly before/shortly after ②
Track down ③ Spring up
④ The jumping- on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era ⑤
Feel like
⑥ Fright … into … ⑦
Come to with a start ⑧ Make for ⑨ Ring out ⑩ Light up
3. Outline of the Text
The setting of the story was in India, a British colony. A young girl and a major had a heated
discussion about how women would react to a crisis at a dinner party given by a colonial official
and his wife. Then one of the guests, an American naturalist noticed a strange expression come
over the face of the hostess and wondered what was happening. It so happened there was a cobra
in the room and it was crawling across the feet of the hostess! In the end, the crisis was tackled in
a perfect way. After the crisis, the discussion finished and showed us that women are able to face a
crisis with perfect calmness and great self-control.
This is a well-knit story. It may not be true, but is told in a very convincing way. Besides, its
message is clear: women are able to face a crisis with calmness and self-control.
4. Procedure and Approach
III. Detailed Study of the Story
1. I first heard this tale in India, where it is told as if true.
① “where it is told as if true” is a non-restrictive relative clause. More example:

-This letter is from my brother, who is working in a private company.
② “as if true” is an elliptical sentence, with “it were” omitted. Besides, in the subordinate clause
directed by as if/though, the verb should use the past tense in the subjunctive form.

-The kind- hearted girl treats the old man very well, as if he were her own father.
2. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War.


shortly before/shortly after: soon before/soon after
-He died shortly after the earthquake/the air crash.
-Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.

-He sent me his address in Boston shortly before I left for the US.
2. I have never been able to track down: I could never find out by searching.

track down: find by searching
-She spent weeks in the library tracking the reference down in all the books on the subject.
-The police managed to track down the suspect of the case.
3. They are seated with their guests: They sit down at the table with their guests.

4. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown
the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.: A girl
and a major held a heated discussion, the girl said that women have grown so mature that they do
not lose self-control upon such small provocation as seeing a mouse

Women used to be regarded as the weaker sex. Even today such a prejudice has not been
eliminated and the argument in the text shows how hard long- standing prejudices die.












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“Jumping--on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse” is a compound adjective formed from the
attributive clause “(the era) when they would jump on a chair at the sight of a mouse”
-a not-so-easy-to-operate machine (a machine that is not so easy to operate)

-stick-in-the-mud people (people who have stuck in the mud)
-a never-to-be-forgotten film

spring up: arise, develop or grow quickly and as if from nowhere
-A breeze sprang up.
-A great number of factories have sprung up in what was a piece of barren land.
-Suspicion sprang up in his mind.

Outgrow: grow beyond or away from; get rid of by growing old; leave behind
-He has outgrown his elder brother.
-He has outgrown the toys and his boyhood friends/childish habits.

at the sight of: as soon as one sees
-The hunter opened fire at the sight of a hare.
-At the sight of the police officer the thief took to his heels.
-The old flew into a rage at the sight of his daughter dancing with that young man.
5. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And
that last ounce is what really counts: though a man may also feel like screaming as a woman does,
he has a little bit more self-control than a woman and that makes the difference.

while: although; as long as; when
-While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.
-There is class struggle while classes exist.
-Strike while the iron is hot.

Feel like: have a desire for; be inclined for or to
-He is so sick today that he does not feel like having anything to eat.
-Do you feel like having a walk with me?

Ounce: 盎司(1/16磅=28.35克; 若为贵金属、药品则是1/12=31.1克);少量
-He has not an ounce of common sense.
-Exert every ounce of energy(竭尽全力,全力以赴
)

Count: be of value or importance
-It is not how much you read but what you read that really counts.
-Every little counts.(点点滴滴起作用
)
-It is man that really counts.
6.
The American does not join in the argument: The American does not take part in the dispute.

join in: take part in (an activity); add oneself to sth. taking place
-We are going to sing the English song. Would you feel like joining in?
-I am not in the mood for joining in their discussion.
7. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess.
①come over
i. (a feeling, an influence, etc.)take possession of, seize(感觉、影响
)开始支配,开始左右, e.g.
-A fit of stubbornness came over him and he refused to have anything further to do with them.
-A great longing came over him to visit Yan’an again.
ii. happen to, overspread发生于、布满

-Tremendous changes have come over the country.












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-An interested look came over the children’s faces.
iii. drop in
-Come over any time, we are always in.
iv. change sides or opinions
-After a long debate they all came over to our side.

hostess
Note: 在英语中
-ess后缀表示“女的”、“雌的”、“母的”的意思。如:lion-lioness; tiger-tigress;
waiter-waitress; actor-actress; god-goddess; emperor-empress; heir-heiress
8.She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly.: She is staring straight ahead, her
muscles tightened almost unnoticeably
“her muscles contracting slightly” is an absolute construction, used adverbially denoting
accompanying circumstances.
9. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair.: She uses body language to attract the
attention of the native male servant, who is standing behind her chair.
①motion: (v.)give a signal by moving the hand or head; (n.)signal by hand or head
-The policeman motioned the driver over to have his name and license number.
-He made a motion with his hand to make me sit down.
10. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or see the boy place a bowl of milk on the
veranda just outside the open doors.
①none except/but; nothing but/except
②the boy place a bowl of milk, an complex object
11. The American comes to with a start.: The American suddenly realizes what is happening, and
this startles him.
Note: The naturalist up till this point in the story has been observing the scene around him in a
relaxed and perhaps somewhat indifferent manner. When he sees the bowl of milk being placed on
the veranda he immediately realizes that he and the other guests are within the striking distance of
a snake.
①come to: return to consciousness, recover consciousness
-The doctors say that with good treatment and nursing she will come to/round in a few days.

-When the soldier came to, he found himself lying in a warm bed.
②start: a sudden uncontrolled movement, as of surprise

-I woke up from the bad dream with a start.
12. impulse: sudden wish to do sth.
-Do not act on impulse. You will regret later.
-The goods are arranged in such an attractive way that customers feel an impulse to buy them.
13. but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking.
①frighten sb. into doing sth.: cause sb. to do sth. by frightening him
-A snake emerged from behind the rock. This frightened the little girl into screaming.
-They tried every possible means to frighten the man into telling the whereabouts of the Red
Army.
14. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone.
①“the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone” is also an absolute construction
②commanding
-The head of the kindergarten has such a commanding voice that everyone there obeys her.












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③ silence: cause to stop making a noise; cause to be silent
-Can you silence the children so that I can work?
-The enemy’s guns were silenced by repeated bombings.
15. And not one of you is to move a muscle.
①be to do sth.:

16. The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts.
①image
i. likeness or copy of sb., sth., especially in wood, stone, etc.
-Your child is the very image of you.
-The image of Venus without arms has long been regarded as a symbol of beauty.
-Night is often taken as the image of death.
ii. mental picture or idea
-The politician tries to improve his image by kissing babies.
of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk.

①emerge: appear; come into view

-No new ideas emerged during the talks.
-the sun emerged from behind the cloud.
-It emerged that the famous actor deserted his family.(那位名演员遗弃家人的事实败露了
)
②make for: go towards; start in the direction of
-When night began to fall, we turned around and made for school.
-The audience made for the exits when the alarm sounded.
18. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.
①ring out: sound loudly and clearly
-The word of command rang up.
-Ring out the Old Year and ring in the New Year.(鸣钟辞旧岁迎新春
)

slam: shut loudly and with force
-He slammed the window and the glasses smashed onto the floor.
-How dare you slam the door in your mother’s face.
19. A faint smile lights up the woman’s face as she replies.
①faint: weak or slight

-The sounds of the music grew fainter in the distance
Note: fall into/in a dead faint(昏倒,不省人事
); go off in a faint(昏过去)
②light up: give light to; become or make bright with light or color
-An oil lamp lit up the room.
-His face lit up at the small triumph.
-The sky lights up at sunset.
---附:独立主格结构
独 立 主 格
1. 独立主格

(一):
独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;












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名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
2. With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词
)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构 。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用
with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系,因此 用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但
with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分 词,及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,












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可知其不是两 个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本
句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表
主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather
permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
Unit Three
Lessons from Jefferson
I. Teaching Objectives and Requirements
1. Teaching Objectives: The teaching of the text aims to enable the students
① to master the new target words and useful phrases
② to acquaint themselves with the main idea of the text.
2. Requirements:
① Study and the key language points of the text
② Retell the text.
③ Do the exercises in the textbook.
II. Introduction
1. Lead-in and Introductory Remarks
2.
Key or Difficult Language Points
① When still a young man ②
On-the-spot ③ Go out of one’s way to ④ Were it left to
me to decide … ⑤ It is … that … ⑥ Act on ⑦ Superior to

V. + N. + Adj./-ed Participle ⑨ Above all ⑩ Owe … to …
3. Outline of the Text
Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States and the author of the Declaration of
Independence. He was a versatile man, whose interests ranged widely. Here are some of his ideas
and examples as mentioned in the text: “Go and see”, “You can learn from everyone”, “Judge for
yourself”, “Do what you believe is right”, “Trust the future, trust the young”. These are still of
great interest to us.
4. Procedure and Approach
III. Detailed Study of the Story
1. Jefferson died long ago, but many of his ideas are still of great interest to us: Jefferson died long
ago, but many of his ideas are still useful and interesting to us.
More examples: be of importance, value, assistance, help, size, high quality, …
2. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that
personal investigation is important.

obtain: get through effort
-The old woman who obtained her degree at the age of 74 won respect from others.
-I haven’t been able to obtain the reference book.
Note: obtain包含着
“努力”、“ 希望”或“决意”去获得某物的意思;get是最普遍、使用范围最
广的词;procure含有为获得 某物而“小心”、“仔细”、“想方设法”的意思;secure表示在竞争
对手多而目的物少的情况下 的“获取”;acquire含有“努力获得”的意思,但更强调在原来的基
础上自然增长或新的增添; gain有obtain的含义,但强调目的物需要努力奋斗才能得到,而
且这种东西具有价值,特别是 物质价值。
②besides
3. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee










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①When still a young man: when he was still a young man
在when, whether, unless, though, if, while
等引导的从句中,如果谓语动词是be,主语是人称
代词 且与主句主语相同时,从句的主语和动词be可以省略。More examples
-While still at college, Miss Leacock had her first novel published.
-I am sure Mr. White’s latest play, once staged, will prove to be great success.

appoint: put sb. in or choose sb for a position, job,etc.
appoint indicates that the selection is made by someone officially charged with this duty.
-Premier Wen Jiabao appointed a new cabinet.
-I heard that the committee would appoint him director of the China Studies Program.

-He was appointed to a university chair.
4. made on-the-spot observation
on-the-spot: 现场的

down- to-earth:实际的,求实的
out-and-out:
彻头彻尾的
out-of-the-way:
偏僻的
5. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an
order.


in a day when: in a period of time when
day: period of time
-In his day, things were quite different.
-The young scholar is the man of the day.(当代的风云人物
)

Those of humble origins: those born into families of low rank or station

-a person of aristocratic origin
-A person of French origin, he is now an American citizen.
②humble: low in position; having a modest opinion of oneself
-Having a humble job all his life, he is eager to please others.
-In my humble opinion,
6. Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters.

go out of one’s way to do sth.: make a special effort or exert oneself more than usual to do
sth.; do one’s best to do sth.
-She always goes out of her way to help others who are in need.
-Both parties are going out of their way to reach a compromise.
7. … you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is
threatening France.
The causes of the French Revolution were manifold. For one thing, there was a political upheaval
brought about by the near breakdown of the state apparatus. At the same time there were periodic
economic crises which caused unrest and riots among the people.
8. Neither believe nor reject anything … because any other person has rejected or believed it.: Do
not accept blindly other people’s likes or dislikes without a careful independent thought.
Note: refuse, reject, decline
All these words mean “to be unwilling to accept, receive or take into consideration”. But refuse is
stronger than decline, often suggesting firmness and sometimes even bluntness. Decline, on the
other hand, is to refuse politely and is often applicable to situations where invitations to social
events are turned down. And reject is more emphatic than refuse, implying an unmistakable












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denial.
-I wonder why he refused to discuss the problem at the meeting.
-I declined his invitation to the dinner party because I had a prior appointment.
-She rejected his marriage proposal.
9. Were it left to me to decide …I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.: If it were left
to me to decide … I should choose the latter promptly for sure.
Jefferson was by no means an anarchist who wished to abolish all established governments. He
was noted for his belief, though, that governments should play the smallest possible role in
national life.

leave: give into the care or charge of someone
-I’ll leave it to you settle all the business.
-The task is left for you to fulfill.
-All right, leave it to me.
②Prefer: choose (one thing) rather than (another)
-They prefer to die rather than surrender.
-I’d prefer to have something to eat/that we had something to eat before we set off.
③This is a sentence in the subjunctive form, but with “if” omitted, hence an inverted sentence.
10. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.

Here it is an emphatic sentence. It is/was … that/who can be used to emphasize the subject,
object, object complement or the adverbial of a sentence.
11. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism: Though Jefferson was
violently criticized for many years.

12. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other side will
of course resent your actions.: If you are determined to support one side and take effective action
according to it.
①act on: do sth. in accordance with; follow; take action according to
-Acting on his father’s advice, he chose business English as his major.
-Acting on the doctor’s suggestion, the woman has decided to go on a diet.
-If your idea is good, we will act on it.

resent: feel angry or bitter at
-Worldly affairs are resented by the hermit.
-He resented your turning him away.
③action
-Actions are more important than words.(Actions speak louder than words.)
13. The present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness.

be chained to customs
Here chain is used figuratively, meaning “bind or restrain”.
-His father was chained to his work.
-He felt chained down with three children.
14. How much pain … has been caused by evils which have never happened!: A great deal of pain
and suffering has been caused by worrying about bad things which never came to pass.

The following example may help the students to have a better understanding of the statement:
A person may think to himself “What if the sky should fall this afternoon?” and by thus worrying
cause himself a great deal of pain; but then the afternoon arrives, and the sky doesn’t fall – all that




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n< br>worry is wasted for nothing. That is why sometimes we say, “Don’t worry about ‘what if’s’”.
15. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind.

leave behind: abandon; forget to take or bring along; surpass
-When they moved down to the south, much of their furniture had to be left behind.
-Take care not to leave anything behind.
-The runner left his opponents far behind in the race.
16. He probably knew more than any other man of his age

of one’s age: of the period or time in which one lives
-Of all the scientists of his age, Einstein was perhaps the most outstanding.
17. He was an expert in agriculture, …

He is an expert in psychology.

He is an expert at playing tennis.
18. He invented a plow superior to any other in existence: He invented a plow which was better
than any other that was existing.

be superior to: be better than
-They were far superior in number to their enemy.
-This western restaurant is superior to the one went to last week.

in existence: existing
-The elephant is the largest land animal in existence, while the whale the largest sea animal in
existence.
-Zhaozhou Bridge is the oldest wooden bridge in existence.
18. He was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.:
Many of the devices Jefferson invented are still remembered – a machine for copying important
papers, an instrument that indicates the weather both indoors and outdoors, a rotating desk, to
name only a few.
①Constantly: continuously; frequently
-Lovers the world over demand constant affection from the other.
-The thief looked over his shoulder constantly to see if he was followed.
②make the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform
V + N. + Adj./-ed Participle
-Paul considered himself fortunate to have been admitted to Harvard University.

-His duty fulfilled, Henry felt a great weight taken off his mind.
19. He was above all a good and tireless writer.
Above all: most important of all
-He enjoys listening to music, above all, to classical music.
-Never waste anything, but above all, never waste time.
-Be polite, above all, to old people.
20. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal …: We consider that
these truths are clear enough without proof, that all men are created equal.


hold: consider; express one’s belief that
-We hold that superpowers should not interfere in the internal affairs of small countries.
②self-evident: obvious/clear without proof
-It is self-evident that everyone should do his duties.
-Her sincerity is self-evident.












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21. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of
educated people could remain free.
Jefferson is well- known for his great contributions to the development of education in America.
Being concerned with the problem of education all his life, he worked in his youth for the reform
of Virginia’s system of public education, tried to improve the College of William and Mary during
his college days, and in his later years founded the University of Virginia.

owe sth to sb./sth.: be in debt to sb./sth.; be obliged to sb./sth. for sth.; admit thankfully sb.
/sth. as the cause of sth.
-He owes 50$$ to his friend.
-He owed his success more to luck than to ability.

Unit Four
My First Job
I. Teaching Objectives and Requirements
1. Teaching Objectives: The teaching of the text aims to enable the students
① to master the new target words and useful phrases
② to acquaint themselves with the main idea of the story.
2. Requirements:
① Study and the key language points of the text
② Retell the story.
③ Do the exercises in the textbook.
II. Introduction
1. Lead-in and Introductory Remarks
*Job Interviews
When people in the West look for a job, they usually follow the following procedures:
1) Read the “Want Ads” in the newspapers for suitable vacancies.
2) Phone or write, depending on the instructions given in the ad, the contact person.
3) The contact person, either the employer himself or a representative of his, will advise the
applicant about the job if it has not yet been taken, and grant the applicant an interview if he or she
chooses to. Occasionally an interview may take place by phone, but most often the contact person
would want to see the applicant or vice versa.
4) If an interview is granted, the applicant will be asked many questions both personal and
professional so that the employer can decide whether or not the applicant is suitable for the job.
The applicant may also ask questions as he or she, too, must make sure about the suitability of the
job.
2.
Key or Difficult Language Points
① Apply to/for ②
Be short of ③ Attach importance to ④ Have in common
⑤ Range from … to … ⑥
In turn ⑦ The last straw
3. Outline of the Text
The story tells us that a student was trying to make some money and do something useful during
the summer vacation before entering university. One day he saw an ad saying that a school was
going to hire a teacher, and he applied for the teaching post. But the appointment made him very
disappointed. What he saw was greatly different from what he had expected. The conditions were
so poor and the teaching set-up was so backward and unthinkable that he finally refused to accept


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the job.
4. Procedure and Approach
III. Detailed Study of the Story
1. I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about
ten miles from where I lived.: I saw a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten
miles from where I lived advertised in a local newspaper.
Note: As the direct object “a teaching post” has a lengthy modifier, it needs to be postponed in
order that the whole sentence has “end weight”.
-We heard from his own lips the story of how he had been caught in a trap for days without food.
-I confessed to him the difficulties I had found myself in.
2. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied
, fearing as I did so,
that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.:
Not having enough money and wanting to do something useful, I applied for the job, fearing as I
applied, that I did not have a degree or any teaching experience, I would just have the slightest
chance of getting the job.
Note: The main sentence is “I applied.” “Being very short of money and wanting to do something
useful”, present participle, used adverbially denoting reasons; “fearing as I did so, that without a
degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim”, present
participle, used as the adverbial of “applied”, denoting accompanying circumstances.
Besides, “that …” is the object clause of “fearing”, “as I did so” is an adverbial clause of time.
①be short of: have not enough, be in want of, be in lack of
-I have to rest for a while, for I am short of breath.
-It was obvious that this young man was rather short of teaching experience.
②fearing as I did so: fearing as I applied.
③chance: possibility; probability
-We have little chance of winning the game.
-Chances are that he has already arrived without our knowledge.
-Chances were that he would leave shortly after he finished the task.
④slim: small, slight; slender
-His chances of success were very slim.
-She raised her two daughters with her slim income.
-The doctor will go on operating even though there is only a slim hope of success.
-The fashion model had a very slim figure.
-He will have to slim if he wants to wear the sweater.
3. It proved an awkward journey: It turned out to be an awkward journey.
Prove: turn out to
-Tom proved (to be) very brave in battle.
-His experiences on the farm prove to be a turning point in his writing career.
4. a ten-minute bus ride: (it took) ten minutes to get there by bus
-a fifteen-minute talk
-a two-week conference
-a one-month training course
5. As a result I arrived on a hot June morning too depressed to feel nervous.: Therefore when I got
to the school on a hot morning in June I was in such low spirits that I did not and could not feel












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any anxiety of fear at all.
①as a result: therefore
-He slipped and broke his leg. As a result, he will have to be absent from school for two or three
weeks.
②depress: make sad; press, push or pull down; make lower
-I was depressed after reading so much depressing news.
-He was depressed because at his class only he failed to pass the test.
-If you depress the button there, a robot will come out to serve tea.
-The OPEC countries depressed their oil output as a result of the Iraqi War.
6. They struggled to survive the dust and the fumes from a busy main road.: the evergreen shrubs
tried hard to stay alive in the dust and fumes from a main road with very busy traffic.
①survive: stay alive in or despite; live or exist longer than
-The crops survived the drought.
-In a typical family, the wife usually survives the husband by five years or longer.

personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstracti
ons with human form,
character, or sensibility.
-The sun smiled down on the green meadows.
-The thirsty soil drank in the rain.(干渴的土壤吸吮着雨水。)

-The car coughed and died.(汽车喘嘘着,终于抛锚了。
)
7. It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door.
Note: Here it is an emphatic sentence. It is/was … that/who can be used to emphasize the subject,
object, object complement or the adverbial of a sentence.

8. He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval.: He looked at me in disapproval that was
mixed with surprise.
①air: appearance, manner or personal bearing
-She has a certain air of sadness about her.
-We do not like that fellow. He always talks with an air of self-importance.
-put on airs
②disapproval: unfavorable opinion or feeling
-The proposal met disapproval from all sides.
-He shook his head in disapproval.

transferred epithet: a figure of speech where an epithet(an adjective or descriptive phrase) is
transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or
belong
-He crashed down on a protesting chair.
-Above us hung a sullen sky.
-I spoke to them in hesitant French.
-We passed many an anxious hour in the darkness.
9. The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage.
①smell of: give out the smell or scent of
-The house smells of paint.
-The plan smells of treachery.
②stale: not fresh; uninteresting because heard before
-stale bread/beer/vegetable/food
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-Running water never gets stale.
-stale news/jokes/statement/gossip
10. His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dining-room.
Judge: estimate, form an opinion about
-Don’t judge persons by appearances.
-I cannot judge whether he is right or wrong.
Note: The phrase “judging by or from” is often used as an independent element in a sentence.
-Judging from his accent, he must be from the North.
-Judging by what she is wearing, she may be a fashion model.
11. then fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked whether I thought games were a
vital part of a boy’s education.
①fixing my eyes with his bloodshot eyes: suddenly staring at me with eyes that were red from
sleeplessness or heavy drinking

vital: of the greatest importance; full of life or energy

-The intervention from the UN is vital to the settlement of the issue of the Iraqi War.
-The leader’s vital and cheerful manner filled his men with courage.
12. I mumbled something about not attaching too much importance to them.
① “not attaching too much importance to them” is the object of “about”.
②attach importance to: consider important; treat as important
-We should attach primary importance to the development of economy.
-The local government of the town attached much importance to the quality of primary school
education.
13. The headmaster and I obviously had very little in common.
Have in common: share together or equally
-Tom and I had background in common.
-While they are twins, they have few interests in common.
14. The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to
thirteen.: The school described in the story is what people call a one-room school house – a school
with one teacher who must instruct all of the students. Today one-room school houses might still
be found in small villages; but they are by no means common.
①consist of: be made up of
-This apartment consists of three bedrooms, a living room, a bathroom and a kitchen.
-The medical team consists of three doctors and seven nurses.
②range from … to …: vary between two limits of … and …
-These players range in height from 1.85 meters to 2 meters.
-In our class, the students’ ages range from 18 to 21.
15. The teaching set-up filled me with fear.: The teaching arrangement made me full of
fear/surprised and frightened.
16. in turn: one after another
-They spoke in turn at the conference.
-For years he struggled in turn as a wrapper, an agent and an accountant.(
他奋斗了多年,先后做
过包装工、代理商和会计。)
17. I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry.: As soon as I thought of
teaching algebra and geometry, I was discouraged.











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①dismay: make discouraged or afraid
②at the thought of: when I think of
Note: at + the + n. + of
-at the sight of; at the sound of
18. incompetent: completely unskillful
-He was fired because he was incompetent for the job.
-The dentist was horribly incompetent. He pulled out my good tooth instead of the bad one.
19. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket …: This sentence is written in an
inverted order for stylistic effects. The more complex part of the sentence is placed at the final
position so that the whole sentence has “end weight”. The normal order would be “The idea of
Saturday afternoon cricket was perhaps worse …”
20. Most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time: Most of my friends would be free
on Saturday afternoon, doing whatever they liked.
Leisure: free time, time which one can spend as one likes; the state of being free
-Call me when you are at (your) leisure.
-It was only in his later life that Samuel Johnson was able to live a life of leisure on a stable
income.
21. Before I could protest, he got to his feet.
①before (See Page 69)
-Before I understood the first problem, the teacher proceeded to the next problem.
②get to one’s feet: stand up
22. She’s the one who really runs the school.
Run: manage, operate, take charge of, be in charge of
23. This was the last straw.: This was really the worst coming to the worst and too much to put up
with.
“The last straw” means an addition to a difficult job or situation that makes it unbearable. This
idiom is based on the saying “It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.”
-When, in addition to his indifferent ability, we discovered that he was also dishonest, that was the
last straw.
24. The prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.
①prospect: sth. expected or considered probable; possibility
-The prospect of living alone in a foreign country for a whole year depressed her.
-The committee rejected the investment proposal because it did not see any prospect of success.
②constitute: form; make up
-Twelve months constitute a year.
-Smoking constitutes a threat to public health.
-Nine planets constitute the solar system.
③ultimate: greatest; utmost; last or final
-The old scientist reached his ultimate goal and died contented.
-Peaceful coexistence is the ultimate principle in international affairs.
-Conceit constitutes his ultimate destruction.

补充资料
倒装句之全部倒装












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全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常 只用与一般现在时和 一
般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
部分倒装
部分倒装是指将 谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词
或情态动词,则需添加助动词 do, does或did
,并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way,
not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结
构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是
Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将
not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

Not
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun












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C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意
义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…
than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于
句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
so, neither, nor
作部分倒装
表示也
、也不的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案:B. nor为增补意思也不关心,因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定, C neither
用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为
的确如此。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
only在句首要倒装的情况

Only in this way, can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed
as, though 引导的倒装句


as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前
(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)
注意: 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实
义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意: 让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和
yet可连用。
其他部分倒装
1) so…
that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had,
should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题:
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is












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A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析:答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示也不。由 so, neither, nor引导的
倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
虚拟条件句的倒装
再把were, should或had
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had,
可将if省略,
移到从句句首,实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意: 在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用,不用was, 即在从句中
be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你,就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前,
变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略 连词的倒装
形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do。
强调句结构
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。

It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
典型例题
1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只
有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 ,其余用that。
原句: My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用












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