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2021-01-07 08:29
tags:精品文档, 大学英语四级, 英语学习

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2021年1月7日发(作者:屠由瑞)
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知识改变命运 勤奋塑造成功

整理人
时间
落叶
2011-4-15
天才是百分之九十九的勤奋加百分之一的灵感
中学英语语法网络图全集
中学英语语法网络图
一.名词
I. 名词的种类:
专有名词 普通名词
国名.地名.人名,
团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
II. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列
表如下:
规则 例词
1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加- es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis
h-dishes
3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv
es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family- families, stor
y-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy- boy
s, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
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6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加- es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato- po
tatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s piano- pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano- volcanoes/ volcanos
7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio- radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month- months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则 例词
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose
-geese, mouse-mice
2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, con
tents
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, f
amily, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, p
ublic, enemy, party
6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情
绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), b
rains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europ
eans
单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或- woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-telle
rs, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants
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III. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词
词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多
表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ ho
use
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, J
ane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane
and Mary’s father
表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tai
lor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法:
1 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, Chin
a’s industry
4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot
7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所
措)
3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
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用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year stud
ents
用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed

二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法:
1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.
3 表示“每一”相当于every,one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.
5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith
came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a
walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.

8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish t
o meet.
II. 定冠词的用法:
1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.
2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the
door?
4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded
6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs
7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two childre
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n.
8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Co
mmunist Party of China, the French
9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.
10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s
11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.
12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the
shoulder.
III. 零冠词的用法:
1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack,
China, love, air
2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, n
ot that one. / Whose purse is this?
3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spri
ng
4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.
5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.
6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land
7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day
and night
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.


三.代词:
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their
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名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, them
selves
4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a
few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点:
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多
用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。

Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别,代表的数 可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数
必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We ea
ch have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and
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weak points.
3. none和no:
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,
代 替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other
week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”
如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
al l表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,
全部否定用nei ther和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written
in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a
teacher.


四.形容词和副词
I. 形容词:
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1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobo
dy absent, everything possible
2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best
book available, the only solution possible
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake
4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful
6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词 数词 性状形容词
冠词前的形容词 冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质
状态 大小
长短
形状 新旧
温度 颜色 国籍
产地 材料
质地 名词
all
both
such the
a
this
another
your second
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next one
four beautiful
good
poor large
short
square new
cool black
yellow Chinese
London silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成:
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous
2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving
3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow- covered
4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged
5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year
II. 副词
副词的分类:
1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often,
frequently, seldom, never
2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, wh
en, why
3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when,
where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where,
why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一
鲤鱼网——成功在于执 着
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般是在形容词和副词后加-er和- est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a pl
ayer as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, y
et, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder yo
u work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying da
y.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large
as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extr
eme, perfect。



五.介词
I. 介词分类:
1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, dur
ing, in, on
2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, withou
t
3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, than
ks to
4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including
6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite
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II. 常用介词区别:
1 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子
有关
2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,fr
om指从时间的某一点开始
3 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或
用在过去时的一段时间中
4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某
环境范围之外
5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分
6 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表
示在表面上通过,与on有关
7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到,on指专门论述
8 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以
上的中间
9 besides与except的区别 besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减
去什么”,不放在句首
10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,
单位,语言,声音
11 as与like的区别 as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情
形相似
12 in与into区别 in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位



六.动词
I. 动词的时态:
1. 动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
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一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be as
king
完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked
完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking sh
ould/would have been asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联 系,强调的是
对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已
经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,
且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在 无关,它可和表示过去的
时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现 在。
如:
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着 重表示动作的结果
时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用
现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式:
将来时 用法 例句
1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten
next year.
2 be going to+动词原形 含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发
生某事 It’s going to clear up.
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We’re going to have a party tonight.
3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进
行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
4 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般
不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
5 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the sc
hool gate at noon.
6 一般现在时表示将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在
时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.

II. 动词的被动语态:
常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成
1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked
2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked
3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked
4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been aske
d
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be aske
d






项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态
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不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be
going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被
动态。 如:
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his cl
assmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:
The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The bo
ok sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面词或短语没有被动态:
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, hav
e, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree
with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等


七.情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法:
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答
can 能力(体力,智力,技能)
允许或许可(口语中常用)
可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) can not / cannot /can’t do Can…d
o…?
Yes,…can.
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
No,…can’t.
could couldn’t do
may 可以(问句中表示请求)
可能,或许(表推测)
祝愿(用于倒装句中) may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must 必须,应该(表主观要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
have to 只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) don’t have to do Do…
have to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall 将要,会
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.
should 应当,应该(表义务责任)
本该(含有责备意味) should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?
will 意愿,决心
请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t.
would would not/wouldn’t do
dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
need 需要
必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) need not/needn’t do Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing
推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He
must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语 气强,用于肯定、
否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际
上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the libr
ary just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,
而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would
只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need
/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式 为:need(needs/needed)/d
are(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do


八.非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用
时态和语态 否定式 复合结构
不定式 to do
to be doing
to have done to be done
to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词,副词和形容
词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
分词 现在分词 doing
having done being done
having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
过去分词 done
动名词 doing
having done being done
having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
情况 常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decid
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
e, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest,
finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resi
st, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engage
d in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be
tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention
to, stick to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不
定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动
形式)
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生) go on to do(接着做另外一件
事)
go on doing(接着做同一件事)
try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)
try doing(试试去做,看有何结果) mean to do(打算做,企图做)
mean doing (意识是,意味着)
can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做)
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调
动作将发生或已经完成 I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态 We found the village greatly
changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:
区别 举例
不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作
同时发生,完成 式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swi
mming pool?
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boili
ng water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经
完成
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:
区别 举例
不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动 作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式
移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并 且还能用wh
at来提问主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)
动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较 抽象,
或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换
位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分词 无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有“令人…, , ”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主 动,主语多
为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是
人 。 The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, borin
g, amusing及其-ed形式)


九.定语从句
I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先
行词,引导 定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起
了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个 成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注
关系代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your moth
er? whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介 词提前时后面关
系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose 人,物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that 人,物 主语,宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which 物 主语,宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $$10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as 人,物 主语,宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met ther
e. 可用on which
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网()
where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which
why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别:
情况 用法说明 例句
只用that的情况 1. 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等
不定代词时。
2. 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时
3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4. 先行词既指人又指物时
5. 先行词被the only, the very修饰时
6. 句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时 told me everything tha
t he knows.
the books that you offered has been given out.
is the best film that I have ever read.
talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
is the only man that I want to see.
is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指
代物,用who/whom指人
2. 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3. 先行词本身是that时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用wh
o。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as与which的区别:
定语从句 区别 例句
限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用wh
鲤鱼网——成功在于执着

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