当初英语学习杂志

2021年1月7日发(作者：冯骥)
英语学习页码，1/2



英语专家如是说
the brave new world
缤纷世界/冰尘 编译
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National Geographic Finds Afghan Girl（重见画中人）
Web Site Helps Jailbirds Get Back Together（狱友可向网中寻）
Referee Resigns After Being Punished for Scoring（进球无功反有过）
Enron Scandal Gives Rise to New Verb（名词动用新范例）
Smithsonian to Enshrine Enron Memorabilia（收藏丑闻）
Love Letters Straight From...Yourself?（写给自己的情书)
Butterflies Cause Flutter at Weddings（蝶舞翩跹的婚礼）
Louvre Laziness Enough to Put Scowl on Mona Lisa（管理不善的卢浮宫）
A $$100,000 Speeding Fine? （超速罚款十万元?）
under the spotlight
聚光灯下
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tales of life
人生广角
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Sandstorm Is Blowing China's
Environmental Apprehension
沙尘暴忧思／沉香 编注
Little Book's Big Author
写小文章的大作家／小艾 编注
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Love of Self
爱/芳菲 编译
My First Singapore Trip
新加坡二则／宋子云
“Tell Mommy I Love Her.”
告诉妈妈我爱她／曾谙 选注
Beauty Is in the Eye of the
Beholder
情人眼里出西施／刘溯
modern times
摩登时代
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outlook
了望台
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Paper Still Has Weight
纸的命运／贾庆文 选译
Ten Steps to a Successful Good-bye
再见了，老板／仁凡 选注
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Managerial Caricatures
经理人漫画／陈小君 选译
Disability
残疾／国华 树春 译注
dialogue channel
《对话》频道
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classic prose
经典文选
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A Closer View of Vietnam
今日越南 /逸云 整理编写
The Roman Peace
罗马的和平 ／孙有中 选译
corner of literature
文学角
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cinematic story
银屏览胜
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Crazy World (5)
疯狂世界 /贺丹 注
The Moon
月 /吕靖 译析
Bridget Jones's Diary
单身日记/宋云峰 编写
popular interests
流行趣味
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speaking of which
非常知识
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“Things Can Only Get Better”
只会越来越好／朱艳 译析
Why Do It Yourself?
自己动手为哪般?／玫文 选注
马年谈“马” /汤仁甫
Topic: Integrated Waste Management
垃圾的综合处理/尤悠 编注
easy readings
轻松读物
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learning aid
教与学
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Everything Is to Be Payed for
物有所值/王妤 选注
Our Glasses always Have Flexible Prices
镜价无常/贾宇琰 选注
Just a Little Smile
救命的微笑／刘普 选注
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How To Win Friends and Influence
People
如何赢得朋友和如何影响他人/朱梅萍
讲评
增强英语语句表现力的有效方法 ／杨国
华
英语中的体势语言 ／古智新
practice in writing
习作园
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examination info & guidance
考试信息与辅
导
Worries about Telephone /毛鹏辉
My River Disappeared /李间转
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翻译比赛综述/陈德彰

/englishstudy/may/2003-6-27
英语学习

页码，2/2
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英语专家如是说

虞建 华
1950年6月生，1976年毕业于上海外国语学院并留校任教，1983年在本校获硕士学位，1 991年在英
国获博士学位。现为上海外国语大学英语教授，博士生导师，并任中国英汉语比较研究会副 会
长，全国美国文学研究会常务理事，上海作家协会会员，《译林》、《外国语》等杂志编委。
1997年曾获美国洛克菲洛基金会人文学科研究金，赴美国依阿华大学合作研究和讲学，同年被国
务院 人事局授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”称号。
主要著作有：《20部美国小说名著评析》、《新西兰文 学史》、《杰克·伦敦传》；译著有：
《沈从文笔下的中国社会与文化》、《时震》；编著及主编有：《 英语朗诵诗选》、《英美文学
研究论丛》、《大学英语诵读文选》和16册《实用行业英语系列丛书》。
我大学毕业留校任教一年后，系里挑出四名青年教师，由陆佩弦、杨小石等名教授集中培
训。我 记得陆教授布置我们的第一项作业是看由英美语言教育专家改写的英语简写本，包括马
克·吐温的《汤姆 ·索耶历险记》、狄更斯的《双城记》、兰姆的《莎士比亚戏剧故事》等。
每本百十来页，十分浅易。我 们自以为是年轻教师中的佼佼者（虽然大学几年处于“文革”末
期，我们的基础并不扎实，但早已开始“ 啃”名家经典的英文原作了），因此心中有些被人
“小看”了的委屈。阅读并复述了几本简写故事以后， 陆教授让我们回答一个问题：如果让你
们用两、三千个最常用的词汇，能写出如此生动的故事吗？ 此时我们明白了他的用意：简单的词汇能变幻出无穷无尽又生动活泼的表达，语言运用能否得心应手，关键在 于
语言掌握的熟练程度。如果专挑“硬骨头”啃，食而不化，结果也许只是事倍功半。外语主要是一门技 能，理解了不
等于掌握了。这和打乒乓球一样，了解球的旋转方向、速度等，并不意味着你就能打好球， 只有通过一板板的推，一
板板的扣，反复练习，才能达到熟练的程度。后来在我20多年的英语教学中， 我也总是让我的学生和我的儿子大量阅
读浅易的简写本，欣赏精彩的情节内容，在相对愉快轻松的阅读中 ，渐渐熟悉语言的基本表达。我一直认为，即使外
语程度较好的人，多读简写本也不失为一个学习外语的 好方法。现在书店里各类英语简写本很多，全班每人买一本，
轮流交换看，花钱费时不多，但会有很好的 收效。我认为大多数中国英语学习者的弊端，正是对基本语言的熟悉程度
不够。好像懂了却无法表达，或 下笔、张嘴就错。
但另一方面，两、三千个词汇毕竟不够，要不断扩大。有一句关于学英语的话很有意思：“Jump and get an
apple” （跳一跳，摘个苹果）—— 每次作一个小小的努力，就有一点 小小的收获。如果苹果太高，拼命跳也只是
浪费精力。也不能期望一次采摘就满载而归。这一说法不完全 是经验之谈。我们可以从教育心理学家维果斯基那里找
到理论依据。他认为学习内容主体应在学习者的经 验范围之内，新知识只能从“最近发展区”（zone of proximal
developme nt），即原有知识的边沿上逐渐扩大外延。手臂所及表示你原有的知识领域，扩展部分是“跳一跳”可及
的地方。我常看到有些学生在英语读物上密密麻麻注满了音标和释义，没隔几个字就是一个生词。我欣赏他们的 刻苦
精神，但不赞成这样的做法。如果找些容易点的阅读材料，反而学得进，学得快。有人说合适的外语 阅读材料，生词
不能超过百分之五，我同意。如果不超过百分之三则更好。 我中学读了一点俄语，23 岁后才从ABC学起，这不是最佳
年龄。但我仍然认为英语并不难学。下点苦工夫，学点巧工夫，只要持 之以恒，相信每个人都可以学有所成。

/englishstudy/may/2003-6-27
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重见画中人

National Geographic Finds Afghan Girl

The cover of the June 1985 National Geographic magazine portrayed an Afghan girl whose eyes
captivated the world. Since it is the custom for women not to tell their names to strangers, the photographer
thought that he would never know the name of this girl. National Geographic searched for this girl and found
her. Her name is Sharbat Gula, and she is Pashtun. She is around 28 years old. Photographer Steve
McCurry stated:
Afghanistan was at war with the Soviet Union. The country was in a serious state of lawlessness, and the
mortality rate among the refugee population was high. As with so many of her fellow Afghans, her survival
is a testament to her courage and determination.
here share her story.
years ago through iris-scanning technology and face-recognition techniques used by the U.S. Federal
Bureau of Investigation.
1985年6月的《国家地理》杂志封面是一个阿富汗女孩，她的眼睛深深打动了世人。按照阿富汗的风俗，妇女 不
能把自己的名字告诉陌生人，因此这张照片的摄影师曾以为自己永远也不会知道这个女孩姓甚名谁。《 国家地理》四
处寻找终于找到了这个女孩。她叫莎巴·古拉，是普什图族人，现年28岁左右。摄影师斯 蒂夫·麦卡里说：“在这些
年里莎巴·古拉能生存下来真是个奇迹。1984年我给她拍照的时候，阿富 汗正在和苏联打仗。国家处于严重的混乱状
态，难民的死亡率很高。和她的许多阿富汗同胞一样，她的幸 存就是她的勇气和坚韧的证明。”麦卡里还说：“她过
得很艰难，这儿很多人和她有相同的经历。”探险 者栏目组运用美国联邦调查局使用的虹膜扫描和人脸识别技术证实
了她就是17年前照片中的女孩。 < br>R
EMARKS
：
在烽火与劫灰之中，人们更容易有沧桑的感觉；其实，生存在 和平的环境——即令是看似波澜不惊的
生活——又何尝不需要勇气与坚韧！

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狱友可向网中寻

Web Site Helps Jailbirds Get Back Together

Ex-British jailbirds, keen to get back in touch with former cellmates or just looking for a getaway driver
for the next big bank job, now have a Web site dedicated to their needs
—
Convicts Reunited.
“
This web
site is for Convicts and Ex-convicts who have either lost contact with old prison inmates or are maybe
looking for fellow cons to see what they are up to* after prison.
”
says the Web site,
.
“
This site is run by ex-convict personnel only, no part of this site was created
by non-convicts so we understand your needs better.
”
Following a formula used by the hugely successful
Friends Reunited site, which helps Britons get back in touch with old school chums and boasts 2.5 million
registered users, Convicts Reunited says it has the largest database of former and current prisoners. And
despite its tongue-in-cheek welcome
—“
should you find old friends or colleagues...you may be able to
share those old times again, or work together on your latest venture
”—
the Convicts Reunited site insists it
is not a forum for organizing crime.
“
Convicts Reunited neither condones nor encourages the use of these
pages to organize or facilitate criminal activity,
”
the site disclaimer says.
*be up to：忙于……；密谋……。
在英国，想和狱友重聚或是想为下 一票“银行大买卖”找接应司机的刑满罪犯如今有了一个专为他们创设的网
站——“罪犯重逢”。 “本 网站为那些与狱中老友失去联系或是打算找狱友共商刑满后之大计的罪犯或前罪犯服
务。”网站说：“本 网站员工均为刑满释放人员，网站所有内容都是由有前科者制作的，
因此我们更了解罪犯们的需要。”声 称拥有最大的前科犯及现行囚犯资料库的“罪犯重逢”网站套用了大获成功的
“故友重逢”网站的模式， 后者旨在帮助英国人与昔日同窗重拾友情，拥有250万注册用户。“罪犯重逢”坚称它不
是一个组织犯 罪的论坛——尽管它半开玩笑的欢迎辞中如是写道：“如果你找到老朋友、老同事……你们可以再次分
享 往日时光，或者并肩投入新的冒险。”网站的免责声明中说：“本网站不宽容也不鼓励使用本站网页组织犯罪行为
或为之提供便利。”
R
EMARKS
：
网络只是工具，而且曾经 同牢共坐也算是患难之交，我们不妨把这个网站看成是和Chinaren校友录一
样的东西。

/englishstudy/may/bfsj_2003-6-27
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进球无功反有过

Referee Resigns After Being Punished for Scoring

A soccer referee suspended for scoring a goal while taking charge of a game has resigned after being
found guilty of bringing the game into disrepute by the Essex County Football Association. The Essex
County Football Association said that they were disappointed by the decision of Savill, who hit the
headlines last year when his sympathy for a team getting beaten 18-1 went too far.
“
It is a pretty unique
case and hopefully it won't happen again,
”
Essex County FA chief executive Phil Sammons said. Brian
Savill was taking charge of a Great Bromley Cup game in the South of England between Earls Colne
Reserves and Wimpole 2000. With 10 minutes remaining and Wimple trailing 18-1, Savill found the ball at
his feet in front of the Earls Colne goal and promptly banged it into the net, before signaling a goal. The
laws of the game state that the referee is part of the playing area and that the game continues if the ball
strikes him. There is no provision in the laws to differentiate between an accidental or deliberate contact.
Savill's bizarre goal made little difference to the outcome as Earls Colne went on to win 20-2, but the
officials were impressed. The Essex County FA finally found 47-year-old Savill guilty of bringing the game
into disrepute and suspended him for seven weeks. Savill, a referee with 18 years?experience, resigned
after finding out about the decision.
“
They haven't got a sense of humor,
”
he told the Times newspaper.
“
It brought enjoyment to everyone
誷
lives. It shows refereeing can be enjoyable and that we are not
Hitlers running around blowing whistles all the time.
”
However, he advised other referees against following
his example.

一名因在执法 比赛时射入一球而遭停赛的足球裁判辞掉了工作，因为艾塞克斯郡足协认定他使比赛陷入了不光彩的境
地 。该足协说他们对萨维尔的决定感到失望，萨维尔去年执哨一场比赛时因对一支以1比18惨败的球队同情过了头 而
上了头条新闻。足协首席执行官菲尔·赛梦斯说：“这是一个比较特殊的案例，希望类似事件不会再发 生。” 布赖
恩·萨维尔当时在执法英格兰南部的大布罗姆利杯伊尔斯科恩预备队与温坡2000队之间 的比赛。比赛还剩10分钟时温
坡队以1比18落后。此时萨维尔发现球来到了他的脚边，正在伊尔斯科 恩队门前，于是他立刻大力射球入网，然后鸣
哨示意进球。按照足球比赛规则，裁判是比赛场地的一部分 ，如果球碰到裁判，比赛仍将继续进行，但是并没有区分
（裁判）意外和故意触球的规定。萨维尔匪夷所 思的进球对比赛的结果没什么影响，因为伊尔斯科恩仍然以20比2赢
得了比赛，但官员们却对此印象深 刻。艾塞克斯郡足协最后裁定47岁的萨维尔令比赛蒙羞，并处罚他停哨7周。有18
年裁判经验的萨维 尔在得知这一决定后宣布辞职。他对《泰晤士报》说：“他们没有幽默感。我的行动给大家的生活
带来了 乐趣，它表明裁判工作可以是轻松愉快的，而我们也不总是吹着哨子满场飞奔的希特勒。”虽然如此，他还是建议其他裁判不要步他的后尘。
R
EMARKS
：
足球教练常常抱怨裁 判是对方的第12名队员，用在萨维尔身上倒是合适，只可惜他发挥的作用还是太
小。

/englishstudy/may/bfsj_2003-6-27
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名词动用新范例

Enron Scandal Gives Rise to New Verb

First Enron was a company. Then it was a scandal. Now it is a transitive verb. Senate Democratic
Majority Leader Tom Daschle, asked by reporters about the federal budget and dwindling surplus,
responded that he did not want to
“
Enron
”
the American people.
“
I don't want to Enron the American
people,
”
he said.
“
I don't want to destroy their Social Security system, I don't want to destroy their
Medicare system, I don't want to destroy their ultimate ability to look with confidence at their retirement,
”

he said. Enron Corp. is the huge Houston-based energy trading company that recently declared the biggest
bankruptcy in U.S. history. Numerous House and Senate panels are probing its collapse, in which investors
lost millions and Enron workers lost their jobs and in many cases their pensions.
“安然”起初是一间公司，然后是一件丑闻，现在又成了一个及物动词。在被记者 问及对联邦预算和缩水的公积
金的看法时，参议院民主党多数派领袖汤姆·达歇尔回答说他不想“安然” 美国人民。“我不想‘安然’美国人
民，”他说。“我不想破坏他们的社会保障系统，我不想破坏他们的 医疗保险系统，我不想破坏他们信心十足地看待
退休的基本能力。”安然是位于休斯顿的大型能源交易公 司，最近宣布破产，该案是美国历史上最大的破产案。安然
的崩溃使投资者损失了数以百万计的金钱，安 然的员工因此失业，很多人的退休金也成了泡影。美国参众两院许多小
组正在对此进行调查。
R
EMARKS
：
英语中这样的例子还有，比如“boycott”。从专有名词变身 为及物动词，不失为“流芳百世”之妙
法。

/englishstudy/m ay/bfsj_2003-6-27
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Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder

情人眼里出西施
B
Y
L
ORIE
P
ANIPINTO

■刘溯 选译 王碧、冯佳等 校改

For years men and women have been getting married. They say
their wedding vows which bring them together as one. They
promise to love and cherish each other until death do them part.
When a man and a woman get married, it is one of the
biggest decisions they will make in life. A man may select a
woman because he, in his own eyes, sees her as the just-right
wife for him. Every man has his own definition of what the
right
both may define their just-right wife according to her physical
qualities.
A millionaire may describe his
beautiful, sexy, intelligent, and well developed. On the other
hand, a poor man may define his
attractive, desirable, knowledgeable, and shapely. Both men
describe their just-right wife by the same physical qualities but
use different words. The millionaire's definition of the just-right
wife is more elegant, whereas the poor man's definition is a more
common, everyday description.
Although some men define the just-right wife by her physical
qualities, other men describe their just-right wife by her athletic
qualities. For example, the outdoors man may define his just-
right wife as a woman who loves to fish, to camp, to hunt, and to
water ski, whereas the inside sportsman may define his just-right
wife as a woman who enjoys watching football, basketball,
baseball, and wrestling. Both of these men define their just-right
wife by her sports qualities but in two different atmospheres.
Still, there are other men who have their definitions of the
just-right wife. For instance, consider the fit man and the fat man.
The fit man may describe his just-right wife as a woman who
gets up every weekday morning at six o'clock and runs two to
three miles. After running, she prepares breakfast, washes the
dishes, takes the children to school, and then goes to work. After
work, she arrives home, washes a couple loads of laundry, goes
to exercise class, picks the children up from school on her way
home, and then cooks dinner. After dinner, she cleans the
kitchen, bathes the children, and puts them to bed.
On the other hand, the fat man defines his just-right wife as
a woman who gets up at eight o'clock in the morning, takes the
children to McDonald's for breakfast, and drops them off at
school. She then comes back home and lies on the couch
watching soap operas all day. The children have to walk home
from school in the afternoon. When they arrive at home, she
instructs them to clean the house, do the laundry, and fix some
hotdogs for dinner. Both men define their just-right wife with
qualities that they admire within themselves.
世世代代，男女结为夫妻。婚礼上 的誓
言将他们融为一体。他们发誓相亲相爱，至
死不渝。

无论男女，婚姻 都是他们一生中做出的
最重要的抉择之一。男人选择一个女人，是
因为在他眼里她是他理想的妻 子。每个男人
对“理想”的妻子都有自己的定义。比如,
百万富翁和穷人可能都会根据女人的形体特
征描绘他们理想的妻子。


一个阔佬描述“理想”的妻子是迷人、
美丽、性感、聪明、身材匀称的女人。而一
个穷 人心目中的“理想”老婆则是招人喜
欢、可爱、动人、懂事明理、有身条儿。两
者对他们理想妻 子形体特征的描述大体相
同，但用词却不一样。阔佬对理想妻子的描
述更文雅一些，穷人的描述 则是较为通俗的
常用语。
虽然形体特征是一些男人用来定义他们
眼中理想太太的标准 ，但也不乏根据运动特
征来定义的男人。就拿爱好野外运动的男人
来说吧，他们认为理想太太应 该是钓鱼、野
营、狩猎和滑水运动的爱好者；而爱好场地
运动的男人眼中的标准太太或许应该是 橄榄
球、篮球、棒球和摔跤比赛的忠实观众。运
动特征是这两类男人定义理想太太的共同标准，但他们各自的侧重范围却不尽相同。
当然，其他男人也有自己的定义。就说
身材适中 和体态臃肿的男人吧。身材适中的
男人会这样描述他的理想太太：她每个工作
日六点起床，晨跑 两三英里，然后回家准备
早饭，洗完碗盘后送孩子上学，再去上班。
下班后先回家洗几桶衣服， 接着去健美班，
回来顺路接孩子放学，到家后准备晚饭。饭
后清理厨房，给孩子洗澡，再安顿他 们睡
觉。
而肥胖男人则认为理想妻子是早上8点起
床，带孩子去麦当劳吃早餐，接着 开车送他
们到学校。然后回家，歪在沙发上看一天的
肥皂剧。下午，孩子们得自己步行回家，到
家后，她指挥他们打扫房间，洗衣服，做几
个热狗当作晚餐。这两种男人以自己所欣赏
的特点作为择偶标准。

2003-6-27

/englishstudy/may/tales_
Men from all nationalities also have their definition of the
just-right wife. For example, the Italian man describes his woman
as a woman who stands six feet one-inch tall with blonde hair
and blue eyes, and who is well developed in the upper portion of
her body. On the other hand, the French man may describe his
ideal woman as a woman who stands only five feet three inches
with brown hair and green eyes, and who is moderately built.
Other nationalities, such as the German man and the
Spanish man, may define their just-right wife as a woman with
style. The German man may describe his just-right wife as a
woman who likes to drive expensive sports cars, a woman who
visits a different foreign country every month and wears only the
most expensive designer clothing, but the Spanish man may
define his just-right wife as a woman who enjoys giving dinner
parties every weekend, wearing a lot of jewelry, and drinking
expensive wines.
In addition to the other men's definitions of the just-right wife,
the bachelor also has a definition. He says that the just-right wife
is someone else's wife. He picks her up in a bar, takes her to his
house, and takes her home in the morning. The bachelor has no
real definition for the just-right wife. That is why he is still a
bachelor.


页码，2/2
不同国家的男人对理想的妻子都有自己
的标准。比如意大利男 人愿意娶身高6英尺1
英寸，金发碧眼，上身很丰满的女人做老
婆。而法国男人却认为，身高5 英尺3英寸，
棕发绿眼，体型匀称适中的女人才是理想妻
子。
其他国家的男人，如德 国男人和西班牙
男人，认为完美的妻子应该是个时尚的女
人。在德国男人的眼中，理想的太太应 该喜
欢驾驶昂贵的跑车，每个月都去不同的国家
观光，而且只穿最昂贵的名师设计的时装。而西班牙男人则认为理想的太太喜欢每个周
末都举办晚宴聚会，浑身珠光宝气，喝名贵
的葡 萄酒。
对于理想妻子，除了上述的几种定义以
外，单身汉也有自己的一套说法。他认为理想的妻子就是别人的老婆。他在酒吧里和她
调情，把她带回他的住处，第二天早上送她
回家 。由于单身汉对理想的妻子并没有一个
真正的标准，这正是他至今仍是个单身汉的
原因。

2003-6-27
英语学习
/englishstudy/may/ta les_
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Paper Still Has weight

纸的命运

B
Y
A
MY
G
RANT

■山东泰安二中 贾庆文 选译 / 罗扬 仲志兰 唐辉 校改

Humility is the best policy for technological forecasters. If
you doubt that, remember those confident predictions of 30
years ago about the coming arrival of the
The arrival of computers everywhere in the workplace would,
we were assured, soon make paper a thing of the past.
And guess what? Paper is still big business. In fact, sales of
the stuff are growing. And the biggest beneficiary, it seems, is
Canada, the world's largest exporter of office printing paper,
which more than doubled its exports in the past 15 years
—
the
years of the information technology
Bill Gates's vision of a computer on every desk has been
more or less realized. Yet most of the folks working at those
desks are knee-deep in paper.
Hewlett- Packard forecasts that North American office
printers alone will print 1.2 trillion sheets this year —an increase
of more than 50 percent in five years.
Research from an intriguing new book,
Paperless Office,
suggests our increasing use of paper is due to the introduction of
the very digital technology that was supposed to wipe it out.
The case studies on email in the workplace, for example,
show that it can lead to a 40 percent increase in paper
consumption
—
and this doesn't take into account the amount of
paper used to print information from the Internet.
There's a wonderful irony here, because the personal
computer
—
not to mention the laser printer
—
was invented in a
lab set up by a copier company which was worried by all the talk
of paperless offices.
Xerox's core business involved paper, and it was
understandably alarmed by the prospect of it going out of
fashion. So the research center invented the computing and
printer technology that made sure it didn't. Perhaps those Xerox
executives knew what they were doing, after all.
But our attachment to paper is truly amazing. An astonishing
proportion of email users, for example, print off their messages
and store them all in filing cabinets.
Organizations that used to do massive print runs of
documents for meetings now circulate them electronically via
their intranets. But those attending the meetings generally turn
up with heaps of paper hot off the nearest laser printer
—
a
process much more resource intensive and less efficient than
proper offset printing.
To the technological rationalist this behavior seems
对科技预测人员而言，谦逊是最 佳策
略。如果你对此有所怀疑，回想一下三十年
前，人们预言“无纸办公”即将到来的时候是多么自信吧。
电脑铺天盖地出现在工作场所的各个角
落，使我们深信有纸办公即将成为过去。
而结 果怎样呢？纸业仍然是大产业，而
且，纸制品的销量一直呈上升趋势。其中最
大的受益者似乎是 加拿大，这个世界上办公
用纸出口量最大的国家，其出口量在过去的
十五年里翻了一番，这十五 年正是信息技术
“革命”的十五年。
比尔·盖茨所预见的办公室内人手一台
电脑的情 形已基本实现。但是大多数人仍在
纸张的重围中办公。
惠普公司预测说，仅在北美洲，今年办
公打印就将用去1.2万亿张纸——这一数字在
过去五年增长超过了50%。
由理查 德·哈珀和阿比盖尔·塞伦合著
的《无纸办公室的神话》是一本引人入胜的
新书，书中的调查表 明，用纸量的增加恰恰
是由于引进了数字信息技术，而人们原先以
为这一技术会淘汰纸张。 < br>以电子邮件为例，个案研究表明办公场
所电子邮件的使用能够使纸张的消耗量增加
40% ——这还不包括从因特网上下载信息所需
要的纸张。

一家复印机公司对无纸办公 的言论忧虑
不堪，而个人电脑，——先不提激光打印
机——却是在其实验室中诞生的，这真是绝
妙的讽刺。
施乐公司的核心业务涉及纸张，所以，
他们对纸张被淘汰的前景感到恐慌 是可以理
解的。于是，研究中心发明了计算机印刷技
术以确保纸张不会失宠。也许，施乐公司的
执行官们还是清楚他们是在做什么的。

但是我们对纸的依恋的确是惊人的。例如，有相当一批电子邮件用户会将邮件打印
出来，存放在档案柜中。

过去常复 印大量会议资料的机构，如今
通过内部互联网进行信息交流。但与会者通
常还是会抱着一摞摞刚 刚打印，余热未尽的
文件出现在会场——这比普通的胶版印刷更
浪费资源，更不合算。



对于科技理性主义者来说，这种行为看
似荒谬。为什么将电子 信息转换成纸张档案
2003-6-27/englishstudy/may/modern_
irrational. Why store email messages in paper files, which
take up valuable real estate and are effectively unsearchable,
when you can keep them on a hard disk and effortlessly look
through them for keywords and phrases? Why print off bulky
documents whose only fate is to be shredded after the meeting
is over?
The answer, of course, is it is the rationalists who are
irrational. If people love paper, there must be a reason for it. And
there is. It is highly portable, infinitely flexible and embodies very
high-resolution display technology, which consumes no battery
power. And it doesn't have to be turned on before you can read
it.
Given that, the mystery is not that people use so much
paper, but that they don't use even more of the stuff. The
problem with technological predictions is that they are almost
always solution-driven.
underlying mindset.
foolish
—
and here is the hard copy to prove it.
页码，2/2
保 存呢？不仅占用宝贵的空间，而且不
便查找。若将信息存入硬盘，即可通过关键
词和短语浏览全 部内容，不费吹灰之力。明
知道会议一结束，大量的文件就面临被销毁
的命运，又何必把它们打 印出来呢。
当然，问题的答案在于正是这些理性主
义者才不理性。 既然人们喜爱纸张，肯 定是
有其原因的，而且原因也的确存在。纸张携
带方便，极其柔软，显示高清晰度的排版技术，不费电池，阅读前毋须打开电源。

了解了以上这些，那么令人感到不可思
议的就不是人们使用那么多的纸张，而是为
什么没有再多用些。技术预测的问题在于，
这种预测 总是受解决方法驱使。“技术就是
出路”，这便是预测背后人们的心态。“现
在重新来看看问题 是什么？”这个问法很愚
蠢——用这张实实在在的纸来证明吧。
2003-6-27
英语学习
/englishstudy/may/modern_
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How to complete the final chapter in your current job
Ten Steps to a Successful Good-bye
再见了，老板
B
Y
P
AT
S
TEVENS
■仁凡 选注
The first impression you make on a new job is important, but so is your last one. In a volatile
1

workplace, your resume is likely to become dotted with career changes and new skills. Being flexible and
adjusting emotionally as you leave one job and prepare for another are ess ential career-survival skills.
2

How you leave says a lot about you, whatever the circumstances.
3
The process of leaving isn't about
packing a box and moving to a new place. It's about cementing
4
relationships and establishing a network
that will ensure you a place in the business world. It's also about realizing that the desk next to you at a
future employer may be occupied by your former boss.
5

To stay emotionally grounded
6
while saying good-bye and beginning your transition, apply the following
10 strategies:

1. EXPRESS YOUR APPRECIATION AND STAY CONNECTED.
Take time to reminisce with colleagues about projects you've worked on, special times you shared and
joint accomplishments.
7
Consider sending short thank-you notes after you leave that mention their
contributions to your success. Make sure co- workers have your address and phone numbers and
remember to stay in touch with them.

Regardless of the circumstances involving a job change, it's important to
embarrassing yourself by burning bridges with co-workers and managers. Their ties to you are important
links to your future.

2. LET GO.
Letting go of security, embracing a new opportunity and exploring the unknown takes courage. Focus
on what is instead of what was. Since the primary safety net during periods of change is self-confidence,
employees are reminded in transition that they'll fit in and find a new identity.

During change, your ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty will stand as a critical skill.
8
Learn to
loosen up and be willing to wing it.
9

3. LEAVE YOUR OFFICE IN TOP SHAPE.
Be meticulous
10
about how you leave your office. Only take files that belong to you and make sure your
desk, computer, records, and files are neat, organized and complete. Provide employees with updates and
leave notes on on- going projects.

4. CREATE A MORALE- BUILDING FILE.
Keep a file of positive work evaluations, thank-you notes and other documents that will supply you with
enthusiasm, courage and hope in the upcoming weeks. Realize you've made a difference in others' lives
and will do so again.

5. DON'T BE CRITICAL.
Avoid criticizing your company, co-workers and managers or participating in negative conversations
about these subjects. You may feel bitter and demoralized, but letting others know your feelings will
backfire.
11

Remember and discuss the positive events you experienced, even if there were only a few of them. Those
left behind can feel disoriented or unsettled.
12
Being a peacemaker will help you be remembered positively.

/englishstud y/may/modern_2003-6-27
英语学习
6. PREPARE, REFLECT AND MOVE ON.
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Recognize that every work experience has value, and view your job as a bridge to the next one. Be
introspective,
13
realistic and excited. Dream about what might be.
14
Remember
talented people.

TIME TO PLAY.
Schedule an enjoyable event before beginning the next phase of your life. It can be something simple
like visiting a botanical garden with your family, having friends over for a barbecue
15
or pursuing an activity
you never had time for. Consider taking a vacation if time allows. Even long leisurely weekends can provide
opportunities to laugh, become energized and relaxed.

8. RECOGNIZE THE VALUE OF FRIENDS.
Don't neglect friends and networking opportunities. This change may make you feel reclusive and want
to retreat into a corner.
16
But contact with and reassurance
17
from others may be what you need most.

You may be surprised to discover that many others have been through similar experiences. Successful
people often have experienced worse or more unsettling events than a job loss. Identify supportive people
and maintain contact with them. Also keep up a routine that balances church, family and social obligations
even if you don't feel like it.

9. ANALYZE YOUR FINANCIAL STATUS.
Review your finances and take steps to become more secure in a time of transition. Determine how
leaving a job and taking a new one will affect your retirement plans. Double-check your health, disability
and life insurance plans to ensure your family will be covered during the transition. If not, review your
COBRA
18
rights and other options so that unexpected medical bills won't disrupt your financial security.

10. BE OPEN TO NEW POSSIBILITIES.
Change always comes bearing gifts.
19
It's up to you to find them. Your job change can be an
opportunity in disguise. Don't be so reluctant to embrace change that you can't see new opportunities that
become available.
20

Starting over is part of career advancement in today's turbulent workplace. Successfully ending the final
chapter of one job will give you a good start in the first chapter of a new one.


1.
volatile
: 多变的。
2. 离开一个工作、准备就职另一个工作时，保持灵活和调整自己的情绪 ， 这是重要的职场生存之道。
3. 不管是什么情形，你离职的方式很能说明你是什么样的人。
4.
cement
: 巩固， 使团结。
5. 也要意识到在你的未来雇主那里，坐你隔壁座位上的也许会是你的前任老板，即前任老板可能会与你共事。
6.
stay grounded
: 保持情绪稳定。
7.
reminisce
/;remi#nis/: 回忆，话旧；
joint accomplishment
: 共同的成绩。
8.
ambiguity
/;*mbi#gju:iti/: 不明确；
critical
: 决定性的，重大的。
9.
loosen up
: (使)松弛；
wing
: 飞越。
10.
meticulous
/mi#tikj%l2s/: 非常注意细节的。
11.
demoralize
/;di#m0r2laiz/: 使泄气；
backfire
: 发生逆火，产生事与愿违的结果。
12. 那些留下来的人会感到迷惑和不安。
13.
introspective
:（好）内省的，（好）自省的。
14. 设想一下可能发生的事情。
15.
botanical garden
: 植物园；
barbecue
/#ba:bikju:/: 户外烤肉餐。
16. 这个改变也许会让你想要避开人群，缩到一个角落里去。
17.
reassurance
: 再安慰。
18.
COBRA
: 即美国的
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
<综合预算统一调节法令>，颁布于1986年，目
的 是给那些因失业、工作时间减少或处于转换工作期间而失去健康福利的工人和家属有条件地提供集体健康福利。
19. 变化总会带着馈赠。
20. 不要不情不愿地去接受变化，以至于看不到可获得的机会。

/englishstud y/may/modern_2003-6-27
英语学习页码，1/3




Managerial Caricatures

经理人漫画

B
Y
B
ENGT
A
NDERSON

■陕西西安煤炭卫生学校 陈小君 选译／康国莉 仲志兰 校改

When we travel to a foreign country, we carry in our
baggage a preconceived idea of people in that country. We look
for characteristics in the individuals we meet. But much of the
knowledge we think we have of different nationalities exists as
stereotypes
—
conventional and oversimplified pictures without
nuances or individuality. Our ideas may even be caricatures with
features and peculiarities exaggerated for comic or grotesque
effect.
Stereotypes and caricatures also exist about occupations or
professions. If you ask a group of international executives to
characterize businesspeople and managers from different
countries, their descriptions may be something like this:
American managers have in-depth knowledge of the
business they run and baseball, but know little about the rest of
the world. They think that everyone who is not American wishes
he was. Americans are always the best. They only lose when the
playing field is not even.
The quarterly dividend is their cardinal goal, and quick fixes
are the means to accomplish it. They organize their companies
in many-layered hierarchies of order givers and order takers.
Employees do not question instructions (at least openly). They
lose their jobs if they do.
Americans talk fast and loud. Their products are the biggest,
best, newest and fastest in the world. After a meeting, the
Americans bring in hordes of lawyers and accountants to
prepare contracts ten times longer than those used elsewhere.
British managers became managers by studying English
literature and Egyptology at Oxford and by going through the old
boy network. They have a broad, but not always thorough,
knowledge of their company's operations. They are insular
—
and
proud of it.
Class spite and social angst riddle British corporate cultures.
Despite much lip service to the contrary, decision making
remains the prerogative of top managers. Ideals about
decentralized management clash with a basic lack of faith in the
abilities of the subordinates.
British managers invariably are polite, and they spice their
conversations with humorous little anecdotes that executives of
other nationalities usually fail to appreciate. Meetings are not
supposed to decide anything. The British use them to explore
the terrain and to check out the broad perimeters, parameters
and all that. If they promise you something to avoid offending
you, it may take a long time before they deliver. In fact, they may
not deliver at all.

我们 去国外旅行时，带着行李，也带着对那
国人的某些先入之见。在遇到的每一个人身
上我们会去寻 找一些特征。我们以为自己对
不同国家的人有所了解，但这种了解只不过
是一些俗套 —— 一 些程式化的，过分简单
化的形象，缺乏差别，没有个性，抑或是一
幅幅夸张可笑、荒诞不经的漫 画。

对于职业，也存在着俗套和漫画式的认
识。如果请跨国公司的经理们描述一 下来自
不同国度的商界人士和经理人的特点，结果
可能是这样的：
美国经理人对他们 自己管理的公司有着
深刻的了解，对棒球的知识也毫不逊色，除
此之外所知甚少。他们认为世界 上每一个
人，只要他不是美国人，都希望自己是美国
公民。美国人总是最棒的。只有竞争不公平
的时侯他们才会失利。
季度分红是他们的主要目标，而快速调
整则是实现这一目标的 手段。美国公司结构
层次繁杂，等级森严，由下达命令和执行命
令的人组成。雇员不得质疑上司 的指令（至
少不得公开质疑），否则就会被炒鱿鱼。
美国人说话快，嗓门大。他们的产品体
积最大，质量最优，技术最新，生产速度最
快。洽谈完之后他们会请来成群结队的律师
和财会人员，起草的合同比别的国家要长十
倍。
英国经理人在牛津大学攻读过英国文学
和古埃及学，靠老同学的关系网升为经理。
在公司运作方面，他们的知识博而不精。他
们保守 偏狭，并以此为荣。

英国的企业文化充满了阶层间的敌视和
对时世的疑惧。无论 口头承诺如何如何，决
策依然是最高层经理人的特权。权力下放式
管理的理想与怀疑下属基本能 力的现实往往
发生冲突。

英国经理人无一例外地彬彬有礼，谈话
常佐以 别国同僚所欣赏不了的轶闻趣事。他
们认为开会不应该作出任何决定，而只是用
来定定范围，查 查大致的周长，参数等等。
要是他们为了不惹恼你而做出了某项承诺，
那要他们践诺可就遥遥无 期了，甚至会不了
了之。

2003-6-27/englishstudy/may/outlook_
French managers are Napoleonic and their management
style is imperial. Many are graduates of the elite grandes ecoles.
They are expected to be brilliant planners, equally adept at
industry, finance and government. They are rude and haughty,
jealous of their social status and eager to show off their power.
Stiff hierarchies discourage informal relations and foster a
sense of 'them' versus 'us'. It is difficult to reach the boss. The
flow of information goes one way only: downward. When troops
below fail to respond to orders from on high, company
performance may stumble badly.
French managers love to talk, though not always about
items on the agenda. Their initial response to proposals is
always negative
—
not because they dislike the proposal but
because they like debate. However, what they say at this
meeting does not count. The discussion is just meant to assess
the strengths and weaknesses of the other players and decide
what positions to take at the next meeting.
German managers prefer to go by the book. They often have
many years of technical training and high degrees (and must be
addressed as Herr Doktor). They are serious and formal.
Leaders do lead. The ranking executive is expected to pull rank
and give orders
—
or what is the point in having that rank?
Meetings are conducted with great attention to order and
detail. You do not take off your jacket or even loosen your tie.
That would be sloppy and unbusinesslike. Managers sometimes
raise their voice and pound the table to see if they can intimidate
the other party into making further concessions.
Germans expect to see it in writing with full details and
complete specifications. If it is not enshrined on memo or letter
and signed in Vertretung, then it did not happen.
Italian managers are flexible. They often ignore the
company's rules (where they exist). Management is paternalistic.
Bosses give their employees protection. They, in turn, are loyal
and identify with the company's goals. Fare bella figura, to put on
an impressive appearance, is important to Italian
are experts at looking busy, successful and rich.
Informal networks of family and powerful friends matter
much in business. Deals are made on handshakes between
gentlemen, not through attorneys and accountants. Memos,
letters and faxes are too impersonal. Italian managers prefer the
telephone and they like personal contact even better.
Italians often find businesspeople from other countries
lineari, meaning too direct, too purposeful. Meetings are not
taken seriously. They just set agenda for the real meeting. What
happens before and after is more important than the meeting
itself; decision making is always secretive.
Japanese managers mean no when they say yes (although
the reverse does not apply). They are clever and cunning but
speak only Japanese (why bother with lesser languages?).They
are formal, reserved, have no feelings and consider themselves
racially and culturally superior to foreigners.
Rank and status are important to the Japanese. But this
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法国经理人是拿破仑式的人物 ，有着帝
国式的管理风格，多为名牌大学的高才生。
别人希望他们决策英明，在工商界、金融界
或政府部门都能游刃有余。他们态度粗鲁，
目中无人，过分珍惜自己的社会地位，乐于
炫耀手中的权力。
森严的等级制度妨碍了人际关系的发
展，滋生出“他们”与“我们”的对抗 意
识。与上司接触十分困难，信息流动只是单
向的：只有上司对下属发号施令。下属无法
执行上司的命令时，公司运转就会出现严重
问题。
法国经理人很健谈，不过不一定都谈正< br>事。对于别人提出的建议，他们的第一反应
总是否定——并非他们不喜欢那项建议，而
是 太喜欢争论。他们在会上讲些什么并不重
要，会上的讨论只是为了掂量对手的强弱，
以此决定下 次开会时应采取的态度。
德国经理人更愿意照章办事。他们通常
受过多年技术培训，拥有高学 历（应被尊称
为博士先生）。他们办事认真，一本正经，
领导就是领导。高级执行官就应该利用 职
权，发号施令——否则，身居高职又有何意
义？

他们开会时秩序井然 ，周到细致。不能
脱外套，甚至不能松领带，否则会显得懒散
拖沓，不像办公的样子。有时候经 理们会提
高嗓门、拍几下桌子，看看能否震住对方，
促使其做出更多让步。
德国人期 望将讨论结果记录在案，细致
周到，详尽全面。在备忘录或信函里找不到
记录和署名的事，那就 是从没发生过。
意大利经理人灵活变通。他们常常无视
公司的规章制度（如果尚有章可循的话 ），
实行家长式的管理。老板保护员工，员工则
效忠于老板，视公司的目标为己任。装腔作势对意大利经理人来说至关重要。他们擅于
做出一副忙碌，成功而又富有的派头。
< br>家族和有权势的朋友形成的关系网对其
事业影响重大。绅士们握手成交，无需通过
律师和 财务人员。备忘录、信函、传真件在
他们眼里太没人情味。他们喜欢通过电话，
更钟情于私下谈 生意。

意大利人总认为其它国家的商人说话行
事太直截了当，目的性太强。他 们不把会谈
不当回事，只为真正的会议确立日程。会议
的前前后后比会议本身还重要，而决策总 是
秘而不宣。
日本经理人说“是”的时候其实意味着
“不”（反之则非如此）。他们 精明过人，
只说日语（干嘛费心思去学那些弱势语
言？）。他们刻板保守，缺乏感情，认为大< br>和民族与日本文化都高人一等。

2003-6-27
英语学习
/ englishstudy/may/outlook_
does not mean the top man (it's always a man) makes the
decisions. His main duty is to maintain harmony and nurture an
environment that motivates subordinates to work together for the
good of the company.
At meetings , the Japanese play close to the vest. They are
well prepared and never improvise. Whatever is on the agenda,
they probably know more about it than you do. Do not expect
any decisions at this meeting, though, or at the next. The
consensus-making process may take a long time.
Swedish managers are practical and technically capable but
not very imaginative. Philosophy and abstract thinking baffle
them. They have no sense of humor and take everything you say
literally. They often spend more time telling you what is wrong
with their products than what is good about them.
Managers shun conflicts and put off decisions until they
reach consensus (in a manner that appears wishy-washy even
to the Japanese). Organizations are flat, with responsibility
delegated way down. It is never clear who is in charge of what
and why.
Swedes dress in sports shirts, slacks and sandals for
business meetings. Being neurotic about punctuality, they begin
(and end) meetings exactly when scheduled. They go straight to
the point, without preliminaries. Their answers are short and they
remain silent if they have nothing to say (though Finns think
Swedes talk too much).
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身份和地位对日本人 来说极其重要。但
这并不意味着由头号人物（总是男性）来作
决定。头号人物主要负责营造和保 持和谐的
氛围，激励下属为公司的利益而共同奋斗。

会谈时日本人惜字如金。他 们总是有备
而来，从不临时行事。对于各项议事日程，
他们比谁都清楚。不过，别指望一两次会 议
就会解决问题，达成一致将是一个漫长的过
程。
瑞典经理人讲求实际，能力十足， 却缺
乏想象力。哲学和抽象思维使他们如坠云里
雾中。他们缺乏幽默感，从来听不出弦外之音。他们较少提及自己产品的优点，却大谈
其不足。
经理们避免意见冲突，达不成一致便 将
决策时间推迟（其方式连日本人都觉得索然
无味）。公司结构平板，责任下放。谁负什
么责任，为什么要负责，这些问题从来就没
有搞清楚过。
瑞典人身穿运动衫、休闲裤，脚 踏便鞋
来参加会谈。他们十分注重守时，完全按计
划时间开会散会，开门见山，不走过场。他< br>们的回答简短，无话可说时就一言不发（尽
管芬兰人认为他们太过健谈）。

2003-6-27
英语学习
/englishstudy/may/outlook_
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Disability
残疾
■
B
Y
S
TEPHEN
H
AWKING
国华 树春 译注
当今活在世上的科学家，大概没有比本文作者斯 蒂芬·霍金更知名的了。他写的《时间简史》已
译成各种文字，传遍世界。这篇文章表达了他作为残疾人 对新千年的期盼。
In the new millennium I want to see disabled people acquiring the same degree of control over their
lives
1
that other people have. To be disabled is to be no less human
2
than anyone else, but far too often
3

disabled people still have their lives ruled by others. No able-bodied person would put up with it.
4

Access to
5
intellectual
6
opportunities and jobs as well as
7
buildings and public transport need to be
regarded as rights, not gifts society is generous enough
8
to bestow on disabled people. Institutions are
generally willing to adapt their buildings, but only when a disabled person needs them
—
and afterwards
you hear grumbles that the money was wasted because
facilities. That's simplistic:
9
just widening a door or putting up
10
a ramp doesn't mean a building is
accessible
11
if
12
once you get through the door you still can't see, hear or use its services or enjoy the
entertainment.

The record
13
is appalling. Even the recent Disability Discrimination Act
14
fails to cover areas like
education and transport, areas that are absolutely crucial if full citizen's rights
15
are to be extended to the
disabled. Until recently people with disabilities were not legally allowed
16
to use the London Underground.
Now there are a few stops, but still not remotely enough.
17

Inequities like these can be rectified in the next century, but it's going to require political will
18
and real
investment of resources. Cambridge
19
has made a start on making education accessible
20
by establishing
Bridget's Hostel which can take the severely disabled and ill, including quadraplegic students and students
with deteriorating conditions.
21

One of the keys is obviously technology, but much of the electronic gadgetry we need to dismantle
barriers to the disabled is in fact already in place.
22
We have voice- activated lifts,
23
emergency call units,
24

and voice-or switch-activated environmental control systems that manipulate a person's environment.
All are innovations that
25
could really make a difference to the daily lives of people with disabilities, but the
technology is vastly under- utilised
26
because most of it costs too much. Wheelchairs, lifts and computers
can be prohibitively expensive:
27
even a specially adapted sink can cost
￡
7,000!

Speech recognition technology is tremendous
—
we'll soon be talking to our computers, not fiddling
about with
28
a mouse and keyboard
—
but the expense means it's not available to most people who need it.
Then, because so few people with disabilities use new technology, you get the misconception developing
that it's not needed.

Disability rights campaigners are understandably becoming more and more vocal,
29
and it won't be long
before our current ways of thinking are transformed. Access and quality of life
30
are fundamental aspects of
civil rights,
31
and governments everywhere are going to come increasingly under pressure to provide
services guaranteeing those rights. Why should we have to go cap in hand
32
to get a modern
33
wheelchair
or specially adapted toilet, and be treated as recipients of charity.
34
All people with disabilities want to do is
be given the chance to play a normal role in society.

If in a generation's time
35
disabled people can enter every building through the front door like everyone
else, rather than be heaved
36
through a side-door up the delivery-ramp
37
and freight-lift, I'd call that
38
real
progress. But it's not enough. Once
39
we're through those doors, there is still a long, long way to go.

(From CAM: Cambridge Alumni Magazine, No.28,1999)

1.
the...lives
: 直译‘对他们生活控制的同样程度’听起来别扭，不如译成“与……一样驾驭自己生活的能力”。
2.
less human
: ‘不是合格的人’，即“低人一等”。
3.
far too often
: “太多时候”或“……的情况比比皆是”。
/en glishstudy/may/outlook_2003-6-27
英语学习页码，2/2
4 .
put up with it
: 从语法上讲，
it
指前面
far too often
引出的句子；从上下文看，实际应指
having one's life ruled
by others
。
5.
Access to
: 根据不同的上下文，可译成“能达到/进入/获得/使用”。
6.
intellectual
: 这里可以当‘受教育’理解。
7.
as well as
：这个词组后面的部分为基本部分，译成汉语时一般应放在前面。如在本句里，应译成“ 不仅要能进入
建筑物，使用公共交通工具，而且要有受教育的机会，能获得工作”。
8.
enough
: 表示程度，这里不必直接译出。
9.
That is simplistic
：
That
指上一句所表达的看问题的方法。
10.
putting up
：修建。
11.
accessible
: 这里最好点明是“可供残疾人使用”。
12.
if
：英语的条件句译成汉语一般要 放在主句之前，这里放在主句前不合适，不如译成原因句，句中加上“不一
定”，意思与条件句差不多。
13.
record
：直译成‘记录’意思不清楚，这里实际指“残疾人的境遇”。
14.
Disability Discrimination Act
: 原文字 面上看不出有“反”（歧视）的意思，但立法者的意图显然是反对歧视，因
此译文中应把“反”的意思补 出来。
15.
full citizen's rights
：＝
the full rights of citizenship
（公民的全部权利）。
16.
were legally allowed
：这里可以译成主动句“法律才允许……”或“……才在法律上获得……的权利”。
17.
not remotely enough
：＝
far from enough
（远远不够）。
18.
will
: ‘决心’或‘意志’。
19.
Cambridge
: 这里指“剑桥大学”。
20.
accessible
：这里的‘可获得’实际就是“让残疾人获得”。
21.
conditions
: 这里指‘病况’。
22.
in place
：相当于中文的‘到位’，这里可译成“已研发出来”。
23.
voice-activated lifts
：声控升降机。
24.
emergency call units
: 紧急呼叫装置。
25.
All are innovations that...
： 如译成与原句对应的结构“所 有这些都是……的发明”，修饰成分显得太长，不如打
破原句结构，译成“所有这些发明都可能真正地改 变残疾人的日常生活”。
26.
under- utilised
：没有得到充分利用。
27.
prohibitively expensive
：‘禁止性地昂贵’也就是“昂贵得让人不敢问津”。
28.
fiddle about with
: 摆弄，拨弄。
29. Disabili ty...vocal：直译是“残疾人权利运动人士……声音越来越大”，换一种说法就是“争取残疾人权利的
呼声越来越高”。
30.
Access...life
：从上下文看，< br>access
这里指“享用公共设施”。后面的
quality of life
译成“生活质量”与前面“享用
公共设施”不匹配，不如译成“保障生活质量”。
31.
fundamental...rights
: “公民权利的基本方面”也就是“基本的公民权利”。
32.
go cap in hand
：乞丐行乞时，常手拿帽子，让人把钱投到帽子里，这样
go cap in hand
就成为“乞讨”的另一种
说法。
33.
modern
: 这里与‘先进’或‘新式’意思更为接近。
34.
recipients of charity
: “施舍的对象”。
35.
a generation's time
: ‘一代人的时间’也就是“二、三十年”。
36.
heave
：这个词的意思是‘一齐用力抬/搬’。
37.
delivery-ramp
：送货坡道。
38.
I'd call that
: 比‘我愿称那’更自然的说法是“那才算是”。
39.
Once
：通常对应‘一旦、一经’，这里可以译成“……后”。

/ englishstudy/may/outlook_2003-6-27
英语学习页码，1/3




中央电视台国际频道的《今日话题》节目主要由 海内外知名人士或专家学者就时事热点和典型的
社会文化现象进行对话。我们的“对话”频道—Chan nel D栏目就是从该节目中撷取最精彩的片段进行
加工整理，在浓缩其中智慧的同时也保持了其原本 的口语特色，使你如同亲耳聆听他们的谈话。
A Closer View of Vietnam
今日越南
■逸云 整理编写

Y: Yang Rui, Presenter of the CCTV English Program Dialogue
N: Mr. Nguyen Thien Nhan, Vice Chairman of People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City
1

Y: The relationship between China and Vietnam has significantly improved over the past
decade. The guest speaker to our program today is Mr. Nguyen Thien Nhan, Vice Chairman of
People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City. He will talk about what's been happening in Vietnam in
the recent years.

Y: We know Ho Chi Minh City is named after your late president and his name is very well
known to the elder generation in China. Now, can you tell us briefly about the history and the
present of the city?

N: The city used to be called Saigon. In the last century we were fighting against foreign occupation. Ho Chi
Minh was the leader of our people in fighting for our national freedom. One of his wishes was to liberate the
southern part of the country. And people in the south followed him in the cause. They wished to see him
after the victory but he died before the country's reunification.
2
So as a memory of his great contribution to
our country, especially to the southern part of the country, the government decided to name the city after
him. Today, in some of our institutions and agencies we still keep the name Saigon, for instance, the tourist
agency in the city is called Saigon Tourist, because we want to combine both the old tradition and the
recent history of the city. Ho Chi Minh City has now become the center of economy, science and culture of
our country.

Y: What are the major changes that have taken place in Vietnam?

N: In 1986 we decided to give up the planned economy and turn to market economy. And since then, for 16
years, we have been operating in the market economy system. In this kind of economy we need
international cooperation. So pupils in schools and students in universities are encouraged to learn foreign
languages, such as English, French, Japanese, as well as Chinese. Although Chinese teaching and
learning has been in decline for some years, 5 years ago we started to encourage people to learn Chinese.


Y: Is this to do with the normalization of our bilateral ties?
3
N: Yes. Also, we realize that China will be playing a more important role in the world. So it is of great
necessity to develop the relationship with China in order to respond to that new requirement.

Y: In the late 1970s, China began to open up to the world and implemented a series of reform.
Did similar things happen in your country?

N: Yes. In 1986 we decided to give up the planned economy and in 1988 we passed the law on foreign
direct investment because only with this new regulation we were able to attract investment. And since then
we've made amendments
4
to this law twice. Today international investment, especially foreign direct
investment, accounts for about 40% of the investment in Vietnam.

Y: Do you have any laws to protect the development of private businesses in your country?

N: Of course we do. Without the participation of private businesses, you cannot have market economy. The
proportion of private businesses increases every year.

Y: At the early age of economic development, our government worked out something which
we called It means that on one hand some of the prices of commodities
are determined by the government. Well, it's part of the planned economy. On the other hand,
some other prices are determined by the market. I wonder whether you experienced more or less
the same kind of thing in your country?

5
N: No. Since we gave up the planned economy in 1986, we have been operating with the one price system.

Y: We call our current economic system
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英语学习
would you describe yours?

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N: We call it

Y: Right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian government adopted what they
called In
China we adopted a gradual approach. We put much more emphasis on economic reform. What is
the situation like in your country?

6
N: In fact, we adopted reform policies similar to your version and we achieved political stability and
economic results.

Y: Do you have the serious problem of corruption of government officials? And how do you
crack down on corruption?

7
N: We do have cases of corruption of government officials. The media plays a good role in exposing
corruption. Those who are charged with corruption will be put in jail. We also have death penalty.

Y: Now, I'm interested to know how you look at your relationship with America. The United
States used to be the top enemy of your country because of the war in the 1960s. What's your
current attitude towards America?

N: I believe that not all Americans supported the war during that time. And I believe that people in the world,
including Vietnamese and Americans, have learned from the past history. What we believe is wrong we
should not repeat in the future. We think because of the learning capability we would cooperate with each
other. We try to look forward. Last year we signed an agreement with America on bilateral trade.

Y: Is there any scar left by the war?

N: I think so. You see the disproportion
8
of men and women in each generation because many men died
during the war. For us, we should not forget our history.

Y: What do you mean by not forgetting the history?

N: I mean we should educate our people and tell them that peace is not costless. We should make our
people realize that international support is very important for a country like Vietnam to win a war. And we
should make our people understand that international cooperation and solidarity
9
not only worked for the
past but also works for today.

Y: Are the younger generation in your country eager to learn from America? How do they react
to American values such as their most often proclaimed notions of democracy and freedom?

10
N: I don't think those notions like freedom and democracy are anything new or strange to us. We have been
always fighting for freedom and democracy. But I did learn about the good part of the American democracy
when I was studying in the States.

Y: There was a major conflict between our two countries back in the 1970's. Do you think your
people, the young and the elder generation, have forgotten that part of history? How do you look
at the current relationship between Vietnam and China?

N: The conflict between Vietnam and China was only a short-lived one. If we look at the history of the last
century, more than 90 years we were in peace and supporting relationship. And as I said, we have all
learned from our history and benefited from mutual understanding. I believe Chinese people have seen that
over the past 10 years the relationship between our two countries has developed to a much higher level
than in the past. We see the mutual visit of the highest leaders of both countries.

Y: As you know, China is maintaining a high economic growth against the backdrop of
economic slowdown around the world. Given this fact, China will attract more overseas
investment, so do you think this will affect the foreign investment to your country?

N: I think it will and actually the impact has already been felt. But I think with China we do not only compete,
we also learn to cooperate.

Y: I believe cooperation and competition should be the major components to characterize
our bilateral relations in the future.

11

1. 胡志明市，越南南部城市，原名西贡（
Saigon
）。
2. 越南领导人胡志明领导北越打败了由美国专政的南越政府，于越南重新统一（1976年）前去世。
3. 双边关系的正常化。
4.
amendment
: 修改。
5. 指价格双轨制。
6.
ruble
: 卢布。
7.
crack down on
: 制裁。
8.
disproportion
: 比例的不平衡。
9.
solidarity
: 团结。
10.
proclaimed
: 声明的。
11.
component
: 成分。
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The Roman Peace

罗马的和平

B
Y
A
ELIUS
A
RISTIDES

[古罗马] 阿里斯蒂德斯 ■孙有中 选译

If one considers the vast extent of your empire he must be
amazed that so small a fraction of it rules the world, but when
he beholds the city and its spaciousness it is not astonishing
that all the habitable world is ruled by such a capital . . . . Your
possessions equal the sun's course . . . . You do not rule within
fixed boundaries, nor can anyone dictate the limits of your
sway . . . . Whatever any people produces can be found here,
at all times and in abundance . . . . Egypt, Sicily, and the
civilized part of Africa are your farms; ships are continually
coming and going . . . .
Vast as it is, your empire is more remarkable for its
thoroughness than its scope: there are no dissident or
rebellious enclaves . . . . The whole world prays in unison that
your empire may endure forever.
Governors sent out to cities and peoples each rule their
charges, but in their relations to each other they are equally
subjects. The principal difference between governors and their
charges is this
—
they demonstrate the proper way to be a
subject. So great is their reverence for the great Ruler [the
emperor], who administers all things. Him they believe to know
their business better than they themselves do, and hence they
respect and heed him more than one would a master
overseeing a task and giving orders. No one is so self-assured
that he can remain unmoved upon hearing the emperor's name;
he rises in prayer and adoration and utters a twofold prayer
—
to
the gods for the Ruler, and to the Ruler for himself. And if the
governors are in the least doubt concerning the justice of claims
or suits of the governed, public or private, they send to the
Ruler for instructions at once and await his reply, as a chorus
awaits its trainer's directions. Hence the Ruler need not exhaust
himself by traveling to various parts to settle matters in person.
It is easy for him to abide in his place and manage the world
through letters; these arrive almost as soon as written, as if
borne on wings.
But the most notable and praiseworthy feature of all, a thing
unparalleled, is your magnanimous conception of citizenship. All
of your subjects (and this implies the whole world) you have
divided into two parts: the better endowed and more virile,
wherever they may be, you have granted citizenship and even
kinship; the rest you govern as obedient subjects. Neither the
seas nor expanse of land bars citizenship; Asia and Europe are
not differentiated. Careers are open to talent . . . . Rich and poor
find contentment and profit in your system; there is no other
way of life. Your polity is a single and all-embracing harmony . .
. .
You alone are, so to speak, natural rulers. Your
predecessors were masters and slaves in turn; as rulers they
were counterfeits, and reversed their positions like players in a
ball game. . . . You have measured out the world, bridged
rivers, cut roads through mountains, filled the wastes with
考虑到你的帝国幅员之辽阔 ，任何人都
会惊讶不已：如此弹丸之地居然统治着全世
界。然而，只要他目睹这座气势恢弘的城
市，世间人迹所至之处之所以受制于此一都
城，也就不足为怪了。……普天之下，莫非
王土。……你的统治并不囿于固定的疆域，
也没有任何人能够约束你的权力。……在这
里，一年 四季，世间物产应有尽有，源源不
竭。……埃及、西西里以及非洲的开化地带
都是你的农场；船 舶往来，川流不息……

你的帝国固然广袤无边，而更值得称道
的不是它的疆域 ，而是它的稳固：这里没有
任何叛逆的飞地。……全世界同声祈祷：愿
你的帝国万古长存。

派往各城市和民族区域的总督们治理着
各自辖区的人民，但就其相互关系而言，他
们不过是平等的臣民。总督与其辖区人民之
间的首要区别在于：前者模范地履行臣民的
职责。他们对统率天下的伟大君主[即罗马皇
帝]无限崇拜，相信他比他们自己更了解他们
的事 务，因而他们对他的景仰之情决非人们
对一个发号施令的主人的尊崇可以比拟。没
有人会如此自 命不凡，听到皇帝的名字居然
能无动于衷；他定会肃然起敬，连声祈祷，
一面祈求神灵保佑君主 ，一面祈求君主保佑
自己。假如总督对其辖区官民申诉的合理性
有任何的疑虑，他们便立刻向君 主请示，然
后像合唱团等待教练的指令一样等待他的批
复。这样，君主便无须因事必躬亲而疲于 四
处奔波。通过信函，他足不出宫便可轻易治
理天下；这些信函几乎朝发夕至，仿佛插上
了飞翔的翅膀。


但是，最引人注目、最可颂扬且举世无
双的 特性还要数你宽宏大量的公民观。你将
所有的臣民（也就是全世界）分成两类：对
于那些更有天 资、更强健的，无论他们身在
何处，你都授予公民身份，甚至视为同胞；
其余的你便作为顺从的 臣民加以统治。无论
是海洋还是广袤的陆地，都不能构成公民身
份的障碍；亚细亚与欧罗巴平等 相待。英才
俊士均可脱颖而出。……在你的制度里，无
论贫富，人人各安其分，各谋其利；舍此 别
无他途。你的国度政通人和，欣欣向
荣。……

可以说，你是天生的 统治者。从前的帝
王们不过是轮流交换着主仆的角色；作为统
治者，他们徒有虚名，好似一场球 赛中的选
手更换着彼此的位置。……你指点江山，架
2003-6-27/englishst udy/may/classic_
英语学习
posting stations, introduced orderly and refined modes of
life . . . .
Be all gods and their offspring invoked to grant that this
empire and this city flourish forever and never cease until
stones float upon the sea and trees forbear to sprout in the
springtide. May the great Ruler and his sons be preserved to
administer all things well.
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设桥梁，开山凿路，在荒野设立驿站，
将安宁、优雅的生活 方式传播四方。……

愿天地间所有神灵保佑帝国和都城繁荣
昌盛，万古长春， 直到海枯石烂。愿吾皇子
孙万代，永享国泰民安。
从公元前27年到公元180年大约200年的时间，史称“罗马的和平”（Pax Romana，即Roman Peace）。在这一时
期，罗马帝国的统治达到辉煌的顶峰，其疆域横 跨欧、亚、非大陆，地中海一时成为其内湖。帝国境内，政治开
明、社会安宁、经济繁荣、文化兴旺，一 派“和平”景象。罗马帝国的文人墨客们于是纷纷写诗赋词，讴歌太平盛
世、皇上英明。本文作者是公元 2世纪的一位希腊文人，在这篇献给罗马城的演说词中，他使用了大量华丽的辞藻
和夸张的手法。从中， 读者不难感受到罗马帝国当年恢弘博大的气象。
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《疯狂世界》是英国剧作家Tim Rhys为英国文化委员会所属的LearnEnglish网站创 作的一部网
络科幻小说。现经英国文化委员会授权，本刊从2002年第1期开始连载此文。《疯狂世界 》共十章，
本期刊登的是第五章。
Crazy World (5)
Chapter 5
—
Dr Webber

you must listen to me now. You're not well. And you need our help.

I looked everywhere. I couldn't see where the voice was coming from. The water-bus pulled into
Greenwich Island, in the middle of the River Thames. The other passengers were taking three-dimensional
photographs of the island. Nobody else could hear the voice, but it continued.

- Because nothing you can see is real.

- Get out of my head! What's going on?

Everyone turned to stare at me. I must have been shouting. The old Russian couple looked quite
alarmed.
1








The tour guide interrupted the voice.


of the island is the Self- Moving Office District, where all the buildings are able to get up and move around. It
features the Mobile Tower
—
the world's largest walking tower-block.

Dr Webber's voice cut through my thoughts again.

- Walking tower-blocks? Come on, Mr. Serge. You don't honestly believe that's real, do you?

- Yes! Why not?

Ivan and Olga stared at me again. The other passengers were getting off the bus.

- Serge. Watch carefully: this is reality.

As soon as the doctor spoke, the world around me started to change. The wide River Thames began to
fade away.
2
The strange and wonderful buildings disappeared.

The other people on the boat transformed into mental patients and the London tour bus became a
large, white room.

I was back in the hospital ward.
3
I looked around in horror. I saw that I was sitting on my bed, with Dr
Webber standing in front of me. He was smiling kindly at me.

- That's better. Welcome back to the real world. I know you don't like it, but we are glad to have you
back.
- I thought I have escaped.

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stand up.
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- Only in your imagination. You've been sitting there for a long time now, Mr. Serge. See if you can
I stood up. My head felt strange and I nearly fell over. He said it was good for me to get some exercise. I
followed him to the door, and out into a long, narrow corridor. At the far end was a door. A sign on it said,

4

- No! No more electric shocks!

- You need your therapy, Mr. Serge. To stop those terrible hallucinations.
5
Please remember: I just
want you to get better.

Another voice joined in,

- No he doesn't!

It was Plummet, talking in my head. Dr Webber smiled at me. He opened the door.

- After you, Mr. Serge.

- Don't go in there! You're not mentally ill.

- I am ill, Plummet. I've been imagining things. I need help.

- You think this is real? This hospital?

- Yes, of course it's real.

- So where am I then?

I looked around the corridor. I couldn't see him.

- You're just a voice in my head, Plummet. I'm imagining you.

- You're not. Dr Webber's created this hallucination and transmitted it into your head.

Dr Webber led me towards the open door. Plummet's voice shouted at me.

- Serge! If you go in there, you will never come out again!


1.
alarmed
: 惊恐的。
2.
fade away
: 淡化，消失。
3.
ward
: 医院的病房。
4. 走廊的尽头有一扇门，门上的标牌写着“电磁治疗室”。
therapy
: 治疗。
5.
hallucination
/
h2;lu:si#nei12n
/: 幻觉，幻想。


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The Moon

月

B
Y
W
ILLIAM
H
ENRY
D
AVIES

■吕靖 译析

Thy beauty haunts me heart and soul.
Oh your fair Moon,so close and bright;
Thy beauty makes me like the child,
That cries aloud to own thy light:
The little child that lifts each arm
To press thee to her bosom warm.
Though there are birds that sing this night
With thy white beams across their throats,
Let my deep silence speak for me
More than for them their sweetest notes:
Who worships thee till music fails
Is greater than thy nightingales.
评注：
你的美萦绕我的心魂。
噢，你这美妙的月儿呀，如此地真切而明
澈。
你的美丽让我喜欢上了那个
欢叫着去捕捉你的光芒的孩子：
那小家伙张开双臂，
将你拥入她温暖的怀中。
今夜虽然也有鸟儿放声歌唱，
你洁白的清辉浸润着它们的歌喉，
而我以深深的沉默来表达心声，
比那最委婉的吟唱蕴含更深：
若有人对你的热忱连音乐都难以传达，
此人对你的激情远胜于那些夜莺。
William Henry Davies
(1870--?)，英国诗人。原本是个乡下 牧牛人，还曾经当过一段时间的流浪汉。有一次，他在加拿
大沿着火车轨道赶路时，不幸右脚被车轮碾断 。也许是生活异常贴近自然之故，他的诗清新自然，不带一丝烟火气。他
的天分是萧伯纳发现的，萧伯纳 曾称赞他道：“我还没有念三行，就看出这个作家是真诗人。”
这首诗《月》就是颇为清净自然的。它 描写了作者月下的所见、所闻和所感。由目睹月光的皎洁、儿童的天真，到
耳闻鸟儿婉转的啼唱，光是这 些就足以绘制成一幅摄人心魂的优美画卷了，而作者却还有更妙之处，那就是溶入了自己
的独特感受：月 儿的清辉下，沉默才是最好的表达。整首诗读来，使人觉得通体都是透明无瑕的。读到忘形处，更恨不
得 自己化作一只河蚌，沐浴在皎皎月光之下，着实享受一番。
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Why Do It Yourself?
自己动手为哪般？
B
Y
M
ARTIN
C
ARVEY
■玫文 选注
找专业人士帮忙，不如享受自己动手的乐趣
The reasons why people engage in DIY have always been numerous and complex. For some, DIY has
provided a rare opportunity for creativity and self expression. For others it has been an unwelcome
necessity, driven purely by economic considerations. Then there has been a group which feels that a
building can never be a home unless it has been altered and modified to reflect a change of occupancy.
1
A
final group has traditionally taken the line
2
that if you want a job done well, you must do it yourself.

DIY as necessity

There is a significant number of young homemakers for whom there is no option but DIY. Their new
home, whether bought on a mortgage which consumes a major slice of their income,
3
or rented at similarly
challenging rates, will often require essential refurbishment and even structural repair.

Some of these people are reluctant first-time DIYers. They would much prefer to hire professionals, but
can't afford to do so. The majority, however, welcome the opportunity that need has forced upon them to
get involved for the first time in the real business of creating a home
4
—
with all of its unfamiliar physical
labour and the learning from scratch
5
of new techniques. In time, many will migrate to one of the other
categories of DIYer,
6
continuing to exercise their new found talents and enthusiasm when no longer forced
by financial constraints to do so.

DIY as territorial marking

Even those who have bought a brand new 'starter home', the type which increasingly proliferates
around the edges of our towns and cities, will feel compelled to add personal touches of a less dramatic
kind to disguise its otherwise bland and expressionless nature.
7
Putting a 'personal stamp
8
on the place'
was one of the most frequently reported motives for DIY.

DIY as self-expression
Many young people today are frustrated artists
—
their latent creative talents just waiting for the chance
to reveal themselves. There are also those seeking opportunities for a sense of achievement and personal
fulfilment. DIY provided just such opportunities for the overwhelming majority of young people. They spoke
at length of their sense of pride after completing their very first DIY task,
9
and about how this experience
gave them the drive to tackle more ambitious projects.

This sense of creative achievement comes both from the choices made by the first-time DIYer
—
the
selection of colours, textures and components to apply to the 'canvas' of the home
—
and from the
application of specific skills and techniques. The manufacturers of DIY materials clearly understand this and
now provide a wide range of 'arty'
10
products to fuel creative urges.
11
At the same time, they make the
materials themselves much easier to use
—
the DIY equivalent of painting by numbers. Special paint effects,
which once required the specialist knowledge and training of the true professional, can now be achieved
straight out of the can with a simple brush.
12

DIY as perfection-seeking
A large proportion of first-time DIYers distrust builders and decorators. They feel that most are
'cowboys' and that even the more reputable ones are very unlikely to have the same loving attention to
detail and care as the DIYer. Within this group there were those who were content for builders to perform
basic or structural work, and to undertake tasks such as plastering which are beyond the competence of
most DIYers, particularly the younger novices.
13
The finishing work, however, was something these people
kept for themselves
—
the final 'perfecting' of what otherwise would be just a mediocre
14
result.

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The problem perfectionists face is that progress can be very slow. One young female partner of a such
a perfectionist said:
the living room.
circumstance, to speed things up, other problems can result:
15

had friends coming for the weekend. I was so unhappy with it that I painted it again after they had gone.

DIY as leisure activity
For a significant minority of first-timers, DIY is seen as a novel and entertaining pastime. It is not really
work, but something akin to
16
entertainment, shared by both partners and even the children in the case of
young families.

The idea that DIYing is akin to a trip to the lions of Longleat
17
may seem strange. But for these people
home-making was sufficiently different from, and infinitely preferable to, the dull routines of weekday work
to constitute a weekend break.
18
The results of such activity were rewarding, but probably less so than
engaging in the activity itself.

DIY as therapy
—it's great.
young man of 27. For him it was his way of getting rid of stress after a long day at work—a way of switching
off
19
and using the repetitive nature of many DIY tasks as a way of relaxing. Others hinted at a similar
process, where DIY was almost an end in itself, rather than just a means to achieving a better home.
20

While people in this group might sound like sad anoraks,
21
lacking the basic social skills to get a life
outside of the home, they were quite the opposite. DIY provided a transitional stage between work and
play
—
something which allowed them to unwind
22
and rid themselves of tensions, becoming more sociable
in the process.



1.
reflect a change of occupancy
: 反映居住的变化。
2.
take the(a) line
: 采取……政策（或措施）。
3.
on a mortgage
: 用抵押贷款的方式。
slice
: 部分。
4. 然而多数人欢迎这样的机会来迫使他们第一次参加真正建造一个家的活动。
5.
from scratch
: 从头开始。
6. 随着时间的推移，许多人将转换成另一种类型的
DIY
者。
7. 甚至那些买了全新的 一手房——在城镇边缘激增的那种类型——的人会感到有必要加一点不太明显的个人风格< br>来遮盖其原本枯燥而呆板的本来面目。
8.
personal stamp
: 个人的痕迹。
9. 在完成第一桩DIY 任务后，他们喋喋不休地表达着自豪感。
at length
: 长久地，罗嗦地。
10.
arty
: <口> 装作爱好艺术的，附庸风雅的。
11.
fuel creative urges
: 刺激创作的冲动。
12. 现在用一把简单的刷子就可以直接从颜料罐中调出来。
13.
novice
: 新手，初学者。
14.
mediocre
/;mi:di#2%k2(r)/: 普通的，平庸的。
15. 当完美主义者被唠叨或环境所迫加快速度，其他问题就可能接踵而至。
16.
akin to
: 与……相似。
17.
Longleat
: 英国著名的游猎公园，允许游客自己开车观赏狮子。
18. 但对这些人来说，把操持家务作为周末休息的一部分，与枯燥的平日工作非常不同，而且感觉好得多。
19.
switch off
: (用开关)关掉（电灯、收音机等），这里指停下来休息。
20. 其他人暗示了一个相似的过程，DIY本身就是他们的目的，而不仅仅是获得一个更好的家的途径。
21.
anorak
: （北方严寒地带穿的）带风帽的厚茄克，英国人把有独特喜 好、有轻度自我中心主义的人称为
“
anorak
。
22.
unwind
: 放松，松弛。

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马年谈“马”

■廊坊师范学院外语系 汤仁甫
2002年是 21世纪的第一个中国农历马年。汉语里有许多关于马的成语：一马当先、马到成功、万马奔腾、快马加
鞭、马不停蹄、春风得意马蹄疾等等，这些成语融入了中国人对马的喜爱，对马的感情，对马的希望。马是一种具 有
力量和速度的动物。自古以来，人们的生活、生产、打仗、运输、体育运动等都与马息息相关，因而有 关马的习语也
就应运而生。
在英语里也有许多有趣的习语与马这种动物有关。这些习语大多来 自赛马这一活动。赛马原本是贵族的一项娱乐
项目，后来由于加入了赌博的因素，它才进入寻常百姓的生 活。如今赛马活动已经遍及世界各地，自然也在英语习语
中留下了不少痕迹。
我们先来看看 straight from the horse's mouth。这个成语原来是讲如何确定马的年龄的。 有经验的驯马师或
者贩马的商人确定马的长幼的方法就是看它有几颗牙齿。马第一年长出两颗门齿，以后 每年长两颗新牙。所以不管马
的主人怎么吹嘘，只要数一数马的牙齿，就可以知道这匹马几岁，也就是“ 直接从马的嘴 (straight from the
horse's mouth) 确定它的年龄”。这条习语最初的意思是指确凿无疑的依据。现在已常常被用来指“( 消息等 )直
接来自当事人”。例如：They are going to be married. I got the news straight from the horse's mouth---
their minister.（他们即将结婚，我从他们的牧师那里得到可靠的消息。）
另外一个来自赛马行业的成语是 look a gift horse in the mouth。 当一个人收到一匹人家白送给他作为礼物
的马，还要掰开它的嘴察看它有几颗牙齿，你认为他这样是什么 ？吹毛求疵。以后再见到有人对收到的礼物翻来覆去
挑毛病，你就可以用这个短语。例如：John gave Joe a baseball but Joe complained that the ball was old.
His father told him not to look a gift horse in the mouth. （约翰给乔一个棒球，但乔抱怨这球太旧。他的
父亲告诉他不要太挑剔。） 赛马中马速分为5种：wa lk（常步）、amble（慢步）、trot（小跑）、canter（慢
跑）、gallop（疾驰 ）。如果一匹马以慢跑（canter）就能跑赢另一匹疾驰（gallop）的马，那就是win in a
canter（以慢跑取胜）, 喻指“轻易取胜”。例如：In the English speech contest, he won in a canter.（他在
这次英语演讲比赛中轻易获胜。）
其他来自赛马的成语还有：back the wrong horse 赌马时押错了马，喻指“估计错误；支持失败的一方”；
hold your horses原指在没听到发令枪响之前勒住缰绳，别让马抢跑。这条习语的比喻意义是“不要急，镇静”；
change horses in midstream表示“临阵换将，中途改变策略”。
以上是和赛马有关的一些习语，而Trojan horse (特洛伊木马)这一习语则源于古希腊传 说。希腊人围攻特洛伊
城，但久攻不下。于是佯装撤退，留下一匹巨大的木马。特洛伊人不知是计，把木 马拖进城里。晚上，藏在木马腹中
的希腊士兵们悄悄爬出来，为悄然返回的希腊军队打开城门。希腊人里 应外合，攻陷了特洛伊城。后来人们就用
Trojan horse表示“暗藏的敌人或危险”。
dark horse（黑马）据说最早出现在英国首相本杰明·狄斯雷里1831年发表的小说《年轻 的公爵》中。书中描写
了一场马赛，观众都认为有两匹马最有希望夺冠，然而出人意料的是，“一匹人们 从未料到的黑马风驰电掣般冲过看
台夺得胜利。”从此“黑马”一词不仅被用于体育比赛中，表示“意想 不到的获胜者”，而且还进入了政界，指那些
出人意料地被提名或当选的候选人。 在西方历史上有很长 一段时间只有上流社会的人才能骑马。国王举行游行时，
王宫显贵便骑着高头大马招摇过市。所以，英语 里又有了be on the high horse，表示“趾高气扬，盛气凌人”。而
come off the high horse则表示“放下架子”。
在骑士时代，骑士们经常持枪比赛，比赛时打着不同颜色的旗号。因此，horse of another /different color
(另一种颜色的马) 实际上是指“打着另一种 颜色旗号的骑士的坐骑”。现在，这一习语指“截然不同；风马牛不相
及的事；两码事”。例如：Any one can be broke, but to steal is a horse of another color.（每个人都可能贫
穷，但偷窃却完全是另一回事儿了。）
flog a dead horse 表示“重提已经解决的问题；徒劳”。You'll be flogging a dead horse if you try to
change her mind about it. （你要是想使她改变对这件事的看法，完全是徒劳。） put the cart before the
horse喻指“本末倒置”。例如：To get married first and then get a job is putting the cart before the
horse. (先结婚再找工作乃是本末倒置。) eat like a horse表示“大吃大喝，狼吞虎咽”。buy a white horse比
喻“浪费金钱”。to shut the stable door after the horse is stolen喻“为时已晚”。 work like a horse喻
指“勤奋工作”。这里英国人选择了horse作喻体，因为他们早期用马耕地，而中国人则说“像老黄牛一样干 活”，
因为我们用牛耕地。由此也可以看出中西方文化的不同在语言中的反映。
以上这些习 语都是以马(horse)作为喻体的。因此，在每条习语中都含有马（horse）一词。还有一些习语中虽然
没有出现horse这个词，但也和马有关。in the long run是一条常用习语，也源出赛马。有的马可能一时领先，但跑
到后来（in the long run），却可能因气力不济而落后。这条习语的意思是“最终；从长远观点看”。neck and
neck则指“并驾齐驱，不分先后”。
莎士比亚是对英语习语影响最深的大文豪，其语句被后人引用者数不胜数。die in the harness出自莎士比亚的
《麦克白》：We'll die with harness on our back.（就是死我们也要捐躯沙场）。harness指“马具”。in
/englis hstudy/may/speakwhich_2003-6-27
英语学习页码，2/2
h arness原指“套着马具”,可引申为“在执行公务中”或“穿着铠甲”。这条习语喻指“死在任上；因公殉
职”。 《伊索寓言》被誉为西方寓言之父，它对西方乃至全世界的哲学思想和文学艺术都具有深刻的影 响。英语中
很多典故、谚语、习语都源于《伊索寓言》。其中有这样一个故事：一只狗被关在马厩里和几 匹马一起过夜。狗选择
在盛着饲料的马槽里睡觉，因为躺在草上舒服。半夜里马起来吃草，狗却对着马又 叫又咬。马说：“你这畜生讨厌，
自己不吃草，却要占着马槽不让别人吃草。”后来人们就用dog in the manger (马槽里的狗)指那些“自己不做还不
让别人做”、“自己不用也不让别人用”的人。

/englishstudy/may/speakwhich_2003-6-27
英语学习 页码，1/1




Everything Is to Be Payed for
物有所值
B
Y
S
HEILAH
N
ELSON
■王妤 选注
Helen was a very successful businesswoman. She had always liked nice clothes, and when she had
left school she had gone and worked in a shop which sold them, not far from her home. After a few
experiments she showed that she was very successful at designing the sorts of things that women want to
buy,
1
so after a few years the owner of the shop, who was an oldish lady, offered to make her a partner.
2


Helen was very pleased, of course, and when the old lady retired, Helen bought her share and became
the sole owner of the shop.
3
Now she had her independence.

Ever since she had started in the shop she had had to travel around to see what attractive things her
rivals in the clothes trade
4
were producing, to attend fashion shows and so on. She had always stayed at
small cheap hotels, because she dared not spend too much money when she was saving up
5
to buy a shop
of her own.
But when she at last became the owner of the shop, and it was making good profits,
6
she found that
she had plenty of money, and she felt she should now stay in the best hotels whenever she travelled.
the people who buy good clothes can see that your business is successful,
therefore more of them think they should buy the clothes you make.
So when she had to go to the next fashion show, which was in Rome, she stayed at a very good hotel.
She had a nice big room with beautiful furniture in which she could entertain customers, and there were
also fine public rooms where she could, to her great pride, hold small fashion shows of her own.
7
The room
service
8
was excellent, and so was the dining-room, which had a band
9
every evening for dancing. Helen
had never before dared to stay in such a splendid place.
She could see from the bills she signed for everything that the prices in the hotel were high, but she
was still rather surprised when, just before she left, she was given a bill of several pages, written on
beautiful headed paper.
10

She checked the bill carefully, and was happy with everything except the last line, which said
1800
11
She could not remember having had any paper from the
hotel, so she thought she should go to the cashier and ask him about it.




1. 经过几次尝试之后，她证实了自己能成功地设计出使女士们掏腰包的那些东西。
2. 几年后，店主— —一位颇有点年纪的女士主动提议让她成了店铺的合伙人。
oldish
:上了点年纪的，表示
not very
old, but not young either
，注意下一段中用的是
the old lady
，相对
oldish lady
年纪要大一些；
offer to
:（主动）表示愿
意（做某事）；
partner
: 合伙人，股东。
3. 海伦把她的股份买了下来，成了店铺的惟一股东。
4.服装行业中的竞争对手。
rival
: 竞争对手，敌手。
5.
save up
: 储蓄，攒钱。
6.
make good profits
: 获利颇丰。
7.她住的是一个有着漂亮家具的舒适的大房间，她可以在那 儿接待顾客。宾馆里还有一些很雅致的对公众开放的房
间，她可以在那儿举办自己的小型服装展，这也正 是她引以为豪的。
entertain
: 款待，招待。
8.
room service
: （宾馆等送餐到客人房间的）客户用餐服务。
9.
band
: 伴舞乐队。
10.有着漂亮抬头的纸。
11.
L
是
lira
/#li2r2/(意大利里拉)的简写，
p
是
penny
（英国便士）的简写。

/englishstudy/may/e asyreading_2003-6-27
英语学习页码，1/1




Our Glasses always Have Flexible Prices
镜价无常
B
Y
R
UTH
W.G
EE
■贾宇琰 选注
John Andrews had had to wear glasses ever since he was a small boy, so, shortly before the time
when he was to leave school, his parents suggested that he might train to be an optician,
1
so that he could
help other people with their eyes.
John did not have any strong feelings about what he wanted to do, so he agreed and started a course of
training with the intention of becoming an optician. He found the work interesting, and did not have any
trouble in qualifying at the end of the course.
2
The next problem was to find a steady
3
job.

He looked at the advertisements in suitable journals, applied for a number of the situations offered, and
at last managed to get one in the town where he lived,
4
so one Monday morning he set off
5
by bus for his
new work.
The owner of the optician's shop
6
where he had been accepted was an old man, and he had another
assistant and a secretary.
The first time that John tested a customer's eyes,
7
the owner of the shop watched carefully to make
sure that he knew what to do, and he was very satisfied with everything that John did, except that John did
not know anything about prices.


8
While John had been studying at college, he had read several articles and letters in the newspapers
about arguments over the cost of glasses. The government had been accusing opticians of charging far too
much for them, and had been threatening to bring in laws to control their prices,
9
so John was curious to
know what the owner of the shop would have to say about them.
At lunchtime, when they closed for an hour, the owner of the shop said to John,
a chat with reference to
10
our charges for glasses, so that you know what to say to customers. In this shop
we expect everyone to pay a fair price for what he or she gets, so when you have tested someone's eyes,
and they have chosen the kind of lenses and frames
11
they would like to have, and they want to know how
much they will cost, you should say, for example, '
￡
54'.

seem frightened by this price, you should add, 'That's the price of the frame. The lenses cost
￡
54 more.'


1. 他的父母建议他可以去学习当一名配镜验光师。
train
在这里作不及物动词 ，是“受训练，受教育”的意思；
optician
/
=p#ti12n
/: 配镜师。
2. 结业时他没怎么费劲就通过了考试。
3.
steady
:（工作）固定的，稳定的。
4. 他查看了相关报纸上的广告，去应聘了很多职位，最后他在自己住的镇上找到了一份工作。
manage to do sth
.:
设法做到。注意
manage
强调“做到了”，而
try to do sth
.则着重表示“努力去做”。
5.
set off
: 出发，启程。
6. 眼镜店。
optician
在这里指“眼镜商”。
7. 给顾客验光。
8.
quietly
: 在暗中，私底下。
9. 政府一直都在指责眼镜商们要价太高，并已宣称要制订新的法令以控制眼镜价格。
bring in
: 提出（法案等）。
10.
with reference to
: 关于，就……而论。
11.
lens
: 镜片；
frames
: 眼镜框（注意是复数形式）。


/e nglishstudy/may/easyreading_2003-6-27
英语学习页码，1/ 1




Just a Little Smile
救命的微笑
B
Y
J
OHN
W. S
CHLATTER
■刘普 选注
Mark was walking home from school one day when he noticed the boy ahead of him had tripped
1
and
dropped all of the books he was carrying, along with two sweaters, a baseball bat, a glove and a small tape
recorder. Mark knelt down and helped the boy pick up the scattered articles.
2
Since they were going the
same way, he helped to carry part of the burden. As they walked Mark discovered the boy's name was Bill,
that he loved video games, baseball and history, and that he was having lots of trouble with his other
subjects and that he had just broken up with
3
his girlfriend.

They arrived at Bill's home first and Mark was invited in for a Coke and to watch some television. The
afternoon passed pleasantly with a few laughs and some shared small talk,
4
then Mark went home. They
continued to see each other around school, had lunch together once or twice, then both graduated from
junior high school. They ended up in the same high school where they had brief contacts over the years.
5

Finally the long awaited senior year came and three weeks before graduation, Bill asked Mark if they could
talk.
Bill reminded him of the day years ago when they had first met.
carrying so many things home that day?
want to leave a mess for anyone else.
6
I had stored away some of my mother's sleeping pills
7
and I was
going home to commit suicide. But after we spent some time together talking and laughing, I realized that if
I had killed myself, I would have missed that time and so many others that might follow. So you see, Mark,
when you picked up those books that day, you did a lot more. You saved my life.

1.
trip
: 绊倒。
2. 马克跪下来帮男孩捡起散落在地上的东西。
kn elt
为
kneel
的过去时。
3.
break up with sb.
: 与某人关系破裂。
4.
small talk
: 闲谈，聊天。
5. 他们从同一所高中毕业，在高中的几年里保持着简单的联系。
6. 我 把锁柜都腾空了，因为我不想留给别人一个烂摊子。
locker
:（学校供学生个人使用的） 锁柜。
7.
sleeping pill
: 安眠药片。

/englishstudy/may/easyreading_2003-6-27