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2021-01-07 11:22
tags:英语学习, 外语学习

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2021年1月7日发(作者:董守正)
Unit 16


Comprehensive Abilities through Comparative Studies


Highlights of the Unit 单元要点概述


I. Comparative Sties of English and Chinese Languages from a Macroscopic View Point
英汉语言宏观对比
II. Practical Abilities Attained from Translation Studies and Criticism 通过比较研究和翻
译批评提高实际 能力


Reflections and Practice思考与练习

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单元要点概述


I. 英汉语言宏观对比
1. 综合性语与分析性语 2. 紧凑与松散 3. 形合与意合
4. 繁复与简单 5. 物称与人称 6. 被动与主动
7. 静态与动态 8. 抽象与具体 9. 间接与直接
10. 替换与重复

II. 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力
1. 语感能力
2. 语境分析能力
3. 逻辑思维能力

本单元为全书的末章,阐述了通过英汉语言 文字的比较研究,从中找出规律,改进
技巧方法,提高翻译综合能力。

本单元前 部分列出了语言学家所归纳的英汉语言结构的十大差异:1.英语属综合性
语言,其标志为词的曲折变化 形式,汉语为分析性语言,靠“着”、“了”、“过”之类
的助词表达不同的时间关系;2.英语句式紧 凑,有大量的连词、介词在句与句之间
衔接,汉语句式松散,句与句之间缺少连接成分;3.英语的各类 语句的关系靠严密
的句法来衔接,浑然一体,汉语的句式不靠句法上的衔接,讲究“不言而喻”;4.英 语
句子长而复杂,汉语句子短而简练;5.英语多用非人称词类做主语,汉语多用人称代
词做主 语;6.英语多用被动语态,汉语多用主动结构;7.英语多用静态表达,汉语
多用动态表达;8.英语 多用抽象概念,汉语多用具体措辞;9.英语多用间接肯定、
否定,汉语多用直接肯定、否定;10.英 语多用替换词语,汉语多用重复形式。


本单元后部分对怎样提高翻译的 实际能力做了介绍,提出通过对不同译者、不同译
作的研究,通过翻译批评来培养和形成三种翻译综合能 力:1.语感能力,也就是培
养和形成译者良好的语感;2.语境分析能力,学会通过上下文的语境分析 准确地表达
出原文的信息内容,生动地再现原文的风格风貌;3.逻辑思维能力,通过文本对照
批评,把握逻辑的尺度,避免谬误与疏忽。

So far we have covered all the translation techniques and skills. However,techniques and
skills alone are of little use unless applied in adequate practice. Besides,one's translation
abilities are based on a two-way course,i. e.,a good command of both one's mother
tongue and the English language,and therefore,a comparative study of the syntax and
the basic structure of the source language and the target language would be of great help
for enhancing our comprehensive abilities. Comparative studies may be conducted in
both macroscopic and microscopic spheres,namely,the comparison at language level and
in various individual cases. Since it is impossible for us to go into various individual
cases in detail,we may focus our topic on the former.





I. Comparative Studies of English and

Chinese Languages from a Macroscopic
View Point






According to some linguists,noticeably Mr. Lian Shuneng in his Contrastive Studies on
English and Chinese,ten contrasts indicate the disparity between the English and the
Chinese languages.

1. Synthetic vs. Analytic

English is a synthetic language marked with inflexions (曲折变化形式),while Chinese is
an analytic language without any inflection,which is usually implied in the context or
explicitly shown in such words as 着、了、过:

● During the wartime,years like these would have meant certain death for many people.
Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their
children. 战争期间碰到这样的年景,很多人肯定会死去,很多人会逃荒要饭,很多
人会被迫卖儿卖女。
● Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 由于受到这样的鼓
励,他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。
● But for many,the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well
without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 但在许多人看来,
穷人现在能不靠政府救济养活自己,而且生活得几乎和过去依靠政 府救济时生活得
一样好,这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利。









2. Compact vs. Diffusive

English sentences are compact tightly combined with connectives or prepositions,while
Chinese is diffused,that is,loose in structure..

● Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of
which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer. 现在集
成电路成了计算机的组成部分,使计算机的体 积大大缩小,从而产生了新一代的便
携式微型计算机。
● A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be
encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. 在美国有一
个根深蒂固的观点,说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人,才应鼓励其生育。
● Although lonely in a new land,he was described by his fellow workers and students as
cheerful,of a friendly nature,honest,and modest. 虽然他单身一人,又处在异乡客
地,但正如他的同事和学生描述的那样,他为人愉快开 朗,温文尔雅,诚实谦虚。

3. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic

In English,clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another
syntactically while in Chinese they are placed one after another without coordinating
connectives.

● The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩
虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。
● He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他
有一种令人难堪的习惯,一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。
● The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat协urban life and pedestrian
peace of mind.车辆横冲直撞,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。

4. Complex vs. Simplex

English sentences are long and complex,while Chinese sentences are short and simple.
For example:

● Many man-made substances are replacing sin natural materials because either the
quality of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement,or, more
often,because the physical properties of the synthetic substance,which is the common
name for man- made materials,have been chosen,and even emphasized, so that it would
be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied. 人造材料通称为合成材















料。许多人造 材料正在代替某些天然材料,这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足
日益增长的需要,或者是由于人们选 择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造
成的。因此,合成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。












5. Impersonal vs. Personal

There are more impersonal structures in English than in Chinese,as shown in the
following examples:

● What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦?
● An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个主意。
● A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。
● Not a sound reached our ears. 我们没有听到任何声音。
● A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
● Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。
● From the moment we stepped into the People's Republic of China, care and kindness
surrounded us on every side. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地受到关怀
与照顾。
● The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上,听不见一点
脚步声。
● Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得说不出话来。
● The truth finally dawned on her. 她最终明白了真相。

6. Passive vs. Active

As we have mentioned in the previous units,the passive voice is extensively used in
English,while Chinese sentences are usually active.

● A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by
viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home. 几年前人们还以为,观众居然能
够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一种稀罕的事情。
● Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.
Such a device is called a capacitor,or a condenser,and its ability to store energy is
termed capacitance. It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介 质隔开的两块
金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量
单位是法拉。

7. Static vs. Dynamic






































English is static,with agent nouns being frequently used to replace verbs,while Chinese
is dynamic,with more verbs being used in a single sentence.

● He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃又能睡。
● You must be a very bad learner; or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. 你一
定很不善于学习,要不然就是教你的人很不会教。
● The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 计算
机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。

8. Abstract vs. Concrete

In expressing the same idea English seems more abstract while Chinese, more concrete.

● The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. 没有消息即
表明有令人满意的进展。
● A high degree of carelessness,pre-operative and post-operative,on the part of some of
the hospital staff, took place. 医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心。

9. Indirect vs. Direct

Some English sentences seem to be indirect in affirmation Lion while Chinese sentences
are straightforward.

● I couldn't feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。
● I couldn't agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。
● He can't see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。
● This book is quite beyond me. 这本书我实在看不懂。
● Every person has the right to be free from hunger. 人人有不挨饿的权力。
● If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses. 如果你有小汽车,就不用
去坐火车或挤公共汽车。

10. Substitutive vs. Repetitive

Generally speaking, there are not use so many repetition in English as in Chinese.

● You should help her since you have promised to do so. 你既然答应了要帮助她就应
当帮助她。

● He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in
others. 他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。
● Men and nations working apart created these problems; men and nations working
together must solve them. 人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德,便产生这些问题,人
与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力,定能解决这些 问题。



I. Practical Abilities Attained from

ranslation Studies and Criticism

The mastery of a foreign language is a long-term task that entails constant efforts. And so
is translation. A conscientious translator should learn to develop and hence various
abilities, among others, language sensibility, contextual analysis logical thinking,etc.
One of the effective ways of ability development,in the author's view,is to compare
translated versions and the originals with a critical eye,so as to develop a good taste and
acquire a keen sense of distinguishing right from wrong.

1. Language Sensibility

Language sensibility here means a good understanding of a given word or phrase. Take
the commonly used word
增加了(增加到)X倍
cases:

1) The output of coal has been increased 3. 5 times since 1982. 煤产量比1982年增长了
两倍半。


2)The annual total of telephone calls between the UK and Canada has increased seven
times. 英国和加拿大之间的年通话总量增长了6倍。


However,when it comes to (to) X times
English pattern,rendering it as 降低了(降低到)X倍


3)The new equipment will reduce the error probability by seven times.

Improper Version:

新设备的误差概率将减小7倍。

4) By adopting the new process of production the loss of metal was reduced 8.2 times











Improper Version:

由于采用了新生产工艺,金属耗损量比原来下降了8.2倍。

Comment:

Apparently,the translator lacks the proper understanding of the English word
mixes it up with the Chinese expression 倍Actually, here means
fractional parts of which an indicated number equal a comparatively greater quantity,i.
e., seven times smaller(原本的七分之一). Therefore,sensible Chinese versions for
samples 3 and 4 should be:


Proper Version 3:

新设备的误差概率将减小到原来的1/7(或:降低6/7)。

Proper Version 4:

由于采用了新生产工艺,金属耗损量仅为原来的12.2%(或,下降了87.8%)。

Another example is the translation of the English double negative:

5) There are no places left on the earth that the foot of man has not trodden.

Chinese Version A:

地球上所有地方都有人去过。

Chinese Version B:

地球上绝无人迹的地方是没有的。

Either version A or B fails to convey tie emphasis of the original double negative;
besides,the original (踩、踏)is not accurately expressed in the Chinese
versions,furthermore, ,instead of an individual man..


Revised Chinese Version:















地球上的任何地方无不留下人类的足迹。

6) A little fly dropped on her knee,on her white dress. She watched it,as if it had fallen
on a rose. She was not herself.


Improper Chinese Version:

一只苍蝇落在她的膝上,落在她的白衣服上,她盯着 苍蝇看,仿佛苍蝇落在一朵玫
瑰上似的。她不是她自己了。


She was not herself: She was not conducting herself in a usual or fitting manna. e. g. She
is not quite herself today.(她今天身体有些不舒服。)


Revised Chinese Version:

一只苍 蝇落到她的膝头上,爬上她的白衣裙。她盯着苍蝇看,仿佛苍蝇落在花瓣上,
感到很不舒服。


7) Gardens are not made by singing how beautifuland sitting in the shade.(R.
Kipling)


Improper Chinese Version:

花园并不是为了哼哼曲子而建造的优哉游哉的庇荫之地。

This is the passive voice of (通过做……完成某事), plus a
negative word .


Revised Chinese Version:

花园并不是悠闲地赞叹一句“啊,多美啊”,坐在树阴下就能轻轻松松建造好的。

8) When a woman dresses to kill,the victim is apt to be time.

Improper Chinese Version:

当女人梳妆打扮的时候,时间就成了她的牺牲品了。











The translator overlooked the phrase (穿着过分考究的),which is
adroitly linked with another phrase (消磨时间),to create the effect of a pun.


Revised Chinese Version:

当女人力图把自己打扮得花枝招展的时候,时间往往就成了牺牲品。


2. Contextual Analysis

As we have mentioned in Unit 2,context plays an indispensable role in translation,and
,when used in a new context,is a new word.
paragraph is a good example of this saying.


Original English 1:

The big question is,just how progressive has China become,especially in the villages?
Obviously,development occurs on many different levels and phases. A powerful nation
without Western ethics or socialist ethics would confront the rest of the world with
difficult problems,especially in the nuclear age. It is very much in the future interest of
the rest of the world,and especially of the people of the United States,that China should
continue on the road to socialism and its historical high ethics as progressively as
possible. There is no alternative-none but the unthinkable.(Helen Snow: My China
Years)

Improper Chinese Version:

一个重大的问题是,中 国,特别是中国的广大农村,现在究竟先进到什么程度?显
而易见,发展的水平和阶段是多层次的,大不 相同的。一个没有西方伦理规范或社
会主义伦理规范的大国,是会带着种种难题面对外部世界的,尤其是 在原子时代更
是这样。中国在通往社会主义,前往自己高尚的历史伦理规范的道路上,应当尽可
能地继续前进,这对于世界的未来,特别是对于美国人民的未来,都是非常有利的。
别无挑选的余地,否 则,那就不可思议了。



Contextual analysis of the original English:

progressive: moving forward or onward (前进,进展先进










different levels and phases(不同层次和方面)

confront the rest of the world with difficult problems:to cause to meet,bring face-to- face
(使世界面对难题,instead of 带着难题面对外部世界)


it is... that China should; emphatic sentence(正是……中国应当)

in the interest of( 为了……利益非常有利)

none but the unthinkable: no other way except the unthinkable way(除此道路外,别无
出路)


Revised Chinese Version:

一个重要问题是:中国现在发展得怎么样了?尤其是 乡村变得怎样了?显而易见,
全国上上下下在各方面都有了发展变化。一个涣涣大国要是既没有西方的道 德标
准,又没有社会主义伦理规范,会给世界带来种种棘手的问题,尤其是在当前这样
的核时代 。从很大程度上讲,正是为了整个世界的未来,尤其是为了美国人民的未
来,中国应当继续沿着社会主义 道路走下去,应当在其具有历史意义的高度的伦理
道德道路上尽快阔步前进。他们再没有别的路可走了— 除了这条令人不可思议的道
路外,别无他途。




















And there is another example of contextual analysis:

Original English 2:

Woman begins by shouting 'Don't! Stop!' to a man's advance and 'Don't stop!' to his
retraeat.

Improper Chinese Version:

在面对男人的追求时女人常大喊“给我站住!”;在他退却时她又大喊“给我干下去!”

This sentence parodies O. Wilde's begins by resisting a man's advances and
ending by blocking his Chinese version is not faithful to the original in
meaning, nor to the context, let alone the original f1avor.

Revised Chinese Version:



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