blinded文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

2021年1月7日发(作者：卜世臣)
外文文献及译文


文献、资料题目：
Electronic Commerce

外文文献：
Electronic Commerce
Electronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of
commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in
social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and
beyond.
1. What is Electronic Commerce?
Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through
electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic
commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is,
electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is
high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet,
ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment,
releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all
conducted on Internet.
Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these
characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization,
⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and
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suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients
can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.
Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each
other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs
in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet
(exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its
beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of
300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.
To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be
established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely,
an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name,
address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,
period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With
digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate
that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.
2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May Have
Compared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows
*Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network
inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers,
manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit
commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.
*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif- ferent
tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,
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on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and
on-line banking, etc.
*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from
restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted
conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.
*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees,
maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great
extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.
Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:
*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities.
Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are
interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with
consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and
perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and
pursue government purchase through networks.
*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping
changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.
*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through
networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in
accordance with consumers' need.
*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut
down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in
batches plus diverse varieties
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*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line
bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on- line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice,
electronic will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become
reality.
*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called
on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and
fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.
3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed Countries
In the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers
entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen- sable part of people's
daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks.
Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made
policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of
worldwide competition.
In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US
dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op- portunities; of these,
electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first
big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP.
Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is
predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important
role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services
were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.
Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free
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trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work
out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for
developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development
passed
．In April 1997, European Union issued
for Electronic Com-merce in Europe．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton
promulgated
global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed
Global Electronic Commerce
for Electronic Commerce Work．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and
Cooperation ＆ Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on
electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In
September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France
and is-sued Proposal．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet
commerce standard.
Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At
present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of
purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in
transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1%
of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in
on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic
commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars
during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an
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electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great
investment was made to third parties- software companies to develop software suited for
medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky
invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line
transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.
As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the
surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5
of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of
European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001.
In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number,
and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use
Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government
promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that
formally joined the and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US
manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia,
providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade
companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.
4. Development of Electronic Commerce in China
Exploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China.
Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus- toms, finance and
commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic
commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and
on-line settlement of accounts.
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The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce
Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic
commerce project in CT he Center established
to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports.
The subject
during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science
and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for
establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.
In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial
network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It
is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market
information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.
In Shanghai, in 1999,
Certificatewas set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is
responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic
and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and
digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1
the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA
cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific
card with instant and authorized security service.
The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital
electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally
activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits
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electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their
electronic commerce.
In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and
Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China
International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of
various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of
Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and
media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held
during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.
Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China
suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some
Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as
an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and
comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other
experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not
interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals;
cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like
to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because
many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false
statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham
investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment
will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can
be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.
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5. Prospects of Electronic Commerce
Although developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce
faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense,
legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in- frastructure, etc. However,
electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop
rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce
between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300
billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion
US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with
de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on
working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce,
building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,
optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years
be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce
system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of
electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher
level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.
The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the
world are taking in development of electronic commerce.
IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new
application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames,
PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather
dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has
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