1184现在完成时-现在完成进行时12.28

2021年1月7日发(作者：梁建坤)
Date 12. 28
现在完成时
一、 基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)
二、 句型：
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)
No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
三．用法
（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
He has (just/already) come. (含义：他现在在这儿)
My father has gone to work. (含义可能是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)
（2 ）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）
或状态（be 动词表示）常与for（+时间段）, since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
四．has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）
My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达
这种含义:
以already, just和yet为标志
He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
以ever和never为标志
This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
以动作发生的次数为标志
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
以so far（到目前为止）为标志
He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去, 我们可以从动作“延续”
的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。
①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志

注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years
ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 3）瞬间动词（buy, die, join, come, go ,leave, join ……）不
能直接与for / since 连用。要改为其他动词表达相同的意义：系动词的作用
buy----have borrow -----keep
come/arrive/reach/get to -----be in
go out----be out leave ----be away
begin-----be on finish----be over
open----be open close -----be closed
die----be dead
代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词（瞬间动词）
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone, lost)代lose
用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2. 用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

Exercises 1:
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? 反义疑问句
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
Ａ. has changed well Ｂ. changed good
Ｃ. has changed better Ｄ. changed better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was studying Ｂ. will study
Ｃ. has studied Ｄ. are studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really ? When _____ there ?
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did do finished Ｂ. Have done finished
Ｃ. Have done have finished Ｄ. will do finish
11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
12、—Do you know him well ?
—Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .