干杯的英文定语从句中who与that,that与which的区别

2021年1月7日发(作者：王宽诚)
定语从句中that与who的用法区别
1. 两者均可指人，有时可互换（包括当先行词为 all, anyone, someone等，同时也包括先
行词受the only等的修饰时）：
All that [who] heard him were delighted.
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.
Anyone who [that] is over sixteen is allowed in.
It is impolite to turn your back on someone who [that] is speaking to you.
2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：
Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982?
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：
Tom is not the boy (that) he was.

3. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 who：
当先行词为 those 且指人时，英语习惯上要用 who 来引导定语从句。如： Those who do not
wish to go need not go.
Those who couldn’t walk were carried on stretchers. 那些不能走的人都用担架抬着。 It is said
that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. 只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。
The plan was supported by those who wished to listen to more good English. 这计划受到想多听
好英语的人的支持。
Let us spend a few moments in silence so that / in order that we remember those who died to
preserve our freedom. 让我们默哀片刻，以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们。
注：偶尔也可见到在 who 之后用 that 引导定语从句的用例，但相当少见。如：
The danger is that people who pay their bills on time will be lumped in with those that don’t. 危
险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。
定语从句中 which that 的用法与区别
使用that的情况：
1.当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时。
e.g. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?
2.当先行词被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修饰时。
e.g. I have some books that are very good.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。
e.g. This is the first book that I bought myself.
The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.
4.主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时
e.g. Which is the bike that you lost?
Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.
5.当先行词在从句和主句中都作表语时,无论先行词是人还是物.
China is no longer the country that she was.
6.如有两个定语从句,其中一个已用which引导,另一个宜用that .
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.