翻译行业浅谈that在从句中的用法

2021年1月8日发(作者：章志敏)
浅谈that在从句中的用法
摘要：that在英语中是一个非常常见的单词，它之所以常见 ，不仅仅是
因为它是一个在生活中常常要用到它，更因为它的用法相当的多。因此，
同学们在使 用that这个单词时，总会出现这样那样的问题，特别是that
在从句中的使用,更是令同学们常常 模棱两可，分辨不清。
关键词：that 用法 1.主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 4.同位语从句 5. 目
的状语从句 6.定语从句
that在英语中是一个非常常 见的单词，它之所以常见，不仅仅是因为它是一
个在生活中常常要用到的字，更因为它的用法相当的多。 因此，同学们在使用
that这个单词时，总会出现这样那样的问题，特别是that在从句中的使用, 更是
令同学们常常模棱两可，分辨不清。但考试中又常出现，让我们和学生都比较头
痛。我觉得 要解决这个问题，首先要让学生弄清that在所引导的从句中它的词
性，然后结合实例分析，这样学生 就可一目了然了。具体来说，that可作连词
或关系代词。具体的作用如下：
一．that引导主语从句(subject clauses)，在句中充当主语的成分。that在句
中无实义，但放在句首时不能省略：
a．that the attempt to save her had succeeded became widely known.
b．that they did not tell us about their problems is a pity.
这种结构主要是对that从句的内容进行强调，属正式文体，that the attempt
to save her had succeeded和that they did not tell us about their
problems在句中都分别作了主语。但为了避免显得 头重脚轻，常把that从句
移到句子后面，而把it放在句首，作形式主语，此时that可以省。上 面两个句
子就可改为:
a. it is widely known (that) the attempt to save her had succeeded
b. it is a pity (that) they did not tell us about their problems.
如果整个句子是疑问形式，就只能用先行it结构,例如：
a. is it true that he would take the risk ?
b. is it possible that they will come tomorrow ?
在主语从句中， 常使用先行it结构，用that从句作主语的句子主要有下列
几个句型：
(1)、it + be + 形容词 + that从句：
it is necessary that you come to school every sunday.
it’s strange that she should gain the full marks.
(2)、it + be + 名词词组 + that从句：
it’s a great pity that you such a stupid idea that day.
(3)、it + 及物动词 + 宾语 + that从句：
it worried her a bit that she became fatter and fatter.
it shocked me that peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.
(4)、it + be + 过去分词 + that从句：
it is said that he has been there many times.
(5)、：在一些谓语动词为不及物动词（如：appear，happen， seem， turn
out等）的句子中，主语从句也后置，而把it放在句首，作形式主语。
it happened that i saw your brother yesterday。
it seems that he has lost something.
注意：在 上述第(1)和第(2)两种句型中，that从句前置与使用先行it，that从句
后置在意义上没 有什么差异；但使用先行it结构较为常见。
二 。 that引导宾语从句(object cla uses)，放在动词、介词和一些表示人的感
情或情绪的形容词后面，在句中充当宾语的成分，口语中 that常省略。这类动
词常为及物动词如say，tell，ask，think，declare， reply，require，etc；形
容词如afraid，certain，glad，angr y，aware，grateful，anxious，delighted，
pleased，sat isfied，surprised，sad，etc。
a. she said (that) she would come。
b. do you remember (that) he has ever told us an interesting story?
c. i’m sorry (that) i can do nothing for you。
三. that 引导表语从句(predicative clauses)，放在联系动词后，在句中充当表
语的成分。此时that也无实义,但不可省。例如：
a. our wishes were that you leave here at once.
b. my suggestion is that a few more people be sent there to help them.
要注意的是，当主语是the reason、the cause时，为了避免含义上的 重复，其
后的表语从句一般也不再使用because引导，而用that。
a. the trouble is that we are short of money。
b. the reason why he was late is that he missed the early bus。
四． that引导同位语从句(appositive clauses)，放在名词的后面，补充说明名
词的内容等。这种名词有 fact，idea， belief， conclusion， confidence，
doubt，duty，evid ence，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，
knowledge，law，news，notion，opinion， order， proof， p roposal，
rule，suggestion，theory，thought，truth，v iew，etc。此时that也无实
义，但也不可省。
a. the fact that he failed in the exam made us surprised。
b. we are delighted at the news that our delegate won the first prize in
the speech contest。
五．that引导目的状语从句(clauses of purpose)，如so…that， in order that，
for fear that等；结果状语从句(clauses of result)，如so(such)…that，(so)that
等；条件状语从句(cla uses of condition) ，如：provided that， on condition
that, supposing that等；原因状语从句(clauses of reason or cause)，如：
now that等。
要区别so…that引导的从句到底是表 结果的还是表目的的状语从句，一般情况
可以看从句中是否有这样一些词： may，might， s hall，should，can，could，
will，would等情态动词。如果有，该从句可 判定为目的状语从句。
a．bring it nearer (so) that i may see it better (clause of purpose)。
b. his behavior was so bad that we all refused to receive him in our
homes（clause of result）。
c. now that the weather has improved, we will be able to enjoy the game
（clause of reason）。
d. he will lend you the money on condition that you return it in 6 months
（clause of condition）。
六．引导名词性从句中的定语从句，而且只能是限定性定语从句。
（1）可指代人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语。指物时可换为which,指人时可换
为who (作主语，但who更常用)或whom(作宾语,在日常口语中常用that)。作
宾语时可省略。
a. the letter that/which came this morning is from my father。
b. here are the books ( that ) i borrowed last week.
c. the woman (whom/that) spoke to me in the bookstore used to live
next door.
. 但如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先 行词时(先行词既有人又有
物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不可以，只能用that 。
a. we know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are
talking about.
b. there are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
(2) 当先行词是everything ，anything, nothing, somebody, the little, the
few, much, all等不定代词时，定语从句由that引导。
a. anyone that wants to succeed must work hard。
b. the book contains a good deal that is boring and unnecessary 。
(3 )当先行词被形容词的最高级，序数词或the only, last, every, some, any,
very, next,等修饰时，定语从句由that引导。先行词表人时，也可用who，但
更常用that。
a. he was one of the strongest men that we have ever seen。
b. you are the only person that can help me。
c. the first book that he wrote is not very popular。
(4) 可引导强调句型，即it is/was+强调部分+that从句。当强调部分表人时，
也可用who，但更常用that.
it’s you that i want to talk to。
从上面可 以看出，在同位语从句和定语从句中，that都可放在名词后面。怎样
区分一个名词后的从句是定语从 句还是宾语从句？我们先来看两个句子：
a. i had no idea that you were here。
b. the idea (that) he gave us is very good。
在句子a中，从句that you were here补充说明名词idea的内容，that 作连