orphanage2018年12月英语四级阅读真题

2021年1月9日发(作者：欧磐)
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2018年12月大学英语四级阅读真题
选词填空
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)
Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten
blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from
a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.
Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.
Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a
single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words
in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on
the following passage.
Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution
costs the global economy more than $$5 trillion annually in
welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the
developing world. The figures include a number of costs 27
with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $$225 billion a
year. The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution.
Indoor pollution, which includes 28 like home heating and
cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite
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advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown
rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.
Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris
Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“One of the risk
factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which
individuals have little 31 ,”he said. The effects of air pollution
are worst in the developing world, where in some places
lost- labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people
in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they
33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution. But
the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world.
Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related
illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel(柴油) 35
have become more common in recent years, that number reaches
tens of thousands.
A)ability B)associated C)consciously D)constant
E)control F)damage G)described H)equals
I)exclusively J)innovated K)regularly
L)relates M)sources N)undermine O)vehicles
答案： 26. F damage (损害) 27. B associated (与……有联系)
28. M sources (来源) 29. D constant (不断的， 常存在的)
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30. G described (描述) 31. E control (控制) 32. H equals (等
同于) 33. K regularly (经常地) 34. I exclusively (仅仅，唯
一地) 35. O vehicles (车辆)
解析：
26. F damage 空格所在句子的含义为：空气污染每年在福利
费用方面给全球经济造成5万多亿损失，最大的... . ..发生在
发展中国家。根据上下文可知这里应该填入一个跟损失有关
联的词汇，另外在语法上 这里应该填入一个名词devastating，
“具有破坏力的”修饰，所以我们应该可以确定答案为
damage， “损害”n.
27. B associated 空格所在句子的含义为：这个福利数字包
含许多与空气污染... ...的福利费用，比如健康与消费。根据
语法上判断，这里应该填入一个过去分词做costs 的后置定
语，另外从语义上判断，associated with air pollution做c ost
的后置定语，表示与空气污染相关的费用，语义上也符合上
下文语境。
28. M sources 空格所在的句子的含义为：室内污染，包括
像暖气和做饭一样的... ...。从语法上判断这里应该 填入名词，
并且这个名词是一个大范围的词可以包括暖气和做饭，另外
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从语义上判断sources like home heating and cooking 表示像
暖气和做饭一样的来源也符合上下文语境。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with
ten statements attached to each statement contains information
given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from
which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph
more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer
the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer
Sheet 2.
Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress
[A] Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of
Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a
white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent
day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle
with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids
who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you
thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her.
“The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits
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are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to
prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and
have it ready the next morning.”
[B] Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is
program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes
Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s
‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery
store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus
any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.
[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese
boxes in Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole
grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it？”she
asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that
might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d
eat it. They just won’t eat it.”
[D] Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors
to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50
percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And
only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should
try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the
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kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for
the doctor, zero for diabetes.
[E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across
California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around
for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical
institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than
relying solely on medications (药物). By prescribing nutritional
changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’,
they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by
changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can
take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high
blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,”
Nadeau says.
[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and
president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across
the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming
a health organization, not just a health care organization. That
feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry
program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which
completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing
basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will
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offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition,
along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want
to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr.
Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food
Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating,
how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”
[G] In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of
Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident
physicians in Lifestyle Medicine — that is a formal specialty in
using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show
the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not
mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness
can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless,
physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear
picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in
the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity,
diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health
Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke
are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated
cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
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[H] “It’s a different paradigm（范式）of how to treat disease,”
says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive
medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School
of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train
doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing
patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center and school at
Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients.
This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but
also how to prepare them at home.
[I] Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they
only know how to heat things up. That means depending on
packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching
people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them,
she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that,
it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family.
“What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a
physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can
change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”
[J] Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can
slow inflammation（炎症）, for example, or make the body
inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine
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physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for
people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.
[K] “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural
shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way
physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were
able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a
bigger voice in it.”
36. More than half of the food Americans eat is
factory-produced.
37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give
advice to shoppers in food stores.
38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps
patients recover from various illnesses.
39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.
40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their
life.
41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for
treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.
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