laid英语中的从句

2021年1月9日发(作者：樊达斋)
句子：
简单句结构：一个主语（或有两个以及两个以上的并列主语）+一个谓语（或有两个或 两个
以上的并列谓语）
主系表；主谓；主谓宾；主谓间宾直宾；主谓宾宾补
复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句。
并列复合句指的是用连词连接两个或两个以上的简单句 ，其结构:为：简单句+并列连词+简
单句。常用并列连词：and, or, but, not only…but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…, so,
nor/neither
例如：
The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
Some are wise and some otherwise.
Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.
You may lead a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink.
主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构 成的句子。不同的词类在句子中充当不
同的句子成分，以句子的形式充当句子成分的句子既是主从复合句 。既从句在句子中可以充
当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语和状语。所以从句可分为名词性从句、定语 从句和状语
从句三大类。
一、名词性从句
名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句四种。
引导名词性从句的词语有：
从属连词：that, whether, if
疑问代词：who, which, whose, what
疑问副词：when, where, how, why
关系代词：what(the things that), whatever(anything that), whoever(anybody who), whichever
1. 主语从句
以句子的形式在句子中充当主语，例如：
That things will improve is obvious.
Whether he’s coming (or not) doesn’t matter very much.
Who said that is not important.
Which one is correct is hard to say.
Whose side she is on is not quite clear.
What made him do so is a mystery. (what做疑问代词)
What matters most is good health. (what做关系代词)
When and where the meeting will be held is not yet fixed.
How she got wounded at work should be investigated.
Why we should develop education is not a question.
Whoever said that was lying.
Whatever you give is fine with me.
Whichever of you gains the most points wins the competition.
Notes:
a) 主语从句前面的that不能省略 。主语从句虽然可以位于主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况
下用先行词it作形式主语，将that（包括 其他引导词引导的）主语从句后置。在后置的
主语从句中，that常可省略。
例如：
It is your own concern whether you believe me or not.
It doesn’t matter much who does it as long as it is done.
It is surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.
It is a mystery what he sees in her.
It wasn’t very clear what she meant.
b) whether 和if 的用法应有所区别：引导主语从句、表语从句 和介词后面的宾语从句时，
必须用whether；引导动词后面的宾语从句和否定结构的“be+形容 词+宾语从句”（如not
certain, not sure等）的时候，whether 和if 两者都可。但是，discuss等动词后的宾语从
句用whether引导而不用if。如果 对这两个从属连词没有把握，用whether为宜。
c) what 既可以作疑问代词，也可以作 关系代词，用法和意义大为不同。作疑问代词时，
what表示“什么”，作关系代词时，what表示 “所……的”，相当于“the things that……”
例如：
What we shall do depends on you.
What may be done at any time is done at no time. (= The thing that may be done at any time is
done at no time.)
d) whatever, whoever和whichever称为复合关系代词。Whoever 的宾格形式还是whoever，
不用whomever。Whatever, whoever, whichever的其他用法见“状语从句”部分。
2．宾语从句
名词性质的词类在句中 可以做谓语动词的宾语，非谓语动词的宾语以及介词的宾语，名词性
从句亦然。
例如：
He told me (that) the match had been cancelled. 谓语动词后
The manager objected that it was impossible. 谓语动词后
Hearing (that) he failed the examination, he cried. 现在分词后
To do what we are required to do is necessary. 不定式后
It is good asking why and how changed are made. 动名词后
He will talk to us about what he has experienced. 介词后
We are glad (that) you can attend our party. 形容词后
I’m interested in how he did it. 介词后
Prisoners have to eat whatever they are given. 谓语动词后
I’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it. 介词后
A straw will show which way the wind blows. 谓语动词后
a) 在较为常用的动词后引导宾语从句的t hat可以省略，但是，在较为正式和不常用的动词
后引导宾语从句的that不可以省略。如上述第一 和第二例。一般不省略宾语从句中的从属连
词that的动词有：accept, acknowledge, add, advertise, affirm, allege, appreciate, answer, argue,
assert, certify, charge, check, confirm, disagree, dream, emphasize, ensure, exclaim, forecast,
imply, indicate, note, observe, predict, record, remark, repeat, reply, report, respond, show, state,
teach, vote, write,等。
b) “be + 形容词+ that从句”的结构中的形容词往往是afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry等
表示个人感情色彩和certain, sure等表示确信意义的形容词。在这一结构中，that 可以省略。
c) 动词+介词（短语动 词）和be+形容词+介词的结构不能跟that引导的宾语从句（即that
引导的宾语从句不能位于 介词之后）。但，疑问词引导的宾语从句可以放在介词之后。如：
He boasted about his success.
He boasted that he was successful.
He boasted about how successful he was.
It depends on whether he is willing to undertake it.
We are interested in what you are doing.
3．表语从句
表语从句是以句子的形式来充当表语。表语从句如果是一个陈述句，其引导词that不能省略。
例如：
The question is whether we can understand the meaning of his remarks.
This is why he had a day off yesterday.
My idea is that you should take this matter into reconsideration.
That was what we are badly in need of.
The problem is who can undertake this responsibility.
4．同位语从句
补充说明名词、名词短语或代词的名词以 及名词短语称为同位语。起相同作用的从句形式称
为同位语从句。同位语从句的特点是：从句由that 引导，一般位于抽象名词之后，说明抽象
名词所包含的具体内容、含义是什么。
例如：
His delay of an hour is due to the fact that he did not catch the train.
Most teachers share the opinion that the majority of the freshmen are promising.
a) 同位语从句在形式上与定语从句非常相似。但是，其性质完全不同。
同位语从句和定语从句的主要区别 在于：同位语从句只能用that，不能用which来引导；同
时that在句子中不充当任何句子成 分，只起到标示同位语的作用。而定语从句一般情况下既
可以用that也可以用which来引导，无 论是that还是which都是关系代词，在定语从句中充
当句子的主语或宾语。
如以下对比：
He put forward the suggestion that the matter be brought up at the next meeting.
The suggestion that he put forward at the meeting was turned down.
He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights, dropped simultaneously from the
same height, would fall to the ground at the same time.
Galileo favored Copernicus’ theory which declared that the earth is a planet which revolves
around a fixed sun.
b) 常带同位语从句的名词：belief, conviction, doubt, explanation, fact, fear, feeling, guarantee,
hope, idea, indication, message, news, opinion, order, proof, rumor, suggestion, thought, wish
例如：
We must keep this basic fact in mind that English and Chinese as carriers of different cultures are
vastly different.
Your fear that you can’t learn English well is entirely groundless.
I have the feeling that most of the old people do not like the way some young people behave
nowadays.
Everybody was delighted at the thought that we shall soon be going to Tibet for a visit.
c) “…the fact that…”的结构也可以用于according to, apart from, as for/to, as from, as regards,
as a result of, because of, but for, by comparison with, despite, due to, except for, for the sake of,
in addition to, in connection with, in comparison to/with, in line with, in spite of, instead of, in
view of, on account of, regardless of, up to, with the exception of, with reference to, with regard to,
notwithstanding等介词或介词短语之后。
例如：
In spite of /Despite the fact that hotel prices have risen sharply, the number of tourists is as great
as ever.
二、定语从句
复合句中修饰名词、名词短语或代词的从句叫做定 语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词、名词短
语或代词称为先行词。定语从句在句中所起的作用与形容词所起 的作用是一样的，所以定语
从句又可以称为形容词从句。另外，定语从句是借助关系代词或关系副词与句 子中被修饰的
成分发生关系的，所以又被成为关系从句。
定语从句可以用于修饰和形容人、事 、物。引导定语从句的可以是关系代词，也可以是关系
副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语和宾语；关系 副词在定语从句中作状语。
关系代词：
指人：who, that（主格）/ who, whom, that（宾格）/ whose（所有格）
指物：which, that（主格）/ which, that（宾格）/ whose, of which（所有格）
关系副词：
when(=介词+which), where(=介词+which), why(=介词+which), as/in which; that
1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是一个句子中不可分割的组成部分。如果没有该定 语从句，先行词的意思就
会不明确，主句就会不完整。
非限制性定语从句是对主句中先行词的 补充说明。如果没有该定语从句，主句的意思依然完
整，不受影响。二者的主要区别在与逗号的使用。
例如：
He has two brothers who are college students.
He has two brothers, who are college students.
The travelers who knew about the floods took another road.
The travelers, who knew about the floods, took another road.
He tore the photo that upset me.
He tore the photo, which upset me.
a) 限制性定语从句一般不用任何方式与主句分割 开来。说话时不停顿，书写时无逗号。非
限制性定语从句经常与主句分割开来。说话时需停顿，书写时用 逗号。但是，并非所有
的定语从句都作如此严格的区分，在不影响句子基本意思的情况下，在句子的意思 不至
于引起误解的时候，使用逗号与否，可由作者自行定夺。
b) 非限制性定语从句比较正 式，多用语书面语。非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that，
而且关系代词不能省略。
例如：
I gave him a thick book, which he read immediately.
I went to see their new house, which I liked very much.
Yesterday I met my old classmate, who was very pleased to see me.
c) 非限制性定语从句中的介词位置比较灵活。正式文体中，一般位于关系代词之前，其他
情 况下可以位于从句的末尾。如果从句修饰的是“人”，关系代词作宾语时常常用whom
而不用who.
例如：
I have found a man, whom you can safely depend on.
The small man in the raincoat, whom nobody recognized, turned out to be her first husband.
d) 如果先行词在句子中已经由形容词性的物主代词或指示 代词作了明确的说明，则不能再
使用限制性定语从句来修饰。这时，须使用非限制性定语从句。但如果把 指示代词换成
定冠词，则可使用限制性定语从句。
例如：
My book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (x)
This book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (x)
My book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting. (√)
The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (√)
e) 限制性定语从句中，先行词如果是something, everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few,
a few, little, a little等词语，或者由some, every, any, no, all, few, a few, little, a little, only等
词语以及形容词的最高级 形式修饰的时候，限制性定语从句用关系代词that引导，表示
人的时候，用who引导。
例如：
There is nothing that costs less than civility.
The only thing that matters is to find a way out of the trouble.
Have you got anything that belongs to me?
Is that all that you have done?
The little that you have said is of much help to us.
f) 非限制性定语从句中，可以用“不定代词/数量词/形容词最高级+of whom/ which”的结
构，表示数量或某种特点。all, each, both, either, neither, none, little, few, many, much, some,
most, any 和majority, half, several, enough, a number of等词语都可以用于这种结构。
例如：
After class, he asked me many questions, some of which were difficult to answer.
Two students of the class, neither of whom studied hard, failed the final exam.
He has five children, the youngest of whom is studying English.
g) which引导的非限制性定语 从句还可以指前面的整个主句或主句的一部分，说明其情况
如何。这时的which相当于and this或and that。此外，in which case, at which point, on which
occasion等短语中的which同样说明前面整个主句（或部分）的情况。
例如：
They said she married her student, which was not true.
He left the job for nothing, which annoyed his parents.
I may be a bit late for the meeting this afternoon, in which case I will telephone.
He changed his mind, at which point all the others decided to leave him alone.
另外，非限制性定语从句有时并不修饰先行词，而是用语保持叙述的连贯性，表示时间先 后，
因果关系，并列或转折的意思，相当于“and/but+主语”的形式。
如：
I lent the book to my roommate, who lent it to his girl friend. (who= and he)
I turned to him for help, who said it was not his business. (who= but he)
h) 定语从句可以用同位语，非谓语动词（不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词） ，“介词+
关系代词+不定式”（非常正式），“不定式+介词”的形式来进行缩略。
例如：
Mr Wu, who is a classmate of mine, never misses the opportunity to tell me the latest news.
Mr Wu, a classmate of mine, never misses the opportunity to tell me the latest news.
You are the only person who can understand his meaning.
You are the only person to understand his meaning.
Those who expect to pass the examination must work hard.
Those expecting to pass the examination must work hard.
This is one of the books that were written by Lu Xun.
This is one of the books written by Lu Xun.

He is not the right person whom you can work with.
He is not the right person who(m) you can work with.
He is not the right person with whom you can work.
He is not the right person with whom to work.
He is not the right person to work with.
You’d better change a topic that you should write on.
You’d better change a topic (that/which) you should write on.
You’d better change a topic on which you should write.
You’d better change a topic on which to write.
You’d better change a topic to write on.
Small children usually need a good place where they can play.
Small children usually need a good place (that/which) they can play in.
Small children usually need a good place in which they can play.
Small children usually need a good place in which to play.
Small children usually need a good place to play in.
2．关系代词作主语
在限制性定语从句中作主语指“人”时，关系代词可以用who或that, 以who为多；在
非限制性定语从句中作主语指“人”时，关系代词只能用who。
例如：
They are the women who/that live the next door.
God helps those who help themselves.
The astronauts, who are reported to be very cheerful, are expected to land on the moon shortly.
在限制性定语从句中作主语指事，物时，关系代词可以用which或that；在 非限制性定
语从句中作主语指事，物时，关系代词只能用which。
例如：
This is the photo which/that shows my house.
The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.
3．关系代词作宾语
关系代词在定语从句中可以作动词，介词的宾语。
限制性定语从句中指人时，用whom, who（一般在口语中用来代替whom）, that, 或省
略。非限制性定语从句中指人时，只能用whom或who，不能省略。
例如：
The energetic man (whom/who/that) we met on holiday works for the BBC.
The author of the book, whom/who I met at a party last week, proved to be a well-known
journalist.
限制性定语从句中指事，物时，用that, which或省略。非限制性定语从句中指事，物时，
只能用which，不能省略。
例如：