客观英语流利说 定制学(全) Level5 Unit3 Part3

2021年1月9日发(作者：路翎)
Level5 Unit3 Part3
Listening living conditions 1
Living conditions around the world vary from country to country.
Some countries have very large economies, but the majority of their citizens
are poor.
Other countries have smaller economies, but the majority of their citizens
are NOT poor.
So the size of a country’s economy isn’t the only factor that determines
how wealthy its citizens are. The size of its population is also an important
factor.
Another factor is how a country’s wealth is distributed between the rich
and the poor.
Let’s look at some examples. This chart shows the world’s 5 largest
economies in 2015.
It ranks the countries by the gross domestic product, or GDP.
The GDP is one way of measuring the size of an economy.
It is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
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As you can see, according to this chart, the US and China had the largest
economies.
According to the chart, India had the third largest economy in the world.
Its economy was bigger than Japan’s.
However, the average living conditions in Japan are much higher than in
India.
One reason for this is the difference in population.
India has a much larger population, so its wealth is distributed among a
much larger number of people. You can find this information by checking a
country’s GDP per capita.
Per capita means per person.
If two countries have the same GDP, but one country has half the number of
people, its GDP per capita is twice as large.
Another important factor is how the wealth of a country is shared.
In some countries, much of the wealth is concentrated in just a few people.
For example, in the US, just 5% of the population had more than 70% of the
wealth.
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This shows that many US citizens are not wealthy despite the size of their
economy.
In fact, the wealth share held by the wealthiest 10% was more than 10 times
bigger than the rest of the population.

In 2015, Germany had the fifth largest economy.
The distribution of wealth is also an important factor that affects living
conditions.
In the US, just 5% of the population holds more than 70% of the wealth.
One reason is that Japan’s population is much smaller than India’s.
This shows that many US citizens are not wealthy despite the size of their
economy.
A country’s living conditions depend not only on the size of its economy.
The size of its population is also an important factor. Another factor is how a
country’s wealth is distributed between the rich and the poor.

Listening living conditions 2
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As we have seen, much of the wealth of the US is concentrated in just a few
people.
10% of its population had an estimated 75% of the wealth in 2015.
In this chart, we see some comparisons with other countries.
In contrast to the US, 10% of the Japan’s population has less than half of
the total wealth.
In china, in 2014, the estimated share of top 10% was 64%, but this number
is rising.
Russia had the highest concentration of wealth, at over 80%.
India, which has one of the largest economies, has the largest share of the
world’s poorest people.
The share of wealth of its richest 10% is 370 times that of its poorest 10%.
A major challenge for a government is to improve the living conditions of its
citizens.
As we have seen, growing an economy isn’t enough.
Population growth and distribution of wealth are also important factors.
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Improving education and developing job skills can help people move up in
an economy.
With better education and training, the poor can increase their ability to get
better jobs and raise their income.
However, taxes are needed to pay for social services, including health and
education.
Some countries tax the rich at a higher rate than the poor.
However, if taxes are too high, it can discourage investment and risk taking.
This is because investors won’t take risks unless the rewards are high.
So as you see, these are complex issues.

Vocabulary describing actions
1. Silly: foolish or stupid or ridiculous, the opposite of serious.
He is being silly, so we should just ignore him.
That’s a silly idea so I don’t think she means what she says.
That kind of silly behavior isn’t acceptable in our office.
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It’s a silly proposal, so nobody is going to support it.
He expects people to laugh when he’s being silly, but I don’t think it’s
funny.
This is no time for silly behavior, so I’m asking everyone to work harder
and take things seriously.
2. Amazing: to be incredible, or so good as to be hard to believe, the
opposite of ordinary.
That company’s new products are truly amazing.
She gives an amazing performance, especially after all the difficulties she
had to overcome.
It will be an amazing accomplishment if they can finish the project on
schedule.
She has amazing voice, so I love to listen to her sing.
He was in a terrible accident, so it’s amazing that he is still alive.
3. Crucial: to be extreme importance or essential part, the opposite of
optional.
It’s crucial that we get them to sign the contract by the end of the week.
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