cellular是什么意思高中英语-定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句 知识点总结

2021年1月11日发(作者：萧远久)
复合句
【语法要点】
复合句是由一个主句加一个或几个从句所构成的句子。从句只 用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。
根据从句在句子中的作用，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三 类。

（一）名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语 从句。其关联词有连接词that、if、whether；
疑问代词who、what、which和 疑问副词when、where、how、why等。
1.名词性从句句法结构：



从
属
连
词

that

whether

主
语
从
句
宾
语
从
句
表
语
从
句
That he will come is certain.（that不可省）
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
（不能用if）
I think（that）he will be all right in a few days.
I went in and asked if（=whether）they had a cheap suit.
I wonder whether（不能用if）it is true or not.
The fact is（that）I have never been there.
The question is whether（不能用if）it is worth doing.



同
位
语
从
句
The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us.
They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.




连
接
代
词

that
who
whom
whose
which

主
语
从
句
Who will help him is not known.
What he said is very important.
Which side will win is not clear.
（1）作及物动词的宾语。例如：
I really don’t know what he is doing.
Do you know who/whom they are waiting for?
He asked whose dictionary it was.
He can’t tell which method they will use for the experiment.
（2）作介词的宾语。例如：
Pay attention to what the teacher said.
I wondered to whom he had given the letter.
That is what he is worried about.
The question is who will come here.
The question is which team will win the match.

宾
语
从
句

表
语
从
句





主
语
从
句
宾
语
从
句
表
语
从
句
连
接
副
词

where
when
why
how

Where she has gone is not known yet.
When they will start is not known yet.
Why he did it wasn’t quite clear.
How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
I don’t know where we are going to have the meeting.
Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.
Do you know why he said that?
Will you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
That is where he was born.
This is why he is late.
This is how he did it.
The question is when he will be back.
I have no idea when he will come back.
You have no idea how worried I was.
The problem is where we can get so much money.

2.名词性从句的其它用法：
1）if不能引导表语从句。连接代词who、what、wh ose、which不能引导同位语从句。
2）有时as、as if/though、becaus e也可以引导表语从句，能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动
词be、seem、look等。例如：
Things are not always as they seem to be. 事情并不总是像表面上看来的那样。
It looks as if it were going to rain. It is because you eat too much.
3）介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。例如：
We can learn what we did not know. He will talk to us about what he saw in the U.S.
4）连词that引导的名词性从句 除能用在except、but、in后之外很少作介词的宾语，。其它一些
介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that引导，则需用it先行一步作形式宾语。例如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
You may depend on it that they will support you.
5）若主句谓语动词是及物动词m ake、find、think、see、hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足
语之后，用it作形 式宾语。例如：We find it necessary that we practise spoken-English every day.
6）某些作表语的形容词或过去分词后常接宾 语从句，如sure、happy、glad、certain、pleased、
afraid、su rprised、satisfied等，连词that可省略，有的语法书称之为状语从句。例如：
I am sure that he will succeed.
I am afraid you don’t understand what I said.
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
7）连接代词whoever、whatever、whichever也可引导宾语从句。例如：
I will show you whatever you want to see.
You may choose whoever you like. I will take whichever fits the sockets.（插座）
8）同位语从句一般跟在某些表 示抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。常跟
同位语从句的名词主要有：idea、n ews、fact、promise、answer、belief、condition、doubt、fea r、
hope、order、problem、proof、question、reply、repo rt、suggestion、thought、 truth等。



同
位
语
从
句

由连词that引导同位语从句既无 语法功能，也无词汇意义，只是引导词；由连词whether引导同
位语从句无语法功能，但有词汇意 义“是否”；由连词when、where、how引导同位语从句在句中分
别作作时间、地点和方式状 语。
注意
→①关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下：
A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主语从句中，只有 it作形式主语时whether和if均可。否则，也只能用whether。例如：
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介词之后（介词往往可以省略）。例如：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如：He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E)与or not连用时。例如：We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
②关联词if、whether均可使用的情况如下：
A)引导宾语从句，但当宾语从句是否定句时，一般用if引导。例如：
I wonder if/whether the news is true or not. I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.
B)在“be+形容词”之后。例如：He was not sure whether/if it is right or wrong.
③用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go.
（if从句既可理解为宾语从句，也可理解为条件状语从句）
doubt作“怀疑”解接宾语 从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if，主句为否定句或疑问句用that。
10）it作形式主语
①that所引导的主语从句常由代词it作形式主语。且wh- 系列引导词引导的从句均可。例如：
It makes everyone happy that the girl is still alive.
It doesn’t matter too much whether he’s coming or not.
It is still open to question who is to head the group. 谁领导这个小组还没定下来。
②常以it作形式主语的句型有：
—It +be+形容词 (obvious、true、natural、surprising、good、wonderful、fu nny、possible、likely、
certain、probable)+that从句
—It +be+名词词组(no wonder、an honour、a good thing、a pity、no surprise)+that从句
—It +be+过去分词( said、reported、thought、expected、decided、announced、a rranged)+that从句
—It +seem、happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句
—It +doesn’t matter(makes no difference, etc)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句
—当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，也要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
例如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?





（二）定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 。引导定语从句的
关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、that等和关系副词wh ere、when、why等。关系代词和关
系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。而引导引导非限定性定 语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、
which、of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略，通常不用关系代词that。例如：
I have two sisters, who are both students.
关系词
指代


who
人


which
物、地点等


that
动物、物、地点等


whose
所有者


where
地点


when
时间


例如：
This is the man who helped me. They have a dog whose barking drives me mad.
I know the reason why he came late. This is the place where we lived for 5 years.
I will never forger the day when I met Mr. Liu.
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
注意
→先行词表示地点 时，有时用where，有时用that引导定语从句。这时要根据从句的谓语
动词是及物的还是不及物 的，是及物的就用that(which),否则就用where。例如;
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
关系代词which、who或that在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可省略。例如：
Amsterdam is the place we like most.
They are looking for a person (who) they can rely on.
在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who、whom，也可用that。例如：
The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.
在下列情况下多用或须用who。
①关系代词在从句中作主语时。例如：
The doctor who treated me was very experienced. 给我治病的医生是很有经验的。
②先行词为all、anyone、one、ones、those、people等时。例如：
All who heard the news were excited. 所有听到这消息的人都感到兴奋。
Those who want to go please sign their names here. 想去的人请在这里签名。
④在非限制性定语从句中。例如：Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中。例如：A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在以there be开头的句子中。例如：There is a strange who wants to see you.
⑦一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。例如：
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studied very
hard. 在会上受到表扬的学生是班长，他谦虚好学。
whose引导定语从句应注意以下几点：
①whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。例如：
It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at the time.
②whose在定语从句中可与它修饰的名词一起作介词宾语，与介词放在先行词与从句之间。例如：
The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident.
Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine.
③whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替whose，但词序不同。例如：