ozuma同位语与定语从句的区别

2021年1月11日发(作者：桂超万)

同位语
I. 一个名词 (或其它形式) 对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或
其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。

⒈ 由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功
能也相同，后项是 前项的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语，指同一人。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语，指同一人。
⒉ 如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开；如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释
时可用逗点隔开。
He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲，他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。
himself和John都是单一的字作同位语，与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。
Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。
同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher，同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。
⒊ 同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外，还可以表示部分意义。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
Chinese people是we的同位语。
He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 他喜欢运动，特别是球类运动。
ball games是sports的同位语。
II. 同位语通常放在一个名词或代词的 后面，对该名词或代词作进一步解释，它可以是单词
(名、代、数、形)、短语(名词短语、不定式短语 、v-ing形式短语、形容词短语)或句子。
单词作同位语
This is my friend Harry.
We both come from Hunan.
We Chinese are brave and hardworking.
You three take these seats. Is the room for us two?
短语作同位语
(1) 使用不定式作同位语。如：
He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers
to people and make them “people-literate”.
The second is connected with the main use the body makes of food --- to supply the energy
for movement.
（2）使用介词短语作同位语。如：
Wang Li, just back from the training class, was made director of the Maternity Home.
（3）有时可用形容词作同位语，作用接近定语，但放在所同位名词 的后面，且有逗号把它
们分开。如：People, old and young, came out to the streets to watch the parade.
（4）名词短语
Lena, the oldest girl in the family, Always has to care for the other children.
（5）v-ing短语
The man enjoys the exercise, swimming in winter.
从句作同位语
什么是同位语从句: 某些名词 后面，可以跟that或连接代词/副词引起的从句作同位语，说
明其内容时，该从句就称为同位语从句 。
The news that our team has won the match is true.
My father always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health.
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
I have no idea why she left.
I have no idea what he is going to be when he grows up.
I have no idea what he is going to be when he grows up.
I have no idea which one I should choose from so many beautiful flowers.
I have no idea when my brother will come back home, for it is the rush hour now.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
Our teacher gave us some advice as to how we should learn English.
We haven’t yet settled the problem where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
I got the news form Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
(注意：同位语有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的的词隔开。)
The order soon came that all the soldiers should go to the front.

从句的先行词
1. 同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而 且同位从句一般跟在某些抽象名词，如：agreement，
answer(答案)， belief (信仰），conclusion（结论），decision，doubt，fact(事实），news（消
息），hope(希望），idea（主意；观念），information（信息），order（ 命令），plan，problem
（问题），promise（承诺），question，sugg estion（建议），theory，thought（想法），truth
等少数名词后面。例如：
He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health.
His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time.
I had no idea that you were here.
She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.
He made a promise that he would never come late.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；定语从句 的先行词可以是人，也可以是具体事物或抽象
概念。定语从句在复合同中相当于形容词，对这些先行词起 修饰、描述或限制的作用。
再如：
①The boy (who is playing football) is my classmate．
②Those (who work hard) will succeed．
③The fact (that he had not said anything) surprised everybody．
④The fact (that you are talking about) is important．
在①句中，括号部分是定语从句，其先行词是名词 boy，它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。
在②句中，括号部分也是定语从句，其先行词是代词those，代词不能用作同位语从句的先
行词。
在③句中，括号部分是同位语从句，其先行词是名词fact，它同样可以用作定语从句的先行
词，④句便是一例。
由以上分析可见，同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词，但定语从 句的
先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。
He has an idea that he can make the scientific instrument in a better way．
他想到能用更好的方法制造这种科学仪器。（从句是idea的具体内容）
He expressed the hope that he would come to China a-gain．
他表达了他要再来中国的希望。（从句是hope的具体内容）

2. when，where，why
引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原 因
或方式方法等
的名词，
则它们为关系副词，引导的是定语从句。
而三者引导 的同位语
从句的先行词则一定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。
与前面的名词意义不相
关时，这些词便是连接副词，例如：
The question when we will start the work is not decided．我们何时开始工作的问题尚未决定。
You have no idea how worried I was．你不知道我是多么担心。
又例如：
①I still remember the day (when I first came to Beijing)．
②I have no idea (when she will be back)．
在①句中，括号部分是when引导的定语从句，其先行词day是表示时间的名词；
在②句中，括号部分是when引导的同位语从句，其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。
又例如：
I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall．我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。
This is the room where Lu Xun once lived．这是鲁迅曾住过的屋子。
而这些连接 副词与前面的名词意义不相关时，这些词便是连接副词，引导同位语从句前面的
名词往往也是idea， truth，news等。例如：
The question when we will start the work is not decided．我们何时开始工作的问题尚未决定。
You have no idea how worried I was．你不知道我是多么担心。

引导词（关系词）
同位语从句的引导词有：
连词that, whether;
连接副词when, where, why , how;
连接代词what, which, who等。
温馨提示：if不能引导同位语从句。 < br>定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。下面把四个引导 词
分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。
1．引导词that
引导定语从句 的that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当一定成分，
并且在意义上代表先行词 ，可作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略，常可以用which
来代替。引导同位语从句的that叫 做从属连词，连接词that本身无意义，它只起连接作
用，在从句中不充当任何成分，不可以用其他词 替代，不能省略。如：
The news that our team has won the game is true. (同位语从句)
The news (that) Bob told me yesterday is true. (定语从句)
又例如：
①The news (that you told me yesterday)was really exciting．
②We heard the news (that our team had won)．
在①句中，括号部分是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。