英语研究历年考研英语(二)真题及答案详解(2010、2011、2012、2013)

2021年1月12日发(作者：章均赛)
历届考研英语（二）真题（2010-2013）
【作者：羽毛蛇】
【使用说明】 本人亲身经历了考研的旅途，深对于英语（二），研友们最缺的就是真题，因为专
硕产生不久，参考人数 却呈爆发式增长；而相对英语（一），市面上不易买到英语（二）的真题资
料，给考生带来不便。即使是 网上的一些版本也是七拼八凑，错误连篇。本着传承爱心的理念，
本人特整理2010-2013年真题 及参考答案，供学弟学妹们复习。
本版本真题的一大特点是完全按照考研真题的格式、字体、字号、行 间距排版，每套真题12
页，建议使用时采用A4纸双面印刷，以最大限度模拟考场实际效果。（市面上 的真题大多为了节
约纸张，缩小了字体和行间距，和考场真题有一定差距，若长期用市面版本做练习，上 了考场可
能不习惯：例如完型填空，考场真题第一页是完型文章，选项一般从第二页开始，需要翻页，给
考生造成不便，考生需提前习惯这种不便！而市面上的真题大多文章选项就在一页，做习惯了反
而会不利于考场发挥！深有体会，切记切记）
对于真题的使用方法，有以下几点需要说明：
不要盲目做真题！那是浪费资源！英语（二）开考以来就这四套真题，希望大家节约使用！
其他的模拟题 、英语（一）真题、样题都没这四套值价！不信对比着做几套就知区别！
专硕真题是宝藏，它就是我们确切意义上的指南！
建议大家采用一下介绍的“六遍法”，以最 大限度榨干真题价值！（每遍适当间隔一段时间效
果会更好）

第一遍：严格按照考试时间，创造最贴近考试的环境来完成真题。

第二遍：摘 抄生词，长句进行记忆分析，进一步熟悉文章，正面分析正确选择项，使自己的思路
初步贴近出题人的思 路。看答案的时候最好不要看相关的分析，因为这样可能会让自己的思路跟
着出书人跑。另外，你需要对 出的题目有一个分类了，例如细节题目，作者态度题目，例证题目，
文章主旨题目等等，为以后的进一步 总结应对策略打下基础。

第三遍：反面分析错误选择项（至关重要！）
主要应该主要从4个方面着手：
一、对比正确选项和错误选项，找出其差异所在。在知道 了为什么正确答案为什么正确的基础上
找出错误的原因，出题人为什么要用这个错误选项来迷惑我们—— 用的是偷换概念还是以小代
大？同意互换的修饰成分是否遗漏？作者观点题目答案给的是不是有出题人主 观倾向以及这种倾
向是不是可以作为规律来对待？等等等等。
二、把错误选择项带到原文 中，看看出题人是怎么把作者意图和事实歪曲的。关于这点你可以分
析完10篇来一个总结，你会很惊奇 的发现：原来每道题目错误选项的来路是这么的相似！以后再
见到这种错误选项的时候很大程度上你就能 感觉到什么应该是正确的什么是错误的了（这就是你
和出题人思路的接近过程）。
三、把 握绝对和相对的关系，找出错误选项代表性的词汇。很多辅导班老师会这么告诉你：包含
some，pe rhaps，appromately，about，seems等词汇的选择项一般都是正确的，而包含cer tainly，
extremely等绝对的一般都是错误的。这个可以当成一个一般的原则来应用，但 是我要求你们并不
是简单的把这类词汇给看到然后就直接的判断出其正确性或者错误性，我们现在是打基 础，必须
对自己从严要求，我们应该这样做：找出代表性词汇后进行汇总，根据肯定否定的语气轻重来把
它们进行排序，然后回到题目看看出题目的人是怎么把作者不太肯定的语气给“硬化”的（老外
很少说绝对，中国人经常说绝对）。
四、把自己当成出题人来思考（换位思考）。你需要把自己放 到出题人的角度来对待错误选项，因
为错误选项都是很熟悉中国人思维的专家出的，因此，你如果单纯的 从自己（考生）的角度思考
错误选择项，很可能会百思不得其解，而在把我原文的基础之上把自己看成出 题人情况就会很不
同。这是提高你考试能力的一个很重要的方法，到你经过一系列的训练，能从出题人的 思路把握
选择项的时候，你就是真正的知彼知己，从而就很容易的达到百战不殆了。
< br>第四遍：回到文章中去，把自己上一遍的思路“代入”到文章中去，分析一下出题人是怎样把题
目 出出来的，具体思考以下几个问题：
一、体会出题人为什么会在这个地方出题目而不在其他地方出题目？
二、其它地方是不是可以出题目？
三、如果让你出题目你会怎样来出？
四、自己试着出上几道题目，比较一下和出题人的差距，进一步体会出题人出题目的把戏。

第五遍：再次像第一遍那样去做题目，总结出题技巧以及自己的应对策略。当然，答案你已经 非
常清楚了， 这里只是让你再次体验一下真题的“魅力”所在。总结出题技巧并不是让你将来有可能去出题目，只是再此深化贴近出题人思维方式这个思路，争取达到自己看到一篇文章在看题目
之前 就大致知道体会出在什么地方（完全可以达到）。应试策略和前面几遍的分析是分不开的，前
面的工作做 好了，你就是不进行应试策略的专门总结也没有问题，例如例证题目，你完全可以自
己就总结出来90% 向上，10%向下找答案的思路等等。

第六遍：这一遍选择应用，首先，可以适当做一 点市场上的模拟试题应用下自己总结出来的方法，
看一下是不是自己的思路和出书人的差不多，不一样完 全没有关系，因为到现在你的试题研究的
水平可能比出书人还要高，你的思路更加贴近将来的06年真题 ！其次，适当的选用自己认为比较
好的模拟试题，你可以在做完题目之后用挑剔的木管来“修正”它们， 进一步使自己的应试技巧
和策略得到深化。

最后给大家一点个人的建议：英语没 必要报辅导班，尤其是专硕英语，靠自己才是王道！虽
然辅导班天花乱坠的宣传台词催生了如火如荼的考 研经济，但就我个人的经历来说，不要太指望
辅导班。认真研究着几套真题，再归纳联系一下各类型的作 文，考研英语没问题的！预祝大家取
得好成绩，并在考研路上有所收获！

















2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题

Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on
ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on june
11,2009. It is the first wotldwide cpidemic__1__by the World Health Organization in 41 years.
The heightened alert __2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a
sharp pise in cases in rising __3__in Britain ,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.
But the epiemic is “__4__”in severity. According to Margaret Chan. The organization’s director
general,__5__the overwhelming majorty of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and full recovery.
Often in the__6__of any medical treatment.
The outbreak came to gobal__7__in late April Mexican authorities noted an unusually
large number of hospitalizations and deaths__8__ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City Shut down at
the height of a panic,cases began to__9__in New York City,the southwestem United States and around
the world.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade__10__warmer weather in late
September 2009,officials reported there was__11__flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all
the__12__tested are the new swine flu. Also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal the U.S.,It
has__13__more than one million people,and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000
hospitalizations.
Federal health officials ___14___ Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began
__15__ orders from the states for the new swine flu new vaccine,which is different from the
annual flu vaccine,is__16__ ahead of than three million doses were to be made
available in early October 2009,though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray
type,which is not __18__ for pregnant women,people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties,heart
disease or several other__19__.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk
groups;health care workers,people __20__infants and healthy young people.
1.［A］criticized ［B］appointed ［C］commented ［D］designated
2.［A］proceeded ［B］activated ［C］followed ［D］prompted
3.［A］digits ［B］numbers ［C］amounts ［D］sums
4.［A］Moderate ［B］normal ［C］unusual ［D］extreme
5.［A］With ［B］in ［C］from ［D］by
6.［A］Progress ［B］absence ［C］presence ［D］favor
7.［A］Reality ［B］phenomenon ［C］cincept ［D］notice
8.［A］Over ［B］for ［C］among ［D］to
9.［A］stay up ［B］crop up ［C］fill up ［D］cover up
10.［A］as ［B］if ［C］unless ［D］until
11.［A］excessive ［B］enormous ［C］significant ［D］magnificent
12.［A］categories ［B］examples ［C］patterns ［D］samples
13.［A］imparted ［B］immersed ［C］injected ［D］infected
14.［A］released ［B］relayed ［C］relieved ［D］remained
15.［A］placing ［B］delivering ［C］taking ［D］giving
16.［A］feasible ［B］available ［C］reliable ［D］applicable
17.［A］prevalent ［B］principal ［C］innovative ［D］initial
18.［A］presented ［B］restricted ［C］recommended ［D］introduced
19.［A］problems ［B］issues ［C］agonies ［D］sufferings
20.［A］involved in ［B］caring for ［C］concerned with ［D］warding off

Section Ⅱ Reading comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56
works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September
15th 2008 . All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It
was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,
Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously
since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $$65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts
Economics, a research firm-double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to
$$50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,
enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply
unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of
thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant
collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in
the most overheated sector-for Chinese contemporary art-they were down by nearly 90% in the year to
November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to
pay out nearly $$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying
Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since
the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average,
though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m
pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market,
whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many
collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first
half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem
at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and
divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,
waiting for confidence to return.
the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory”because ____.
art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryies
auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
ful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests
that_____ .
A . collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
of the following statements is NOT ture?
A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.
art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
market generally went downward in various ways.
art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____
n houses ' favorites
porary trends
s promoting artwork circulation
representing impressionists
most appropriate title for this text could be ___
ation of Art Prices
-to-date Art Auctions
Market in Decline
d Interest in Arts

Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had
invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently
offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the
evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man
quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said
into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt.
I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in
silence.
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in
public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine
Kohler Riessman reports in her new book
only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current
divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a
virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on
tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or
doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and
errands. Instead they focused on communication: I
found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost
conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.
In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man
sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the
back of it wanting to talk.
is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?
g to them.
ng them.
ting their careers.
D. Sharing housework.
g from the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para2)most probably means ___ .
A generating motivation.
ng influence
g damage
ng pressure
of the following are true EXCEPT_______
tend to talk more in public tan women
50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
attach much importance to communication between couples
D.a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?
moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .
ge break-up stems from sex inequalities.
d and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
sational patterns between man and wife are different.
the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on ______
A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
B.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
D.a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

Txet3
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors -
habits - among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers
eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully
designed set of daily cues.
“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers
only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn
from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to - Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever - had
invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations
could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day - chewing gums,
skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants,
colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins - are results of manufactured habits. A century ago,
few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and
public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub
twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies
started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water
all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials
as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of
morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a
consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $$76 billion
of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our
consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is
power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of
habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable
beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
ing to ,habits like hand washing with soap________.
[A] should be further cultivated
[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deepiy rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns
d water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____
[A] reveal their impact on people’habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power
[D]manifest the significant role of good habits
of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?
[A]Tide
[B]Crest
[C]Colgate
[D]Unilver
the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____
[A]perfected art of products
[B]automatic behavior creation
[C]commercial promotions
[D]scientific experiments
author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____
[A]indifferent
[B]negative
[C]positive
[D]biased
Text4
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,
including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally
competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section
of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,
religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts
should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said
to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy,
citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In
some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education,
and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial
discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of
selecting so- called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other
antidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although
women first served on state juries

in

Utah in

1898,it was

not

until

the 1940s that a majority of states made
women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty
unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by
the

claim

that

women

were

needed at

home,and

it

kept

juries

unrepresentative

of

women

through

the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a
new era of democratic reforms for the law abolished special educational requirements for
federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.
In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that
juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared
sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures
for selecting male and female jurors.
the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______
[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries
[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public
practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____
[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judegs
in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____
[A]they were automatically banned by state laws
[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications
[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D]they tended to evade public engagement
the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___
[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______
[A]its nature and problems
[B]its characteristics and tradition
[C]its problems and their solutions
[D]its tradition and development
Part B
Directions ：
Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the
statement is true or F it the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft. The 787 and 350
respectively . Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference . But a group
of researchers at Stanford University , led by Ilan Kroo , has suggested that airlines could take a more
naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
The answer, says Dr Kroo , lies with birds . Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in
formation-a V-shape- expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the
wingtips . a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag,
and spend less energy propelling themselves . Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly
at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might
enjoy a range increase of 71%.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different . Dr Kroo and his team
modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and I as
Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally change places so all
could have a turn in the most favourable positions , and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft
consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide
emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.
There are , of course , knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety , or at least the
perception of it . Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points out that
the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles , and would not be in the intimate groupings
favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of the window might not even
see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control
regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation
has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.
It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more
efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will
diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for
airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would
allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as
might routine military flight.
As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this year the country’s
Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation
flight, though the programme has yet to begin . There are reports that some military aircraft flew in
formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War ,but Dr Lissaman says they are
unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over
Berlin,”he adds. So he should know.

41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and
Airbus aircraft.
42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.
43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other plans.
44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.
45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America’s armed forces once tried formation
flight to save fuel.

Section Ⅲ Translation
ions:
In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER
SHEET2.(15points)
“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always
have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear
to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the
dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose
dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much
anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and
needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”

Section Ⅳ Writing
Part A
ions:You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural
exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;
2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)

Part B
48. Directions:In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your
writing, you should
1) Interpret the chart and
2) Give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)


2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题

Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on
ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that
very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved

2

bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly

3

?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to
make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a
physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart
identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range
of online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system
to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.
The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license

10

by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that
make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.
12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and
bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can
complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the
infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach;
others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17
be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the
“voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They
argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1． d
2．


3． ss s ess ss
4． er mise
erence
al
5． ation
6．
ainment lent

d ed 7． ed
8． s er e
e 9． t
10．ed buted red
11． on on in in
12． vain effect return contrast
13．d ized ng ing
14．n t
15．
ence ce

16．d ointed ted
17．stly ntally
18．cism
onally ally
iasm nce erence
19．able able
20．d ted
able ble
d
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later
she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles
without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on
Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass
unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking
up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.
Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence
to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside
directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and
more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors
stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so
the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They
fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate
earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also
increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.
Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,
it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”
Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their
reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on
the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through
tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.
Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the
firm is likely to .
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession
threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers
like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade
commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable
corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions
now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the
recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,
have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few
years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The
American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers
are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant
suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they
can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers
and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of
their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation
& Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are
much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been
concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have
science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less
complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that
newspaper .
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because
they .
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and
growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up
at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly
be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint,
in

combination

with

the

postwar

confidence

in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is
more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like
other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before
World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert
enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot.
Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal,
glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the
future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and
efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were
smaller-two- bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s
Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the
elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so
popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building
more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two- story ones he
had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts &
Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is
more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his
Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most
eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was
widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .
[A]was related to large space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D]was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?
[A]They ignored details and proportions.
[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?
[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration
[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now
even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt,
population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries
that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger,
will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive
members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck
because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater
harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness,
barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to
freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting
rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members
of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free- market liberalism and economic rigour;
in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government”
within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary
policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for
governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the
France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social
harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the
European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its
internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an
ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.
36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased
[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.
［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds
［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries
［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.
［A］pessimistic
［B］desperate
［C］conceited
［D］hopeful
Part B
Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right
column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra
choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public
health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette- style
warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who
insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses
from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to shop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising
of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food products such as
McDonald's.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and
help halt spiraling rates of obesity，diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president
of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food
should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the
workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in
respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to
take the lead. He said that manufactures of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change
Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also
criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as
an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behavior.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods
high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really
bold, we might even begin to think of high- calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting
strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme
run by the Football Association. Fast- food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys,
cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “if children are
taught about the impact that food had on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least
information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals-areas within
which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: need to create a new vision for public health
where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new
'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we
will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the
call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
A. “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as
McDonald’s
41. Andrew Lansley held that B. The government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood
of schools.
42. Terence Stephenson agreed C. “lecturing
in England
43. Dinesh Bhugra suggested D. cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about
that
44. Jamie Oliver seemed to
believe
45. A Department of Health
the dangers of a poor diet
E. The producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly
to the Change Life campaign.
F. parents should set good examples for their children by keeping
spokesperson proposed that a healthy diet at home.


46．Direction：
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER
SHEET 2. (15points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of
greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between
G. the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility
among businesses.
0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To
deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world,
packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great
deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make
improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not
just by big companies.
Section IV Writing
Part A
ions: Suppose your cousin Li Ming has been admitted to a him/her a letter to
1)congratulate him/her, and
2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
ions: write an essay based on the following chart .In your writing you should
1)interpret the chart ,and
2)give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.(15points)

2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题

Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on
ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
Millions of Americans and foreigners see as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American
military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who__1__in World War II
and the people they liberated ,the the__2__ man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away
from his home ,the guy who __3__ all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went
without the __4__of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was
not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid__5__an average guy ,up__6__the best trained ,best
equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not . is just a military abbreviation__7__Government Issue ,and it was on all
of the article__8__to Joe? A common name for a guy who never__9__ it to the top .Joe
Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class United States has__10__had a president or vicepresident
or secretary of state Joe.
GI .joe had a__11__career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a
character ,or a__12__of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the
last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle__13__ portrayed themselves in the
film. Pyle was famous for covering the__14__side of the war I, writing about the dirt-snow–and-mud
soldiers, not how many miles were__15__or what towns were captured or liberated, His
reports__16__the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men__17__he
dirt and exhaustion of war, the __18__of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the
civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.__19__Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I.
Joe was any American soldier,__20__the most important person in their lives.
1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed
2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal
3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded
4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes
5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence
6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against
7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming
8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down
9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed
10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither
11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished
12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony
13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned
14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human
15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained
16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted
17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired
18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea
19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond
20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point

Section II Resdiong Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent
years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles
Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced
an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may
no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might
have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework
should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially
giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going
riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to
assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades,
students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some
students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students
who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped.
Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat,
across- the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the
district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to
reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework
does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to
review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting
educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified
to do homework right.
is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B]is no longer an educational ritual
[C]is not required for advanced courses
[D]is gaining more preferences
d has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.
[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education
[B]have asked for a different educational standard
[C]may have problems finishing their homework
[D]have voiced their complaints about homework
ing to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.
[A]discourage students from doing homework
[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards
[C]undermine the authority of state tests
[D]restrict teachers' power in education
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.
[A] it should be eliminated
[B]it counts much in schooling
[C]it places extra burdens on teachers
[D]it is important for grades
25.A suitable title for this text could be______.
[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
[C]Thorny Questions about Homework
[D]A Faulty Approach to Homework

Text 2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in
our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and,
though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to
appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only
innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination
about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to
Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all
until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a
practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys
and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral nursery colours were introduced,
pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated
with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised
femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant
children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently
attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to
kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that
phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns
out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing
trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a
“third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler”became a
common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or
adults,into ever- tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways
to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously
exist.
saying
[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood
[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence
[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests
ing to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？
[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.
[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.
[D]White is prefered by babies.
author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much
influenced by_____.
[A]the marketing of products for children
[B]the observation of children's nature
[C]researches into children's behavior
[D]studies of childhood consumption
may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.
[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes
[B]attach equal importance to different genders
[C]classify consumers into smaller groups
[D]create some common shoppers' terms
can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.
[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency
[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers
[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
[D]well interpreted by psychological experts

Text 3
In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents
for isolated DNA for decades- by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a
judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology
Industry Organisation (BIO)， a trade group， assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in
a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved，at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior
decision，ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a
woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad，a company in Utah，said the ruling was a
blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine，the courts will remain rather
busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene
patents：a gene is a product of nature，so it may not be patented；gene patents suppress innovation rather
than reward it；and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing
number seem to year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In
October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case， arguing that an isolated DNA
molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton
seeds. ”
Despite the appeals court's decision，big questions remain unanswered. For example，it is unclear
whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case
may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater ies are
unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the
public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to
determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for
‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which
the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included
seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----
[A].their executives to be active
[B].judges to rule out gene patenting
[C].genes to be patcntablc
[D].the BIO to issue a warning
who are against gene patents believe that----
[A].genetic tests are not reliable
[B].only man-made products are patentable
[C].patents on genes depend much on innovatiaon
[D].courts should restrict access to gene tic tests
ing to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----
[A].establishing disease comelations
[B].discovering gene interactions
[C].drawing pictures of genes
[D].identifying human DNA
34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----
[A].the supreme court was authoritative
[B].the BIO was a powerful organization
[C].gene patenting was a great concern
[D].lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs
lly speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----
[A].critical
[B].supportive
[C].scornful
[D].objective

Text 4
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it
ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it
is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many
said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become
less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In
limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us
from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of
reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences
of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the
U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more
mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and
freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this
period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them---
especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University,
suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees
from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had
graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin
American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are
affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this
resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have
shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social
fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.
[A]seek subsidies from the govemment
[B]explore reasons for the unermployment
[C]make profits from the troubled economy
[D]look on the bright side of the recession
ing to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.
[A]realize the national dream
[B]struggle against each other
[C]challenge their lifestyle
[D]reconsider their lifestyle
in Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.
[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants
[B]bring out more evils of human nature
[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms
[D]ease conflicts between races and classes
research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities
tend to _____.
[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees
[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’
[D]recover more quickly than the others
author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.
[A]certain
[B]positive
[C]trivial
[D]destructive

Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that