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2011 年研究生入学考试英语二真题
Section I
Use of English
Directions :Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Internet
affords
anonymity
to
its
users — a
boon
to privacy
is
also
behind the explosion of
and
freedom
of
cybercrime
speech.
But
that
very
anonymity
has
1
across the Web.
that
Can privacy be preserved
that seems increasingly
2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world
3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation
a 4
to make the Web a safer place
’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government
— a “voluntary identify
”system that would be the
6
one. The
high-tech
5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled
system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential
and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The
idea
is
to
could
9
8
a federation
of private
7 to a specific computer,
online
identify
systems. Users
which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been
authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would
require an Internet driver
’s license
10
by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on
”systems that
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make it possible for users to
11
just once but use many different services.
12 , the approach would create a
“streetlights
”to establish a sense of
Mr.
Schmidt described
“walled garden
”in safe
“neighborhoods
”and bright
13
community.
it
as
a
“voluntary
ecosystem
” in
which
individuals
and
organizations can complete online transactions with
infrastructure that the transaction runs
15
16
14
,trusting the identities of the
.'
Still, the
administration ’s plan
has
privacy
rights activists.
Some applaud
the
approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what
would
17
be a license ”mentality.
The
plan has also been greeted
with
18
by some
experts,
who
worry that
the
of
the Internet
19
.They
argue
that
“voluntary
ecosystem ” would
still
leave much
should be
20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive
on public roads.
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7.
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11 .
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12 .
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13 .
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14 .
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15 .
16 .
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17 .
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Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or
D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
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Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs
’s board as an outside director in January 2000:
a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she
apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009
Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman
’s compensation committee; how
could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the
next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time,
she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a
firm ’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably
have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive
’s proposals. If the sky,
and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on
having weathered their own crises.
The
researchers
from
Ohio
University
used
a
database
hat covered
more than
10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they
simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most
likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those
“surprise ”disappearances
by directors
under the
age
of 70.
They
fount that
after a
have
to
restate
surprise
departure,
the probability
that
the
company
will subsequently
earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action
lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be
larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad
performance at the
firm is suggestive, it does not mean
that such directors are always
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jumping off a sinking ship. Often they
and more stable firms.
“trade up. ”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a
blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of
history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who
want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.
Otherwise outside
directors will
follow
the example of
Ms. Simmons,
once
popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for
.
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director
departure, the firm is likely to
.
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors
.
[A]may stay for
the attractive
offers
from the firm
[B]have
often
had
----
again very
.
’s surprise
records of
---
wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
firm
[D]will decline incentives from the
25. The author
’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is
[A]permissive
[C]scornful
[B]positive
[D]critical
Text 2
.
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.
The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled
to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own
doom. America
’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save
Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize
newspapers.
them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have
shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled
come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the
20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists
overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons
that 13,500 newsroom jobs
have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even
had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have
proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
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Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of
revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual
reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their
Organization
revenues came from advertising in 2008,
in their
according to the
Japan
for Economic Cooperation
Not surprisingly,
& Development (OECD). In
are much
more
the proportion is 35%.
stable.
The whirlwind
Japanese newspapers
that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the
damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and
So have science and general business reporters. Foreign
But
film reviewers have gone.
bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result.
completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26. By saying
“Newspapers
.
like
? their
own doom ”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author
indicates that newspaper
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products
.
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28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more
stable because they
.
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be
.
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of
prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on
the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that
less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to
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live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,
made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The
phrase
“less is more ”was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig
associated with the Bauhaus, a school of
Mies van der Rohe, who like other people
design, emigrated to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert
enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.
Mies ’ssignature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more
that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like
other
impact
modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take
for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies ’s sophisticated presentation
masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often
empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago
example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square
older neighbors along the city
’s Lake Shore Drive, for
feet-than those in their
’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy
of the buildings
’details
and
glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance
proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward
“less ”was not entirely
foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright
started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than
the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
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The
“Case
California
Arts &
homegrown
Study
Houses ” commissioned
Architecture
magazine
from
talented
modern
architects
by
another
between
1945
and 1962 were yet
Aesthetic
effect
influence
on
the
“less
is
more ” trend.
came from
the
Ralph
landscape,
new
materials
and
forthright
detailing.
acquired
In
his
Case
Study
House,
everyday
life
- few American families
helicopters,
though most
eventually
got
clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was
widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans
[A]prosperity and growth
’ .
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design
[A]was related to large space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D]was not associated with efficiency
.
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