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碧利斯2011年考研英语二真题与答案解析

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2021-01-12 04:28
tags:研究生入学考试, 高等教育

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2021年1月12日发(作者:尤锦)
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2011 年研究生入学考试英语二真题

Section I

Use of English

Directions :Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and

mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)



Internet

affords

anonymity

to

its

users — a

boon

to privacy

is

also

behind the explosion of


and

freedom

of

cybercrime


speech.

But

that

very

anonymity

has

1

across the Web.

that


Can privacy be preserved

that seems increasingly


2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world

3 ?




Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation


a 4

to make the Web a safer place

’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government


— a “voluntary identify

”system that would be the

6

one. The

high-tech

5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled

system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential

and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The

idea

is

to

could

9

8

a federation

of private


7 to a specific computer,


online

identify

systems. Users

which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been


authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would

require an Internet driver

’s license

10

by the government.





Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on

”systems that

----
---






make it possible for users to

11


just once but use many different services.


12 , the approach would create a

“streetlights

”to establish a sense of

Mr.

Schmidt described

“walled garden

”in safe

“neighborhoods

”and bright

13

community.


it

as

a

“voluntary

ecosystem

” in

which

individuals


and

organizations can complete online transactions with

infrastructure that the transaction runs

15

16

14

,trusting the identities of the



.'


Still, the

administration ’s plan

has

privacy

rights activists.

Some applaud


the

approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what

would

17

be a license ”mentality.


The

plan has also been greeted

with

18

by some

experts,

who

worry that

the

of

the Internet

19

.They

argue

that


“voluntary

ecosystem ” would

still

leave much

should be


20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive




























on public roads.


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2.









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4.



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5.

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6.









7.



ed

d

ed

----
---






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9.



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10 .

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11 .

on

on

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12 .

vain

effect

return

contrast

13 .

d

ized

ng

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14 .

n

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ence

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15 .









16 .

d

ointed

ted



17 .

stly

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nce

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19 .

able

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20 .

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Section II

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or

D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

----
---

































Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs

’s board as an outside director in January 2000:

a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she

apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009

Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman

’s compensation committee; how

could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the

next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time,

she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a

firm ’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably

have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive


’s proposals. If the sky,

and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on

having weathered their own crises.

The

researchers

from

Ohio




University

used

a

database

hat covered

more than

10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they

simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most

likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those

“surprise ”disappearances

by directors

under the

age

of 70.

They





fount that

after a

have

to

restate

surprise

departure,

the probability

that

the

company

will subsequently

earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action

lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be




larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad


performance at the

firm is suggestive, it does not mean



that such directors are always

----
---















jumping off a sinking ship. Often they

and more stable firms.

“trade up. ”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a

blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of

history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who

want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.

Otherwise outside

directors will

follow

the example of

Ms. Simmons,

once
popular on campus.


21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for


.


[A]gaining excessive profits


[B]failing to fulfill her duty


[C]refusing to make compromises


[D]leaving the board in tough times


22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be


[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives


[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers


23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director


departure, the firm is likely to

.


[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings


[C]do less well in the stock market


[D]perform worse in lawsuits


24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors

.

[A]may stay for

the attractive

offers

from the firm

[B]have

often

had
----
again very

.

’s surprise

records of






















---















wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

firm

[D]will decline incentives from the















25. The author
’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is

[A]permissive
[C]scornful

[B]positive

[D]critical

Text 2

.















































Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.

The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled

to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own

doom. America

’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save

Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize

newspapers.
them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have

shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled

come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the

20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists

overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons

that 13,500 newsroom jobs

have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even

had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have

proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.

----
---












Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of

revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual

reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their
Organization
revenues came from advertising in 2008,

in their
























































according to the
Japan
for Economic Cooperation
Not surprisingly,
& Development (OECD). In

are much

more

the proportion is 35%.
stable.

The whirlwind
Japanese newspapers
that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the

damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and

So have science and general business reporters. Foreign

But

film reviewers have gone.
bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result.
completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying

“Newspapers

.

like

? their

own doom ”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author

indicates that newspaper

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

.

----
---
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more

stable because they

.

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be

.

[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of
prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on

the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that

less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to

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---

































live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,

made small, efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The

phrase

“less is more ”was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig

associated with the Bauhaus, a school of

Mies van der Rohe, who like other people
design, emigrated to the United States before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert

enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.

Mies ’ssignature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more

that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like

other

impact






modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take

for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies ’s sophisticated presentation
masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often
empty.


The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago
example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square

older neighbors along the city



’s Lake Shore Drive, for
feet-than those in their









’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy

of the buildings

’details

and




glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance











proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward

“less ”was not entirely

foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright

started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than

the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

----
---






The

“Case

California

Arts &

homegrown

Study

Houses ” commissioned

Architecture

magazine

from

talented

modern

architects

by

another

between

1945

and 1962 were yet

Aesthetic

effect

influence

on

the

“less

is

more ” trend.

came from

the

Ralph

landscape,

new

materials

and

forthright

detailing.

acquired

In

his

Case

Study

House,

everyday

life

- few American families

helicopters,

though most

eventually

got

clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was

widely shared.




31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans

[A]prosperity and growth

’ .












[B]efficiency and practicality

[C]restraint and confidence

[D]pride and faithfulness


32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.






















[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design

[A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness

[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D]was not associated with efficiency

.

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