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语法
一 独立主格
七大语法考试重点
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的 主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关 系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
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Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
This done, we went home.
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
二 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had +过去分词构成。
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一
般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去
完成时表示原本…，未能…
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn t.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
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By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were
writing, had left
注意：had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
三 强调结构
考试重点：
强调句型的基本形式It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…；强调句型用来强
调状 语。
一、强调句型的基本形式It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…。
二、强调句型用来强调状语。
1、It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to
come.
A. where B. in which C. which d. that
2、It is because she is very devoted to her students _______she is respected by them.
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A. that B. which C. what D. who
3、It was not until she arrived in class _________realized she had forgotten her book.
A. and she B. when C. she D. that she
四 情态动词
考试重点：
情态动词+完成时< br> 情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词
无人称变化 ，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验
情态动词接完成时的用法。
一、must +现在完成时 表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。
1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.
A. must have received B. must have failed to receive C. must receive D.
must fail to receive
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A. would have had B. could have had
C. should have had D. must have had
二、should （ought to ）+完成时 表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式 表示不
该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。
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1、They have done things they ought _____.
A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.
A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned
三、could +完成时 表示能做 的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感
到惋惜，遗憾。
1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.
2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.
五 虚拟语气
考试重点：
虚拟 语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表
示“愿望”的 宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以
suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主
语从句；It is time （that）…句型中。
一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：
虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从 句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：
1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.
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A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know
2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same
language?
A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak
3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time.
A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. came
二、if的省略形式
在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到
主语前面，省略if。
1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn t have bothered you with my questions.
A. If I realized B. Had I realized
C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized
2、_____, I should ask them some questions.
A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us
D. Had they come to us
三、含蓄条件句
有时一 个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含
蓄条件句。常用with，wi thout，but for。
1、Without your help, we _____ so much.
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A. didn’t achieve B. would not have achieved C. will not achieve D. don’t
achieve
2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.
A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had
四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句< br> wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实
条件中从句 时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去
时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；
1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.
A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study
I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
A. were B. would be C. had been D. will be
五、would rather＋句子（过去时）
1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.
A. rather B. better C. happier D. further
I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.
A. come B. would come C. came D. have come
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六、以as if，as though引导的从句
在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论 的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们
所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。
1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known
2、You are talking as if you had seen them
七、以suggest，advi se，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用
should+动词原形，shou ld可以省略。类似的动词有：propose，order，demand，
require，req uest等。
1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his
life.
A. had B. would have C. have D. was going to have
2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.
A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on
八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从 句中，从句的谓语动词
要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。
1、It’ s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.
A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come
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2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.
A. will be arranged B. must be arranged
C. be arranged D. would be arranged
九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。
1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.
A. do B. will do C. did D. must do
2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up
六 状语从句
在主从句中起状 语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条
件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果 。
一、时间状语从句
常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），si nce，as，until，hardly…when，
no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…）
1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.
A. when B. than C. then D. after
2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl.
A. long B. often C. always D. ever
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二、条件状语从句
常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要。
1、_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before.
A. Unless B. If C. Because D. Provided
2、_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a
fine.
A. Until B. Unless C. If D. Provided
三、原因状语从句
常用：because, as, since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用because引入；而since
表示一种间接或附带 的原因；用as 只是提一下。
1、He cannot go to school because he is ill.
2、Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest.
四、让步状语从句
常用though/although，as （尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever，
whoever，no matter how/what/who等
1、In short, _____ he lives, a man belongs to some society.
A. whatever B. whenever C. whichever D. wherever
2、_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.
A. No matter whoever you are B. Whomever you are
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C. Whoever you are D. No matter who are you
3、_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering.
A. Even if B. If only C. Instead of D. Despite of
4、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.
A. that B. as C. although D. however
五、方式状语从句
常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。
1、_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute.
A. It B. That C. What D. As
2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known
六、目的状语从句
常用so that , in order that, lest （以免， 以防）, in case。
1、I wrote it down _____ I should forget it.
A. in case B. in case of C. in order that D. for fear of
2、I’ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here.
七、结果状语从句
常用so…that, such…that
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They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.
A. so diligent B. such diligent C. so much diligent D. such very diligent
七 主谓一致
考试重点：
形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语；动名词、不定式，从句做主语；a
number+of+复数名词和the number+of+可数或不可数名词做主语；主语由as well as
等词修饰时的主谓一致；当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时， 谓语动词
用单数。
一、名词physics （物理），maths（数学），news（新闻 ），means（方法），works（工
厂）等一般被认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做 主语的时候动词一般
用单数形式。
Every means has been tried.
二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。
When and where the new hospital will be built _____ a mystery.
A. to remain B. remains C. remain D. is remaining
三、当主语是a number+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是the
number+of+可数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数
1、A number of cars _____ in front of my house.
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A. was parked B. were parking C. is parking D. are parked
四、当主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接as well as，
along with，together with，including，accompanied by等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与
谓语 的一致关系不受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数
形式时，谓语动词用复数。
1、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party.
2、No one but Jane and Tom was there then.
五、当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓 语动词用单数。当主语
是each…and…，every…and every…，many a…and…结构时，谓语动词用单数。
1、Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
2、In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
语法》》 语法词汇习题(一)
1. Water is _______ short in many big cities.
A. running B. flowing C. becoming D. moving
2. Excuse me for _______ you with such a small matter.
A. troubling B. taking C. interrupting D. making
3. This morning our water supply was _______ because of the cold weather.
A. let down B. cut off C. taken up D. brought away
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4. The market was filled with salted fish, _______ the worst smell that you can imagine.
A. sending off B. giving up C. sending down D. giving off
5. It was because the applicant was too proud _______ he failed in the interview.
A. therefore B. that C. so that D. so
6. Tom used to live in California, _______?
A. used he B. did he C. was he D. didn’t he
7. So far there is no proof _______ people from other planets do exist.
A. which B. how C. what D. that
8. Never before _______so highly successful in changing his surroundings.
A. man has been B. man is C. has man been D. is man
9. _______ from the helicopter, the city looks very beautiful.
A. Seeing B. Having seen C. Seen D. To see
10. The newspapers reported yesterday several _______on the boundaries of these
two countries.
A. incidents B. happenings C. events D. accidents
11. Some of the students in his class seem _______to do their assignments.
A. boring B. interesting C. tiring D. unwilling
12. Let’s work hard to find _______to the problem.
A. an answer B. a way C. a method D. a solution
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13. They have developed techniques which are _______ to those used in most
factories.
A. simpler B. better C. superior D. greater
14. At the beginning of this term， our English teacher _______a list of books for
us to read.
A. turned out B. made out C. handed in D. passed on
15. I’m sorry I have _______dictionary. You’d better go to the library.
A. not such B. not such a C. not a such D. no such a
16. If Mary had not been badly hurt in a car accident, she _______in last month’s
marathon race.
A. would participate B. might participate
C. would have participated D. must participate
17. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _______.
A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take
18. Liquids are like solids _______they have a definite volume.
A. in which B. that C. in that D. which
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19. When a friend gave Jim a ticket to the game, he _______go.
A. couldn’t help
C. couldn’t help but
B. cannot do but
D. just have to
20. I was surprised to find his article on such an _______topic so _______.
A. excited; boring
C. exciting; boring
B. exciting; bored
D. excited; bored
21. Tom likes _______foreign coins.
A. gathering B. assembling C. collecting D. accumulating
22. Luckily, most sheep _______the flood last month.
A. endured B. survived C. opinion D. passed
23. They thought about the problem for a long time but came to no _______.
A. end B. result C. opinion D. conclusion
24. The real trouble _______their lack of confidence in their abilities.
A. lies in B. lies on C. lies about D. lies off
25. The story was so funny that everyone _______.
A. laughed B. interested C. amused D. joked
26. He _______me by two games to one.
A. beat B. conquered C. gained D. won
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27. _______, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
A. Having made the decision B. Has the decision been made
C. The decision having been made D. The decision has been made
28. The brain is capable of ignoring pain messages if _______to concentrate on
other activities.
A. it allowed B. allowed C. is it allowed D. allowed it
29. The child was sorry _______his mother when he arrived at the station.
A. to miss B. having missed C. missing D. to have missed
30. There is no point _______with him, since he has already made up his mind.
A. argue B. to argue C. in arguing D. of arguing
32. _______ helping those who are unwilling to help themselves?
A. What sense is it about
C. What’s the sense with
B. What’s the point of
D. What point is it in
33. It’s almost a year since I left my mother. I’m really _______ seeing her.
A. looking back on
C. looking forward to
B. looking up to
D. looking out over
34. If I found the book, I _______ it to you.
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A. will bring
C. would bring
B. would have brought
D. might have brought
35. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary _______ it helps us to correct our
mistakes.
A. in that B. in time C. in turn D. in effect
36. The audience is _______ at last year’s concert.
A. much more than that B. much larger than that
C. much larger than D. large enough than
37. It occurred to her that she might _______ a homeless child.
A. adapt B. adopt C. adjust D. admit
38. He works too hard. That’s _______ is wrong with him.
A. how B. where C. why D. what
39. All _______ is peace and progress.
A. what is needed B. which is needed
C. that is needed D. for our needs
40. People cannot close their eyes to the facts _______.
A. no longer B. not any longer
C. any longer D. not longer
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语法》》 语法词汇习题(二)
1. _______ born in China, the boy was brought up in the USA.
A. Although B. Since C. As D. When
2. _______ is known to all, haste makes waste.
A. What B. That C. As D. Which
3. That is the very old woman _______ house was burned down last night.
A. which B. her C. of whom D. whose
4. Hardly had he finished his speech _______ the audience started cheering.
A. than B. then C. when D. as soon as
5. _______ the book, he found out some answers to this question.
A. As he reading B. At his reading
C. As reading D. On reading
6. The spacecraft will send back _______ on surface winds and temperatures.
A. many new information B. some new information C. a new
information D. a few new information
7. The reason for my refusal is _______ you’re unreliable.
A. because B. that C. due to D. for
8. He came all the way to China for promoting friendship _______ for making money.
A. other than B. instead C. apart from D. rather than
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9. If you don’t mind, I _______ do my homework than play cards with you.
A. had better B. would rather C. prefer D. would like
10. No one, except his two best friends, _______ where he is.
A. know B. to know C. knows D. knowing
11. _______, you would have seen your favorite movie star.
A. If you arrived earlier B. If you had arrived earlier
C. Unless you arrived earlier D. Unless you had arrived earlier
12. The driver’s carelessness _______the death of three passengers.
A. resulted from B. resulted in C. came across D. came about
13. In England,tea_______with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
14. Written in great haste,_______.
A. the secretary made a lot of mistakes in the report
B. there were a lot of mistakes in the report
C. we found a lot of mistakes in the report
D. the report was full of mistakes
15. It’s suggested that each one of us_______the training classes for English.
A. takes part in B. take part in
C. took part in D. would take part in
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16. The only thing _______interests me is the progress of my students.
A. what B. that C. which D. it
17. People do not realize the importance of good health _______ they have lost it.
A. until B. when C. since D. as
18. If there were no homework at weekends, students would have _______at home.
A. the happiest time B. much happiest time
C. a more happier time D. a much happier time
19. The reason he won the election is _______he is honest and confident of himself.
A. why B. what C. that D. which
20. Mr. and Mrs. Brown _______ a small restaurant in China Town in New York.
A. serve B. start C. open D. run
21. He cannot _______ a car, for he doesn’t earn that much money.
A. obtain B. get C. deserve D. afford
22. It was in 1949_______the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A. when B. while C. as D. that
23. Your hair needs _______, you’d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
24. By the end of next year, I _______enough money to buy a house.
A. will save B. have saved C. must save D. will have saved
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25. Much _______our relief, he survived the severe earthquake.
A. to B. in C. for D. with
26. Hasn’t he arrived yet? He is _______to be here at 8. Now it is 8:30.
A. regarded B. supposed C. considered D. known
27. It was kind of you _______ us when we were in trouble.
A. to help B. helping C. who help D. help
28. The engineer soon_______ that something had gone wrong with the project.
A. remembered B. realized C. recognized D. memorized
29. Mr. Smith is looking for an experienced secretary who is _______ of organizing a
sales office.
A. able B. capable C. possible D. responsible
30. Fifty dollars _______ a big sum of money for a ten-year- old boy.
A. are B. is C. to be D. being
31. The new batteries(电池)cause little environmental problems and _______little space.
A. use B. hold C. occupy D. maintain
32. So badly _______in the accident that he was sent to the hospital for treatment.
A. he was injured B. he injured
he
C. was he injured D. injured
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33. They were so angry that they went over to the restaurant manager to _______
the service they had received.
A. complain B. complain about C. argue D. argue about
34. To our surprise, the fashionable young lady we met in the hotel_______to be a thief.
A. turned up B. turned over C. turned down D. turned out
35. The teacher had John _______at the door for an hour because he was late for class.
A. stand B. to stand C. stood D. stands
36. The price of apples _______ from ＄2 to ＄4 per kilo in supermarket.
A. differed B. ranged C. changed D. altered
37. For two months, I have _______ every day sitting by his bedside.
A. taken B. cost C. spent D. paid
38. The 29th Olympic Games, _______ in Beijing in 2008, was a great success.
A. held B. which held C. to be held D. was held
39. When it _______ to American history, he knows little about it.
A. talks B. speaks C. comes D. tells
40. _______,schools in city provide better surroundings for students.
A. Generally speaking B. Generally spoken C. To speak generally D. Speaking
generally
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