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英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。
1） 划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;
2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的
除外）；
3） 名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中
所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语
和从句的引导词;
4） 非谓语动词结构看作一个整体；
5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句
子的主干；
6） 分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部
结构。
1. But even more important，it was the
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farthest that scientists had been able to look
into the past，for what they were seeing
were the patterns and structures that existed
15 billion years ago.
结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest
that…。但It was…that…在本句中不是强
调句型 。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年
前形成的巨大云团（a strip of enormous
cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years
from earth）;that引导的应是一个定语从
句，修饰先行词the farth est。for引导的是
表示原因的分句，分句中还有that引导的
定语从句，修饰the patterns and structure。
译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能
观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象，因
为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形
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状和结构。
2. Thus it happened that when the new
factories that were springing up required
labor，tens of thousands of homeless and
hungry agricultural workers，with their
wives and children，were forced into the
cities in search of work，and any work，
under any condition，that would keep them
alive.
结构分析:句子的框架是it happened
tha t…。it做形式主语，that引导的从句做
真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由
when 引导的时间状语从句，主句为tens of
thousands of homeless and hungry
agricultural workers…were forced…，时间
状语从句中从句主语the new factories又
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带有一个定语从句that were springing up;
that would keep them alive做work的定语
从句。spring up意为“发生，出现，建立”。
译文: 于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新
办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳动力的时候，
成千上万无家可归、 饥肠辘辘、以农业为
生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市;他
们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论 什么条
件，只要不被饿死就行。
3. As a result of two or three centuries of
scientific investigation we have come to
believe that nature is understandable in the
sense that when we ask her questions by
way of appropriate observations and
experiments，she will answer truly and
reward us with discoveries that endure.
结构分析:句子的框架是…we have come
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to believe that…。that引导的从句做
believe的宾语从句;此从句中有一个that
从句作the sense的同位语从句;同位语 从
句中又套嵌一个由when引导的时间状语
从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从
句that endure，修饰其先行词discoveries。
by way of意为“经由，通过…方法”;reward
sb. with意为“以…报答，酬劳”;endu re此
处应译为“持久，持续”,不要译为“忍受，
容忍”。
译文:由于两三个世纪 以来的科学研究成
果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察
和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会 真心
实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发
现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自
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然是可以认识的。
4. These new observational capabilities
would result in simply a mass of details
were it not for the fact that theoretical
understanding has reached the stage at
which it is becoming possible to indicate
the kind of measurements required for
reliable weather forecasting.
结构分析:句子的框架是These new
observational capabilities would result in
simply a mass of details…。后面紧跟省略
了if引导的虚拟条件句were it not for the
fact that…，即if it were not for the fact
that…;that从句作the fact的同位语从句。
此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先
行词the stage; required for reliable weather
forecasting为过去分词短语修饰the kind
of measurements。simply译为“只不过，
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仅仅”，不应译为“简单地”。
译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶
段,即现在 已能指出需要哪种测量方式才
能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，
那么上述这些新的观察能 力只不过提供
了一大堆细节而已。
5. The story of the discovery of what is now
generally called the principle of
Archimedes，namely that a solid body when
immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its
weight of the liquid it displaces，has many
different versions，of which the following is
one.
结构分析:句子的框架是The story…has
many different versions…。what is now
generally called the principle of
Archimedes为名词性从句做介词of的宾
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语。namely that a solid body…作the
principle of Archimedes的同位语;when
immersed in a liquid是省略了主语的过去
分词短语，句子补充完整为when the solid
body is immersed in a liquid，修饰其主句
a solid body loses a portion of its weight of
the liquid…;it displaces是省略了关系代
词that的定语从句修饰the liquid，it代指
前面提到的the solid body;同时，of which
the following is one又构成先行词versions
的定语从句。di splace意为“排
（水）”;version不译为“版本”，此处指“根
据个人观点的（ 对事件等的）说法，看法”;
句尾的one代指a version。
译文:当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失
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